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Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy can break through the optical diffraction limit by applying the additional probe beam induced phonon depletion (APIPD). Using this method, we can obtain a spatial resolution beyond the optical diffraction limit by introducing a doughnut additional probe beam to deplete phonons at the periphery of the focal spot. To achieve higher spatial resolution and better phase matching conditions, it is necessary to use high numerical aperture objectives, whereas scalar diffraction theory is no longer valid. According to the full vector diffraction theory, we calculate the intensity distributions at the focal plane when the linearly and circularly polarized lights pass through a spiral phase plate and an objective with high numerical aperture successively. The result shows that the circular polarization can generate the perfectly doughnut-shaped focal spot, which is more suitable for the additional beam than the linear polarization induced beam. Furthermore, we analyze the APIPD induced CARS process with the full quantum theory. Simulations indicate that a spatial resolution as high as 45 nm could be realized when the ratio between the intensities of additional probe and probe is 80. And the spatial resolution turns higher with increasing the power of additional probe.
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Keywords:
- circular polarized light /
- nanometer resolution /
- coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy /
- vector analysis
[1] Evans C L, Xie X S 2008 Annu. Rev. Anal. Chem. 1 883
[2] Cheng J X, Xie X S 2004 J. Phys. Chem. B 108 827
[3] Cheng J X, Jia Y K, Zheng G, Xie X S 2002 Biophys. J. 83 502
[4] Nan X, Potma E O, Xie X S 2006 Biophys. J. 91 728
[5] Beeker W P, Lee C J, Boller K, Gro P, Cleff C, Fallnich C, Offerhaus H L, Herek J L 2010 Phys. Rev. A 81 012507
[6] Beeker W P Gro P, Lee C J, Cleff C, Offerhaus H L, Fallnich C, Herek J L, Boller K 2009 Opt. Express 17 22632
[7] Nikolaenko A, Krishnamachari V V, Potma E O 2009 Phys. Rev. A 79 013823
[8] Hajek K M, Littleton B, Turk D, McIntyre T J, Halina R D 2010 Opt. Express 18 19263
[9] Liu W, Niu H B 2011 Phys. Rev. A 83 023830
[10] Liu W, Liu S L, Chen D N, Niu H B 2014 Chin. Phys. B 23 104202
[11] Liu S L, Chen D N, Liu W, Niu H B 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 184210 (in Chinese) [刘双龙, 陈丹妮, 刘伟, 牛憨笨 2013 物理学报 62 184210]
[12] Yin J, Yu L Y, Liu X, Wan H, Lin Z Y, Niu H B 2011 Chin. Phys. B 20 014206
[13] Yin J, Yu F, Hou G H, Liang R F, Tian Y L, Lin Z Y, Niu H B 2014 Acta Phys. Sin. 63 073301 (in Chinese) [尹君, 余锋, 侯国辉, 梁闰富, 田宇亮, 林子扬, 牛憨笨 2014 物理学报 63 073301]
[14] Parekh S H, Lee Y J, Aamer K A, Cicerone M T 2010 Biophys. J. 99 2695
[15] Paulsen H N, Hilligse K M, Thgersen J, Keiding S R, Larsen J J 2003 Opt. Lett. 28 1123
[16] Krishnamachari V V, Potma E O 2007 J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 24 1138
[17] Richards B, Wolf E 1959 Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 253 358
[18] Hao X, Kuang C, Wang T, Liu X 2010 J. Opt. 12 115707
[19] Liu W, Chen D N, Liu S L, Niu H B 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 164202 (in Chinese) [刘伟, 陈丹妮, 刘双龙, 牛憨笨 2013 物理学报 62 164202]
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[1] Evans C L, Xie X S 2008 Annu. Rev. Anal. Chem. 1 883
[2] Cheng J X, Xie X S 2004 J. Phys. Chem. B 108 827
[3] Cheng J X, Jia Y K, Zheng G, Xie X S 2002 Biophys. J. 83 502
[4] Nan X, Potma E O, Xie X S 2006 Biophys. J. 91 728
[5] Beeker W P, Lee C J, Boller K, Gro P, Cleff C, Fallnich C, Offerhaus H L, Herek J L 2010 Phys. Rev. A 81 012507
[6] Beeker W P Gro P, Lee C J, Cleff C, Offerhaus H L, Fallnich C, Herek J L, Boller K 2009 Opt. Express 17 22632
[7] Nikolaenko A, Krishnamachari V V, Potma E O 2009 Phys. Rev. A 79 013823
[8] Hajek K M, Littleton B, Turk D, McIntyre T J, Halina R D 2010 Opt. Express 18 19263
[9] Liu W, Niu H B 2011 Phys. Rev. A 83 023830
[10] Liu W, Liu S L, Chen D N, Niu H B 2014 Chin. Phys. B 23 104202
[11] Liu S L, Chen D N, Liu W, Niu H B 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 184210 (in Chinese) [刘双龙, 陈丹妮, 刘伟, 牛憨笨 2013 物理学报 62 184210]
[12] Yin J, Yu L Y, Liu X, Wan H, Lin Z Y, Niu H B 2011 Chin. Phys. B 20 014206
[13] Yin J, Yu F, Hou G H, Liang R F, Tian Y L, Lin Z Y, Niu H B 2014 Acta Phys. Sin. 63 073301 (in Chinese) [尹君, 余锋, 侯国辉, 梁闰富, 田宇亮, 林子扬, 牛憨笨 2014 物理学报 63 073301]
[14] Parekh S H, Lee Y J, Aamer K A, Cicerone M T 2010 Biophys. J. 99 2695
[15] Paulsen H N, Hilligse K M, Thgersen J, Keiding S R, Larsen J J 2003 Opt. Lett. 28 1123
[16] Krishnamachari V V, Potma E O 2007 J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 24 1138
[17] Richards B, Wolf E 1959 Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 253 358
[18] Hao X, Kuang C, Wang T, Liu X 2010 J. Opt. 12 115707
[19] Liu W, Chen D N, Liu S L, Niu H B 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 164202 (in Chinese) [刘伟, 陈丹妮, 刘双龙, 牛憨笨 2013 物理学报 62 164202]
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