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In this study, an 894 nm high temperature vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) is reported. Furthermore, a Cs chip-scale atomic clock (CSAC) system experiment based on this VCSEL is carried out.To achieve low threshold/power consumption under high temperature condition, the VCSEL epitaxial structure is optimized. Especially, the so-called gain cavity-mode detuning technology is utilized to improve the temperature sensitivity of the device output characteristics. The relationship between the structure of quantum well and the gain is simulated by using the commercial software PICS3D. In order to achieve high gain and low threshold properties, the thickness of the quantum well is optimized. Based on the theory of transmission matrix, the VCSEL cavity mode (etalon) is calculated. Finally, a -15 nm quantum well gain-cavity mode offset is utilized to achieve relatively stable cavity mode gain, which can guarantee the temperature-insensitivity of the VCSEL output characteristics.The output performance of the VCSEL device we fabricated is investigated experimentally. The VCSEL lightcurrent (L-I) characteristic is tested under different temperatures. It is found that benefiting from the gain-cavity mode offset design, the threshold can be maintained at 0.200.23 mA when the temperature increases from 20 ℃ to 90 ℃. Meantime, the output power of more than 100 W is achieved at different temperature levels. By comparing with the results at room temperature, No dramatic degradation of the VCSEL high temperature L-I characteristics is found, which means that the VCSEL output characteristic is relatively temperature-insensitive. The wavelength of the VCSEL is 890.4 nm at a temperature of 20 ℃. When the temperature increases up to 85.6 ℃, the VCSEL wavelength is red-shifted to 894.6 nm (Cs D1 line), corresponding to a red shift ratio of 0.064 nm/℃. According to the polarization requirement of CSAC applications, the polarization properties of the VCSEL are studied and the results are as follows: under an injected current of 1 mA and operation temperature of 20 ℃, Pmax = 278.2 W and Pmin = 5.9 W, corresponding to a polarization ratio of 47:1; at a temperature of 85.6 ℃, Pmax = 239.2 W and Pmin = 4 W, corresponding to a polarization ratio of 59:8:1.Using the VCSEL reported in this paper as a laser source, the CSAC experiment is carried out. At 4.596 GHz of modulated frequency, the output laser of the VCSEL is collimated and interacts with Cs atoms. Finally the closed-loop frequency locking atomic clock is demonstrated. The Cs laser absorption spectrum for laser frequency stabilization, as well as the CPT signal for Cs CSAC microwave frequency stabilization is obtained.
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Keywords:
- vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser /
- Cs chip-scale atomic clock /
- high temperature /
- coherent population trapping
[1] Iga K, Koyama F, Kinoshita S 1988 IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 24 1845
[2] Choquette K D, Hou H Q 1997 Proc. IEEE 85 1730
[3] Koyama F 2008 Proc. SPIE 7135 71350J
[4] Fryslie S T M, Choquette K D 2015 IEEE Photon. J. 7 1
[5] Guan B L, Liu X, Jiang X W, Liu C, Xu C 2015 Acta Phys. Sin. 64 164203 (in Chinese) [关宝璐, 刘欣, 江孝伟, 刘储, 徐晨 2015 物理学报 64 164203]
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[7] Crowley M T, Kovanis V, Lester L F 2012 IEEE Photon. J. 4 565
[8] Jensen J B, Rodes R, Caballero A, Ning C, Zibar D, Monroy I T 2014 IEEE/OSA J. Lightwave Tech. 32 1423
[9] Nguyen C T 2007 IEEE Tran. Ultrason. Ferro. Freq. Control 54 251
[10] Geppert L 2005 IEEE Spect. 42 20
[11] Knappe S, Schwindt P D D, Gerginov V, Shah V, Liew L, Moreland J, Robinson H G, Hollberg L, Kitching J 2006 J. Opt. A: Pure Appl. Opt. 8 S318
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[13] Ptremand Y, Affolderbach C, Straessle R, Pellaton M, Briand D, Mileti G, Rooij N F D 2012 J. Micromech. Microeng. 22 025013
[14] Ermak S V, Semenov V V, Piatyshev E N, Kazakin A N, Komarevtsev I M, Velichko E N, Davydov V V, Petrenko M V 2015 St. Petersburg Polytech. Univ. J. Phys. Math. 1 37
[15] Vanier J 2005 Appl. Phys. B: Laser. Opt. 81 421
[16] DeNatale J F, Borwick R L, Tsai C, Stupar P A 2008 Proceedings of 2008 IEEE/ION Position, Location and Navigation Symposium Monterey, California, U.S.A., May 5-8, 2008 p67
[17] Lutwak R 2009 Proceedings of 2009 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium Joint with the 22nd European Frequency and Time Forum Besanon, France, Apiral 20-24, 2009 p573
