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In this paper, we report our results from interactions between sub-picosecond laser and relativistic near-critical density plasma layer. To create the near-critical density plasma layer, low density foam targets are utilized in our experiments. The foam is comprised of tri-cellulose acetate. Their average densities vary from 1 mg/cm3 to 5 mg/cm3, corresponding to full ionization densities ranging from 0.6nc to 3nc. When laser pulse is incident on the near-critical density plasma, some energetic bunches with a large quantity of charges are measured in most of the shots. The maximum charge quantity reaches to 6.1 nC/sr. Furthermore, the observed electron energy spectrum is Boltzmann-like with a wide plateau at the tail of the energy spectrum, rather than a Maxwell-like. The concept of average temperature is not available any more, and we define average effective temperature instead, namely the slope temperature. Fitting the Boltzmann-like spectrum exponentially, we find that the average effective temperature even exceeds 8 MeV at 7.51019 W/cm2, far beyond the ponderomotive limit. Aiming at analyzing the implication of physics, several two-dimensional particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations are performed. The PIC simulations indicate that the hole-boring effect and relativistic self-transparency play an important role in the electrons heating process. At the earlier stage of heating process, a short plasma channel is created by the hole-boring effect and relativistic self-transparency. The length and the width of the plasma channel are about tens of micrometers and several micrometers respectively. Around the plasma channel, there is an intensive azimuthal magnetic field. The magnitude of the azimuthal magnetic field is 100 MGs. However, the radical electrostatic field is not seen. The possible reason is that the plasma channel would be cavitated by the hole-boring effect. As a result, the electrons will experience Betatron resonance in the magnetized plasma channel. The traverse momentum of the electron would be converted into forward momentum. Assisted by the Betatron resonance, the electrons gain energies from the laser directly and efficiently. Thus, the average effective temperatures of the electron bunches are much higher than predicted by the ponderomotive scaling law. Besides, we also conducte another simulation to instigate the differences by adopting different laser polarizations. Within our expectation, the electron spectrum of the P-polarization accords well with the experimental result, while the electron spectrum of the S-polarization obviously deviates from the experimental result. It also demonstrates that the Betatron resonance heating dominates the electron acceleration process. This research paves the way to generating the highly energetic bunches with a large quantity of charges, and wound also be helpful for producing the high-bright laser bremsstrahlung sources in future.
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Keywords:
- near relativistic critical density /
- plasma layer /
- foam target /
- Betaron resonance
[1] Jarrott L C, Kemp A J, Divol L, Mariscal D, Westover B, McGuffey C, Beg F N, Suggit M, Chen C, Hey D, Maddox B, Hawreliak J, Park H S, Remington B, Wei M S, MacPhee A 2014 Phys. Plsamas 21 031211
[2] Westover B, MacPhee A, Chen C, Hey D, Ma T, Maddox B, Park H S, Remington B, Beg F N 2010 Phys. Plsamas 17 082703
[3] Kulcsr G, AlMawlawi D, Budnik F W 2000 Phys. Rev. Lett. 84 5149
[4] Nodera Y, Kawata S, Onma N 2008 Phys. Rev. E 78 046401
[5] Hu G Y, Lei A L, et al. 2010 Phys. Plasmas 17 083102
[6] Huang K, Li D Z, Yan W C, Li M H, Tao M Z, Chen Z Y, Ge X L, Liu F, Ma Y, Zhao J R, Hafz N M, Zhang J, Chen L M 2014 Appl. Phys. Lett. 105 204101
[7] Cao L H, Gu Y Q, Zhao Z Q 2010 Phys. Plasmas 17 043103
[8] Haines M G, Wei M S, Beg F N, Stephens R B 2009 Phys. Rev. Lett. 102 045008
[9] Wilks S C, Kruer W L, Tabak M 1992 Phys. Rev. Lett. 69 1383
[10] Glinec Y, Faure J, Le Dain L, Darbon S, Hosokai T, Santos J J, Lefebvre E, Rousseau J P, Burgy F 2005 Phys. Rev. Lett. 94 025003
