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Sodium is proved to be able to improve the performance of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cell grown on flexible polyimide substrate by a low-temperature deposition. Different sodium incorporation methods affect the film in different ways. Comparing the deposition of a NaF precursor with post deposition NaF treatment, different mechanisms can be found. In NaF precursor approach, Na is available during the Cu(In,Ga)Se2 growth and acts as a surfactant at the grain boundary which adds up an energy barrier for adatom to across. Thus, a small grain size as well as double-peak reflection pattern can be observed and the formation probability of donor defects is reduced. In post deposition NaF treatment, incorporation of NaF does not affect the growth and microstructure but passivates donor defects in the Cu(In,Ga)Se2 film. Moreover, according to the experimental results, external energy assistance is necessary during NaF incorporation through post deposition treatment. It is verified that Na incorporation is able to improve the properties of the film effectively when substrate temperature reaches above 350 ℃. Finally, the conversion efficiency of flexible Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin film solar cell on polyimide substrate is achieved to be 10.4% by optimizing the sodium incorporation.
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Keywords:
- chalcopyrite Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin film solar cell /
- flexible substrate /
- low-temperature deposition /
- Na incorporation mechanism
[1] Brémaud D, Rudmann D, Bilger G, Zogg H, Tiwari A N 2005 Conference Record of the Thirty-first IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference Lake Buena Vista, 2005, p223
[2] Kronik L, Cahen D, Schock H W 1998 Advanced Materials 10 31
[3] Rockett A 2005 Thin Solid Films 480 2
[4] Hedström J, Ohlsén H, Bodegard M, Kylner A, Stolt L, Hariskos D, Ruckh M, Schock H W 1993 Conference Record of the Twenty Third IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference Louisville, KY, 1993, p364
[5] Kessler F, Rudmann D 2004 Solar Energy 77 685
[6] Caballero R, Kaufmann C A, Eisenbarth T, Unold T, Klenk R, Schock H W 2011 Progress in Photovoltaics 19 547
[7] Chirila A, Buecheler S, Pianezzi F, Bloesch P, Gretener C, Uhl A R, Fella C, Kranz L, Perrenoud J, Seyrling S, Verma R, Nishiwaki S, Romanyuk Y E, Bilger G, Tiwari A N 2011 Nature Materials 10 857
[8] Probst V, Rimmasch J, Riedl W, Stetter W, Holz J, Harms H, Karg F, Schock H W 1994 1994 IEEE First World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion. Conference Record of the Twenty Fourth IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference-1994 (Cat.No. 94CH3365-4) Waikoloa, HI, 1994, p144
[9] Rudmann D 2004 PhD Thesis (Basel: University of Basel)
[10] Rudmann D, Kaelin M, Haug F J, Kurdesau F, Zogg H, Tiwari A N 2003 Proceedings of 3rd World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion Osaka, Japan 2003, p376
[11] Chirila A, Bloesch P, Seyrling S, Uhl A, Buecheler S, Pianezzi F, Fella C, Perrenoud J, Kranz L, Verma R, Guettler D, Nishiwaki S, Romanyuk Y E, Bilger G, Bremaud D, Tiwari A N 2011 Progress in Photovoltaics 19 560
[12] Qiu L, Hu Y H 1998 X-Ray Diffraction Technology and Equipment (Metallurgical Industry Press) p129 (in Chinese) [丘利, 胡玉和 1998 X射线衍射技术及设备(冶金工业出版社) 第129页]
