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Satellite signals across the space-earth link are always seriously affected by rain, inducing attenuation and depolarization. In this paper, two methods of estimating the rain rate are investigated based on the space-earth link signals in a frequency range of 1–10 GHz. Firstly, the effects of rain rate (R) on attenuation (A) and cross-polarization discrimination (XPD) are studied, according to the complex interaction between signals and raindrops. Then, two relevant models A-R and XPD-R are established, which are the key techniques to estimate the rain rate. The feasibilities of the above models are analyzed. In addition, their applicabilities at various frequencies, polarization and satellite elevations are also investigated systematically. The results show that for the space-earth link signal with horizontal or circular polarization and higher frequency, the A-R relation can be used to estimate the heavy rain; for signals with different frequencies and polarizations, XPD-R is suited to estimate various rain rates, especially in a frequency range of 1–50 mm·h-1; A-R and XPD-R are both applicable at different elevations. Moreover, the XPD-R relation is consistent with the prediction model of XPD proposed by ITU at 4–10 GHz. The results obtained in this work will play an important role in the future verification experiment, the nowcasting automatic detection of rain rate and global rain observations.
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Keywords:
- space-earth link signals /
- rain rate /
- attenuation characteristic /
- cross-polarization discrimination (XPD)
[1] Amitai E, Nystuen J A, Liao L 2004 IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett. 1 35
[2] Zhang G F, Vivekanandan J, Brandes E 2000 IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 39 830
[3] Matrosov S Y, Kropfli R A, Martner B E, Reinking R F 1998 Geosci. Remote Sens. Symposium Proceedings 1 446
[4] Jackson C R, Apel J R 2004 Synthetic Aperture Radar Marine User’s Manual (Washington DC: U.S. Department of Commerce) p355
[5] Ali A, Hassan M, Alhaider M 1986 J. Eng. Sci. 12 197
[6] TAUR R R 1975 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 23 854
[7] Messer H, Zinevich A, Alpert P 2006 Sci. 312 713
[8] Goldshtein O, Messer H 2009 IEEE Trans. Signal Process. 57 1616
[9] Li H 2006 Journal of Remote Sensing 10 568 (in Chinese) [李黄 2006 遥感学报 10 568]
[10] Shen Y M 2005 Satellite TV & IP Multimedia 22 48 (in Chinese) [沈永明 2005 卫星电视与宽带多媒体 22 48]
[11] Zhang X Z, Guo Y C, Chen J L, Yang C J 2012 Journal of Applied Meteorological Science 23 478 (in Chinese) [张秀再, 郭业才, 陈金立, 杨昌军 2012 应用气象学报 23 478]
[12] Hegarty C J 2012 IEEE International Baltimore MD, May 21-24, 2012, p1
[13] Huang J Y, Chen X L, Tang Y D, Wang L M 2002 Journal of Xidian University 29 733 (in Chinese) [黄际英, 陈新莲, 唐映德, 王兰美 2002 西安电子科技大学学报 (自然科学版) 29 733]
[14] Rec. ITU-R P840-3 1999
[15] Shen L H, Li X H 2010 Communications Technology 5 79 (in Chinese) [申莉华, 李晓辉 2010 通信技术 5 79 ]
[16] Rec. ITU-R P838-3 2005
[17] Li L W, Kooi P S, Leong M S, Yeo T S, Gao M Z 1995 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 43 811
[18] Flock W L 1987 Propagation effects on satellite systems for frequencies below 10 GHz NASA Ref. Publ. p4-42