[18] Blokhin S A, Lott J A, N. N. Ledentsov, Bimberg D 2011 Proceedings of 2011 Asia Communications and Photonics Conference and Exhibition Shanghai, China, November 13-16, 2011 p1
[19] Serkland D K, Geib K M, Lutwak R, Garvey R M, Varghese M, Mescher M 2006 Proc. SPIE 6132 613208
[20] Al-Samaneh A, Bou Sanayeh M, Renz S, Wahl D, Michalzik R 2011 IEEE Photon. Tech. Lett. 23 1049
[21] Gruet F, Al-Samaneh A, Kroemer E, Bimboes L, Miletic D, Affolderbach C, Wahl D, Boudot R 2013 Opt. Express 21 5781
[22] Zhang J, Ning Y Q, Zeng Y G, Zhang J W, Zhang J L, Fu X H, Tong C Z, Wang L J 2013 Laser Phys. Lett. 10 045802
[23] Zhang J W, Ning Y Q, Zhang X, Zeng Y G, Zhang J, Liu Y, Qin L, Wang L J 2013 Chin. Laser J. 40 0502001 (in Chinese) [张建伟, 宁永强, 张星, 曾玉刚, 张建, 刘云, 秦莉, 王立军 2013 中国激光 40 0502001]
[24] Zhang J W, Zhang X, Zhu H B, Zhang J, Ning Y Q, Qin L, Wang L J 2015 Opt. Express 23 14763
[25] Chuang S L 1991 Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter 43 9649
[26] Chuang S L 1995 Physics of Optoelectronic Devices (1st Ed.) (New York: Wiley) pp124-192
[27] Iga K, Koyama F, Kinoshita S 1988 IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 24 1845
[28] Wang X D, Wu X M, Wang Q, Cao Y L, He G R, Tan M Q 2006 Acta Phys. Sin. 55 4983 (in Chinese) [王小东, 吴旭明, 王青, 曹玉莲, 何国荣, 谭满清 2006 物理学报 55 4983]
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[1] Iga K, Koyama F, Kinoshita S 1988 IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 24 1845
[2] Choquette K D, Hou H Q 1997 Proc. IEEE 85 1730
[3] Koyama F 2008 Proc. SPIE 7135 71350J
[4] Fryslie S T M, Choquette K D 2015 IEEE Photon. J. 7 1
[5] Guan B L, Liu X, Jiang X W, Liu C, Xu C 2015 Acta Phys. Sin. 64 164203 (in Chinese) [关宝璐, 刘欣, 江孝伟, 刘储, 徐晨 2015 物理学报 64 164203]
[6] Larsson A 2011 IEEE J. Select. Top. Quantum. Electron. 17 1552
[7] Crowley M T, Kovanis V, Lester L F 2012 IEEE Photon. J. 4 565
[8] Jensen J B, Rodes R, Caballero A, Ning C, Zibar D, Monroy I T 2014 IEEE/OSA J. Lightwave Tech. 32 1423
[9] Nguyen C T 2007 IEEE Tran. Ultrason. Ferro. Freq. Control 54 251
[10] Geppert L 2005 IEEE Spect. 42 20
[11] Knappe S, Schwindt P D D, Gerginov V, Shah V, Liew L, Moreland J, Robinson H G, Hollberg L, Kitching J 2006 J. Opt. A: Pure Appl. Opt. 8 S318
[12] Douahi A, Nieradko L, Beugnot J C, Dziuban J, Maillote H, Guerandel S, Moraja M, Gorecki C, Giordano V 2007 Electron. Lett. 43 33
[13] Ptremand Y, Affolderbach C, Straessle R, Pellaton M, Briand D, Mileti G, Rooij N F D 2012 J. Micromech. Microeng. 22 025013
[14] Ermak S V, Semenov V V, Piatyshev E N, Kazakin A N, Komarevtsev I M, Velichko E N, Davydov V V, Petrenko M V 2015 St. Petersburg Polytech. Univ. J. Phys. Math. 1 37
[15] Vanier J 2005 Appl. Phys. B: Laser. Opt. 81 421
[16] DeNatale J F, Borwick R L, Tsai C, Stupar P A 2008 Proceedings of 2008 IEEE/ION Position, Location and Navigation Symposium Monterey, California, U.S.A., May 5-8, 2008 p67
[17] Lutwak R 2009 Proceedings of 2009 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium Joint with the 22nd European Frequency and Time Forum Besanon, France, Apiral 20-24, 2009 p573
[18] Blokhin S A, Lott J A, N. N. Ledentsov, Bimberg D 2011 Proceedings of 2011 Asia Communications and Photonics Conference and Exhibition Shanghai, China, November 13-16, 2011 p1
[19] Serkland D K, Geib K M, Lutwak R, Garvey R M, Varghese M, Mescher M 2006 Proc. SPIE 6132 613208
[20] Al-Samaneh A, Bou Sanayeh M, Renz S, Wahl D, Michalzik R 2011 IEEE Photon. Tech. Lett. 23 1049
[21] Gruet F, Al-Samaneh A, Kroemer E, Bimboes L, Miletic D, Affolderbach C, Wahl D, Boudot R 2013 Opt. Express 21 5781
[22] Zhang J, Ning Y Q, Zeng Y G, Zhang J W, Zhang J L, Fu X H, Tong C Z, Wang L J 2013 Laser Phys. Lett. 10 045802
[23] Zhang J W, Ning Y Q, Zhang X, Zeng Y G, Zhang J, Liu Y, Qin L, Wang L J 2013 Chin. Laser J. 40 0502001 (in Chinese) [张建伟, 宁永强, 张星, 曾玉刚, 张建, 刘云, 秦莉, 王立军 2013 中国激光 40 0502001]
[24] Zhang J W, Zhang X, Zhu H B, Zhang J, Ning Y Q, Qin L, Wang L J 2015 Opt. Express 23 14763
[25] Chuang S L 1991 Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter 43 9649
[26] Chuang S L 1995 Physics of Optoelectronic Devices (1st Ed.) (New York: Wiley) pp124-192
[27] Iga K, Koyama F, Kinoshita S 1988 IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 24 1845
[28] Wang X D, Wu X M, Wang Q, Cao Y L, He G R, Tan M Q 2006 Acta Phys. Sin. 55 4983 (in Chinese) [王小东, 吴旭明, 王青, 曹玉莲, 何国荣, 谭满清 2006 物理学报 55 4983]
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