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Lead tungstate (PbWO4, shorten as PWO) crystal has attracted much interest as a very dense, fast and radiation hard scintillator. However, its application is strongly hampered by its poor light output. At present, great efforts have been devoted to improve the scintillating efficiency of PWO crystals. In this paper, fluorine anions were used as dopant to improve the light output of PWO crystals. The crystals were grown by modified Bridgman method. The charge was obtained from PbO and WO3 powder with purity of 99.99% and 99.999% respectively. The transmittance spectra measured with a spectrophotometer Shimadzu UV-2501PC reveal that the transmission of PWO:F is much higher than that of undoped PWO, especially in the short wavelength region (330—500 nm). The most significant characteristic of the F-doped PWO is that two emission components can be identified in their photoluminescence spectra, a fast component related to the blue emission (419 nm) and a slow component related to the green emission (553 nm). The measured light yield of PWO:F, based on the pulse height spectra stimulated by 137Cs, is as high as 2 to 3 times of the undoped PWO and meanwhile will be increased with the integration of time gate. This means that the significant contribution to the light yield of PWO may come from the green luminescence. The decay constants excited by 22Na gamma ray can be fitted into three components, they are τ1=2.68[57.5%] , τ2=47.6[31.0%] and τ3=183[11.5%]. 88.5% of total scintillating light decays within 50 ns. However, the distribution of light yield along the crystal axis is not uniform, i.e. higher at the tail end than that in the seed end. It is suggested that the blue emission is ascribed to the regular lattice centers, namely [WO4]2- and the green one to a defect [WO3+F] cluster. The significant defects in PWO lattice induced by F-anion should be responsible for the increase of the light yield.
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Keywords:
- lead tungstate /
- light output /
- fluorine /
- doping effect
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[4] Kobayashi M, Usuki Y, Ishi M, Nikl M 2002 Nucl.Instr. Meth. Phys. Res. A 450 170
[5] Wang S H 1999 (Ph. D. Dissertation) (Shanghai: Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences) (in Chinese)[王绍华 1999 (博士学位论文) (上海:中国科学院上海硅酸盐研究所)]
[6] Liu X C, Hu G Q, Feng X Q, Huang Y L, Zhang Y X 2002 Phys. Stat. Sol. 190 R1
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[8] Ye C Z, Liao J Y, Yang P Z, Xie J J, Luo L, Cao D H 2006 Acta Phys. Sin.55 1947 ( in Chinese) [叶崇志、廖晶莹、杨培志、谢建军、罗 澜、曹顿华 2006 物理学报 55 1947]
[9] Krutyak N, Gladyshevskii R, Moroz Z, Mudry S, Pashkovskii M, Solskii I 2004 Radiation Measurements 38 563
[10] Nikl M, Bohacek P, Mihokova E, Solovieva N, Vedda A, Martini M, Pazzi G P, Fabeni P, Kobayashi M, Ishii M 2002 J. Appl. Phys. 91 5041
[11] Su M Z 1986 Introduction on Solid Chemistry (Beijing: Peking University Press) p104(in Chinese) [苏勉曾1986 固体化学导论 (北京:北京大学出版社)第104页]
[12] Qi Z M, Shi C S, Zhou D F, Tang H G, Liu T, Hu T D 2001 Physica B 307 45
[13] Feng X Q, Lin Q S, Man Z Y, Liao J Y, Hu G Q 2002 Acta Phys. Sin.51 315 (in Chinese) [冯锡淇、林奇生、满振勇、廖晶莹、胡关钦 2002 物理学报 51 315]
[14] Ye C Z, Liao J Y, Shao P F, Xie J J 2006 Nucl. Instr. Meth. Phys. Res. A 566 757
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[1] Lecoq P 2005 Nucl.Instr. Meth. Phy. Res. A 537 15
[2] Burachasm S, Apanasenko A, Rinyov B, Ryzhikov V, Katrunov K 2001 Inter. J. Inorg. Mater. 3 1101
[3] Annenkov A, Borisevitch A, Hofstaetter A, Korzhik M, Ligun V, Lecoq P, Missevitch O, Novotny R, Peigneux J P 2000 Nucl.Instr. Meth. Phy. Res. A 450 71
[4] Kobayashi M, Usuki Y, Ishi M, Nikl M 2002 Nucl.Instr. Meth. Phys. Res. A 450 170
[5] Wang S H 1999 (Ph. D. Dissertation) (Shanghai: Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences) (in Chinese)[王绍华 1999 (博士学位论文) (上海:中国科学院上海硅酸盐研究所)]
[6] Liu X C, Hu G Q, Feng X Q, Huang Y L, Zhang Y X 2002 Phys. Stat. Sol. 190 R1
[7] Mao R H, Qu X D, Ren G H, Shen D Z, Stoll S 2002 Nucl.Instr. Meth. Phys.Res. A 486 196
[8] Ye C Z, Liao J Y, Yang P Z, Xie J J, Luo L, Cao D H 2006 Acta Phys. Sin.55 1947 ( in Chinese) [叶崇志、廖晶莹、杨培志、谢建军、罗 澜、曹顿华 2006 物理学报 55 1947]
[9] Krutyak N, Gladyshevskii R, Moroz Z, Mudry S, Pashkovskii M, Solskii I 2004 Radiation Measurements 38 563
[10] Nikl M, Bohacek P, Mihokova E, Solovieva N, Vedda A, Martini M, Pazzi G P, Fabeni P, Kobayashi M, Ishii M 2002 J. Appl. Phys. 91 5041
[11] Su M Z 1986 Introduction on Solid Chemistry (Beijing: Peking University Press) p104(in Chinese) [苏勉曾1986 固体化学导论 (北京:北京大学出版社)第104页]
[12] Qi Z M, Shi C S, Zhou D F, Tang H G, Liu T, Hu T D 2001 Physica B 307 45
[13] Feng X Q, Lin Q S, Man Z Y, Liao J Y, Hu G Q 2002 Acta Phys. Sin.51 315 (in Chinese) [冯锡淇、林奇生、满振勇、廖晶莹、胡关钦 2002 物理学报 51 315]
[14] Ye C Z, Liao J Y, Shao P F, Xie J J 2006 Nucl. Instr. Meth. Phys. Res. A 566 757
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