[19] Oguchi T 1983 Proc. IEEE 71 1029
[20] Duffo N, Vall·llossera M, Camps A, Corbella I, Torres F 2009 Remote Sens. 1 107
[21] Mishchenko M I, Travis L 1998 J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 60 309
[22] Liu X C, Gao T C, Qin J, Liu L 2010 Acta Phys. Sin. 59 2156 (in Chinese) [刘西川, 高太长, 秦建, 刘磊 2010 物理学报 59 2156]
[23] Ray P S 1972 Appl. Opt. 11 1836
[24] Zhao Z W 2001 Ph.D. Dissertation (Xi’an: Xidian University) (in Chinese) [赵振维 2001 博士学位论文 (西安: 西安电子科技大学)]
[25] Hu T, Song H, Yang J H, Niu Z X, Zhou D F, Rao Y P 2007 IEEE International Symposium on Microwave, Antenna, Propagation and EMC Technologies for Wireless Communications Hangzhou, August 16-76, 2007, p761
[26] Rec. ITU-R P.530-9 2001
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[1] Amitai E, Nystuen J A, Liao L 2004 IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett. 1 35
[2] Zhang G F, Vivekanandan J, Brandes E 2000 IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 39 830
[3] Matrosov S Y, Kropfli R A, Martner B E, Reinking R F 1998 Geosci. Remote Sens. Symposium Proceedings 1 446
[4] Jackson C R, Apel J R 2004 Synthetic Aperture Radar Marine User’s Manual (Washington DC: U.S. Department of Commerce) p355
[5] Ali A, Hassan M, Alhaider M 1986 J. Eng. Sci. 12 197
[6] TAUR R R 1975 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 23 854
[7] Messer H, Zinevich A, Alpert P 2006 Sci. 312 713
[8] Goldshtein O, Messer H 2009 IEEE Trans. Signal Process. 57 1616
[9] Li H 2006 Journal of Remote Sensing 10 568 (in Chinese) [李黄 2006 遥感学报 10 568]
[10] Shen Y M 2005 Satellite TV & IP Multimedia 22 48 (in Chinese) [沈永明 2005 卫星电视与宽带多媒体 22 48]
[11] Zhang X Z, Guo Y C, Chen J L, Yang C J 2012 Journal of Applied Meteorological Science 23 478 (in Chinese) [张秀再, 郭业才, 陈金立, 杨昌军 2012 应用气象学报 23 478]
[12] Hegarty C J 2012 IEEE International Baltimore MD, May 21-24, 2012, p1
[13] Huang J Y, Chen X L, Tang Y D, Wang L M 2002 Journal of Xidian University 29 733 (in Chinese) [黄际英, 陈新莲, 唐映德, 王兰美 2002 西安电子科技大学学报 (自然科学版) 29 733]
[14] Rec. ITU-R P840-3 1999
[15] Shen L H, Li X H 2010 Communications Technology 5 79 (in Chinese) [申莉华, 李晓辉 2010 通信技术 5 79 ]
[16] Rec. ITU-R P838-3 2005
[17] Li L W, Kooi P S, Leong M S, Yeo T S, Gao M Z 1995 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 43 811
[18] Flock W L 1987 Propagation effects on satellite systems for frequencies below 10 GHz NASA Ref. Publ. p4-42
[19] Oguchi T 1983 Proc. IEEE 71 1029
[20] Duffo N, Vall·llossera M, Camps A, Corbella I, Torres F 2009 Remote Sens. 1 107
[21] Mishchenko M I, Travis L 1998 J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 60 309
[22] Liu X C, Gao T C, Qin J, Liu L 2010 Acta Phys. Sin. 59 2156 (in Chinese) [刘西川, 高太长, 秦建, 刘磊 2010 物理学报 59 2156]
[23] Ray P S 1972 Appl. Opt. 11 1836
[24] Zhao Z W 2001 Ph.D. Dissertation (Xi’an: Xidian University) (in Chinese) [赵振维 2001 博士学位论文 (西安: 西安电子科技大学)]
[25] Hu T, Song H, Yang J H, Niu Z X, Zhou D F, Rao Y P 2007 IEEE International Symposium on Microwave, Antenna, Propagation and EMC Technologies for Wireless Communications Hangzhou, August 16-76, 2007, p761
[26] Rec. ITU-R P.530-9 2001
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