[13] Sun X, Jiang F, Feng J 2009 Computational Materials Science 47 31
[14] Wei S H, Zhang S B, Zunger A 1999 J. APPL. Phys. 85 7214
[15] Erslev P T, Shafarman W N, Cohen J D 2011 APPL. Phys. Lett. 98
[16] Domain C, Laribi S, Taunier S, Guillemoles J F 2003J. Phys. Chem. Solids 64 1657
[17] Zhang S B, Wei S H, Zunger A, Katayama-Yoshida H 1998 Phys. Rev. B 57 9642
[18] Rudmann D, Bremaud D, Zogg H, Tiwari A N 2005 J. APPL. Phys. 97 084903
[19] Rudmann D, Bilger G, Kaelin M, Haug F J, Zogg H, Tiwari A N 2003 Thin Solid Films 431 37
[20] Caballero R, Kaufmann C A, Eisenbarth T, Cancela M, Hesse R, Unold T, Eicke A, Klenk R, Schock H W 2009 Thin Solid Films 517 2187
[21] Ishizuka S, Yamada A, Islam M M, Shibata H, Fons P, Sakurai T, Akimoto K, Niki S 2009 J. APPL. Phys. 106 034908
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[1] Brémaud D, Rudmann D, Bilger G, Zogg H, Tiwari A N 2005 Conference Record of the Thirty-first IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference Lake Buena Vista, 2005, p223
[2] Kronik L, Cahen D, Schock H W 1998 Advanced Materials 10 31
[3] Rockett A 2005 Thin Solid Films 480 2
[4] Hedström J, Ohlsén H, Bodegard M, Kylner A, Stolt L, Hariskos D, Ruckh M, Schock H W 1993 Conference Record of the Twenty Third IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference Louisville, KY, 1993, p364
[5] Kessler F, Rudmann D 2004 Solar Energy 77 685
[6] Caballero R, Kaufmann C A, Eisenbarth T, Unold T, Klenk R, Schock H W 2011 Progress in Photovoltaics 19 547
[7] Chirila A, Buecheler S, Pianezzi F, Bloesch P, Gretener C, Uhl A R, Fella C, Kranz L, Perrenoud J, Seyrling S, Verma R, Nishiwaki S, Romanyuk Y E, Bilger G, Tiwari A N 2011 Nature Materials 10 857
[8] Probst V, Rimmasch J, Riedl W, Stetter W, Holz J, Harms H, Karg F, Schock H W 1994 1994 IEEE First World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion. Conference Record of the Twenty Fourth IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference-1994 (Cat.No. 94CH3365-4) Waikoloa, HI, 1994, p144
[9] Rudmann D 2004 PhD Thesis (Basel: University of Basel)
[10] Rudmann D, Kaelin M, Haug F J, Kurdesau F, Zogg H, Tiwari A N 2003 Proceedings of 3rd World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion Osaka, Japan 2003, p376
[11] Chirila A, Bloesch P, Seyrling S, Uhl A, Buecheler S, Pianezzi F, Fella C, Perrenoud J, Kranz L, Verma R, Guettler D, Nishiwaki S, Romanyuk Y E, Bilger G, Bremaud D, Tiwari A N 2011 Progress in Photovoltaics 19 560
[12] Qiu L, Hu Y H 1998 X-Ray Diffraction Technology and Equipment (Metallurgical Industry Press) p129 (in Chinese) [丘利, 胡玉和 1998 X射线衍射技术及设备(冶金工业出版社) 第129页]
[13] Sun X, Jiang F, Feng J 2009 Computational Materials Science 47 31
[14] Wei S H, Zhang S B, Zunger A 1999 J. APPL. Phys. 85 7214
[15] Erslev P T, Shafarman W N, Cohen J D 2011 APPL. Phys. Lett. 98
[16] Domain C, Laribi S, Taunier S, Guillemoles J F 2003J. Phys. Chem. Solids 64 1657
[17] Zhang S B, Wei S H, Zunger A, Katayama-Yoshida H 1998 Phys. Rev. B 57 9642
[18] Rudmann D, Bremaud D, Zogg H, Tiwari A N 2005 J. APPL. Phys. 97 084903
[19] Rudmann D, Bilger G, Kaelin M, Haug F J, Zogg H, Tiwari A N 2003 Thin Solid Films 431 37
[20] Caballero R, Kaufmann C A, Eisenbarth T, Cancela M, Hesse R, Unold T, Eicke A, Klenk R, Schock H W 2009 Thin Solid Films 517 2187
[21] Ishizuka S, Yamada A, Islam M M, Shibata H, Fons P, Sakurai T, Akimoto K, Niki S 2009 J. APPL. Phys. 106 034908
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