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The relaxation behaviors of a power lithium-ion battery significantly affect its performance, and these properties are greatly affected by temperature. This study presents a validated electrochemical-thermal model battery model covering the conservations of charge, mass, and energy and the electrochemical reaction kinetics, and considering the effect of heat on electrochemical performance of a battery. Using this battery model, the relaxation behavior of power lithium-ion battery in high-rate charging-discharging process and the effect of difference among charge-discharge systems are investigated. It is found that ohmic polarization is the main reason for voltage change in charging-discharging process. Constant-current-constant-voltage charging mode can effectively remit ohmic polarization and then avoid changing the voltage rapidly. In the shelving process after constant-current-constant-voltage charging, voltage change is smaller and the time for it to take to reach open circuit potential is shorter than in the shelving process after constant-current charging. In charging-discharging process, the values of polarization at positive and negative electrode are almost the same. Power lithium-ion battery can be charged into more energy by constant-current-constant-voltage charging modes, meaning that it is beneficial to battery performance. Because active material particles in electrodes have certain sizes, in discharging process, there is some gradient between the surface and center of solid particle, and the electrodes each have a certain thickness, different place of electrode has a different lithium-ion concentration. In the shelving process after discharging, there is no outer current, so the gradient of lithium-ion concentration disappears due to the effect of diffusion process. The relaxation time of lithium-ion concentration in solid phase is longer than in liquid phase. The ratio between characteristic time of solid diffusion and that of liquid diffusion increases constantly near the end of the discharge, thus the polarization due to solid diffusion cannot be neglected in the whole discharging process.
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Keywords:
- relaxation /
- coupling /
- solid diffusion /
- liquid diffusion
[1] Chen Y, Li J, Jia M, Tang Y W, Du S L, Ai L H, Yin B H, Ai L 2015 Acta Phys. Sin. 64 210202 (in Chinese) [程昀, 李劼, 贾明, 汤依伟, 杜双龙, 艾立华, 殷宝华, 艾亮 2015 物理学报 64 210202]
[2] Scrosati B, Garche J 2010 J. Power Sources 195 2419
[3] Hannan M A, Azidin F A, Mohamed A 2014 Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. 29 135
[4] Newman J, Tiedemann W 1975 AICHE J 21 25
[5] Doyle M, Newman J 1995 Electrochim. Acta 40 2191
[6] Li J, Cheng Y, Jia M, Tang Y W, Lin Y, Zhang Z A, Liu Y X 2014 J. Power Sources 255 130
[7] Huang L, Li J Y 2015 Acta Phys. Sin. 64 108202 (in Chinese) [黄亮, 李建远 2015 物理学报 64 108202]
[8] Tang Y W, Jia M, Li J, Lai Y Q, Cheng Y, Liu Y X 2014 J. Electrochem. Soc. 161 E3021
[9] Tang Y W, Jia M, Chen Y, Zhang K, Zhang H L, Li J 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 158201 (in Chinese) [汤依伟, 贾明, 程昀, 张凯, 张红亮, 李劼 2013 物理学报 62 158201]
[10] Du S L, Jia M, Cheng Y, Tang Y W, Zhang H L, Ai L H, Zhang K, Lai Y Q 2015 Int. J. Them. Sci. 89 327
[11] Dai Y, Cai L, White R E 2014 J. Power Sources 247 365
[12] Zheng H, Liu X, Wei M 2015 Chin. Phys. B24 098801
[13] Dai Y, Cai L, White R E 2013 J. Electorchem. Soc. 160 A182
[14] Kang J Q, Conlisk A T, Rizzoni G 2014 J. Solid State Electrochem 18 2425
[15] Nyman A, Zavalis T G, Elger R, Behm, M, Lindbergh, G 2010 J. Electrochem. Soc. 157 A1236
[16] Safari M, Delacourt C 2011 J. Electrochem. Soc. 158 A562
[17] Fuller T F, Doyle M, Newman J 1994 J. Electrochem. Soc. 141 982
[18] Bernardi D M, Go J Y 2011 J. Power Sources 196 412
[19] Reichert M, Andre D, Rösmann A, Janssen P, Bremes H G, Sauer D U, Passerini S, Winter M 2013 J. Power Sources 239 45
[20] Smith K, Wang C Y 2006 J. Power Sources 160 662
[21] Jin W R, Lu S G, Pang J 2011 Chin. J. Inorg. Chem. 27 1675
[22] Gerver R E, Meyers J P 2011 J. Electrochem. Soc. 158 A835
[23] Tang Y W, Jia M, Li J, Lai Y Q, Cheng Y, Liu Y X 2014 J. Electrochem. Soc. 161 E3021
[24] Ramadass P, Haran B, Gomadam P M, White R E, Popov B N 2004 J. Electrochem. Soc. 151 A196
[25] Srinivasan V, Wang C Y 2003 J. Electrochem. Soc. 150 A98
[26] Bernardi D, Pawlikowski E, Newman J 1985 J. Electrochem. Soc. 132 5
[27] Valoen L O, Reimers J N 2005 J. Electorchem. Soc. 152 A882
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[1] Chen Y, Li J, Jia M, Tang Y W, Du S L, Ai L H, Yin B H, Ai L 2015 Acta Phys. Sin. 64 210202 (in Chinese) [程昀, 李劼, 贾明, 汤依伟, 杜双龙, 艾立华, 殷宝华, 艾亮 2015 物理学报 64 210202]
[2] Scrosati B, Garche J 2010 J. Power Sources 195 2419
[3] Hannan M A, Azidin F A, Mohamed A 2014 Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. 29 135
[4] Newman J, Tiedemann W 1975 AICHE J 21 25
[5] Doyle M, Newman J 1995 Electrochim. Acta 40 2191
[6] Li J, Cheng Y, Jia M, Tang Y W, Lin Y, Zhang Z A, Liu Y X 2014 J. Power Sources 255 130
[7] Huang L, Li J Y 2015 Acta Phys. Sin. 64 108202 (in Chinese) [黄亮, 李建远 2015 物理学报 64 108202]
[8] Tang Y W, Jia M, Li J, Lai Y Q, Cheng Y, Liu Y X 2014 J. Electrochem. Soc. 161 E3021
[9] Tang Y W, Jia M, Chen Y, Zhang K, Zhang H L, Li J 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 158201 (in Chinese) [汤依伟, 贾明, 程昀, 张凯, 张红亮, 李劼 2013 物理学报 62 158201]
[10] Du S L, Jia M, Cheng Y, Tang Y W, Zhang H L, Ai L H, Zhang K, Lai Y Q 2015 Int. J. Them. Sci. 89 327
[11] Dai Y, Cai L, White R E 2014 J. Power Sources 247 365
[12] Zheng H, Liu X, Wei M 2015 Chin. Phys. B24 098801
[13] Dai Y, Cai L, White R E 2013 J. Electorchem. Soc. 160 A182
[14] Kang J Q, Conlisk A T, Rizzoni G 2014 J. Solid State Electrochem 18 2425
[15] Nyman A, Zavalis T G, Elger R, Behm, M, Lindbergh, G 2010 J. Electrochem. Soc. 157 A1236
[16] Safari M, Delacourt C 2011 J. Electrochem. Soc. 158 A562
[17] Fuller T F, Doyle M, Newman J 1994 J. Electrochem. Soc. 141 982
[18] Bernardi D M, Go J Y 2011 J. Power Sources 196 412
[19] Reichert M, Andre D, Rösmann A, Janssen P, Bremes H G, Sauer D U, Passerini S, Winter M 2013 J. Power Sources 239 45
[20] Smith K, Wang C Y 2006 J. Power Sources 160 662
[21] Jin W R, Lu S G, Pang J 2011 Chin. J. Inorg. Chem. 27 1675
[22] Gerver R E, Meyers J P 2011 J. Electrochem. Soc. 158 A835
[23] Tang Y W, Jia M, Li J, Lai Y Q, Cheng Y, Liu Y X 2014 J. Electrochem. Soc. 161 E3021
[24] Ramadass P, Haran B, Gomadam P M, White R E, Popov B N 2004 J. Electrochem. Soc. 151 A196
[25] Srinivasan V, Wang C Y 2003 J. Electrochem. Soc. 150 A98
[26] Bernardi D, Pawlikowski E, Newman J 1985 J. Electrochem. Soc. 132 5
[27] Valoen L O, Reimers J N 2005 J. Electorchem. Soc. 152 A882
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