[11] Cipiccia S, Islam M, Ersfeld B, Shanks R P, Brunetti E, Vieux G, Yang X, Issac R C, Wiggins S, Welsh G H, Anania M P, Maneuski D, Montgomery R, Smith G, Hoek M, Hamilton D J, Lemos N R C, Symes D, Rajeev P P, Shea V O, Dias J M, Jaroszynski D A 2011 Nature Phys. 7 867
[12] Courtois C, Edwards R, Compant La Fontaine A, Aedy C, Barbotin M, Bazzoli S, Biddle L, Brebion D, Bourgade J L, Drew D, Fox M, Gardner M, Gazave J M, Lagrange J, Landoas O, Le Dain L, Lefebvre E, Mastrosimone D, Pichoff N, Pien G, Ramsay M, Simons A, Sircombe N, Stoeck C, Thorp K 2011 Phys. Plsamas 18 023101
[13] Kalmykov S Y, Gorburov L M, Mora P 2005 Phys. Plasmas 12 033101
[14] Pukhov A, Gordienko S 2006 Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 364 623
[15] Lu W, Huang C, Zhou M 2006 Phys. Plasmas 13 056709
[16] Esaresy E, Schroeder C B, Leemans W P 2009 Rev. Mod. Phys. 81 1229
[17] Atzeni S, Meyer-ter-Vehn J 2008 The Physics of Inertial Fusion (in Chinese) (Beijing:Science Press)[Atzeni S, Meyer-ter-Vehn J 2008惯性聚变物理(北京:科学出版社)]
[18] Kruer W L, Estabrook K 1985 Phys. Fluids 28 430
[19] Scott R H H, Perez F, Santos J J, Ridgers C P, Davies J R, Lancaster K L, Baton S D, Nicolai Ph, Trines R M G M, Bell A R, Hulin S, Tzoufras M, Rose S J, Norreys P A 2012 Phys. Plasmas 19 053104
[20] Pukhov A, Sheng Z M, Meyer-Ter-Vehn J 1999 Phys. Plasmas 6 2847
[21] Willingale L, Nagel S R, Thomas A G R, Bellei C, Clarke R J, Dangor A E, Heathcote R, Kaluza M C, Kamperidis C, Kneip S, Krushelnick K, Lopes N, Mangles S P D, Nazarov W, Nilson P M, Najmudin Z 2009 Phys. Rev. Lett. 102 105002
[22] Kemp A, Sentoku Y, Tabak M 2008 Phys. Rev. Lett. 101 075004
[23] Kemp A, Sentoku Y, Tabak M 2009 Phy. Rev. E 79 066406
[24] Pukhov A, Sheng Z M, Meyer-ter-Vehn J 1999 Phys. Plasmas 6 2847
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[1] Jarrott L C, Kemp A J, Divol L, Mariscal D, Westover B, McGuffey C, Beg F N, Suggit M, Chen C, Hey D, Maddox B, Hawreliak J, Park H S, Remington B, Wei M S, MacPhee A 2014 Phys. Plsamas 21 031211
[2] Westover B, MacPhee A, Chen C, Hey D, Ma T, Maddox B, Park H S, Remington B, Beg F N 2010 Phys. Plsamas 17 082703
[3] Kulcsr G, AlMawlawi D, Budnik F W 2000 Phys. Rev. Lett. 84 5149
[4] Nodera Y, Kawata S, Onma N 2008 Phys. Rev. E 78 046401
[5] Hu G Y, Lei A L, et al. 2010 Phys. Plasmas 17 083102
[6] Huang K, Li D Z, Yan W C, Li M H, Tao M Z, Chen Z Y, Ge X L, Liu F, Ma Y, Zhao J R, Hafz N M, Zhang J, Chen L M 2014 Appl. Phys. Lett. 105 204101
[7] Cao L H, Gu Y Q, Zhao Z Q 2010 Phys. Plasmas 17 043103
[8] Haines M G, Wei M S, Beg F N, Stephens R B 2009 Phys. Rev. Lett. 102 045008
[9] Wilks S C, Kruer W L, Tabak M 1992 Phys. Rev. Lett. 69 1383
[10] Glinec Y, Faure J, Le Dain L, Darbon S, Hosokai T, Santos J J, Lefebvre E, Rousseau J P, Burgy F 2005 Phys. Rev. Lett. 94 025003
[11] Cipiccia S, Islam M, Ersfeld B, Shanks R P, Brunetti E, Vieux G, Yang X, Issac R C, Wiggins S, Welsh G H, Anania M P, Maneuski D, Montgomery R, Smith G, Hoek M, Hamilton D J, Lemos N R C, Symes D, Rajeev P P, Shea V O, Dias J M, Jaroszynski D A 2011 Nature Phys. 7 867
[12] Courtois C, Edwards R, Compant La Fontaine A, Aedy C, Barbotin M, Bazzoli S, Biddle L, Brebion D, Bourgade J L, Drew D, Fox M, Gardner M, Gazave J M, Lagrange J, Landoas O, Le Dain L, Lefebvre E, Mastrosimone D, Pichoff N, Pien G, Ramsay M, Simons A, Sircombe N, Stoeck C, Thorp K 2011 Phys. Plsamas 18 023101
[13] Kalmykov S Y, Gorburov L M, Mora P 2005 Phys. Plasmas 12 033101
[14] Pukhov A, Gordienko S 2006 Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 364 623
[15] Lu W, Huang C, Zhou M 2006 Phys. Plasmas 13 056709
[16] Esaresy E, Schroeder C B, Leemans W P 2009 Rev. Mod. Phys. 81 1229
[17] Atzeni S, Meyer-ter-Vehn J 2008 The Physics of Inertial Fusion (in Chinese) (Beijing:Science Press)[Atzeni S, Meyer-ter-Vehn J 2008惯性聚变物理(北京:科学出版社)]
[18] Kruer W L, Estabrook K 1985 Phys. Fluids 28 430
[19] Scott R H H, Perez F, Santos J J, Ridgers C P, Davies J R, Lancaster K L, Baton S D, Nicolai Ph, Trines R M G M, Bell A R, Hulin S, Tzoufras M, Rose S J, Norreys P A 2012 Phys. Plasmas 19 053104
[20] Pukhov A, Sheng Z M, Meyer-Ter-Vehn J 1999 Phys. Plasmas 6 2847
[21] Willingale L, Nagel S R, Thomas A G R, Bellei C, Clarke R J, Dangor A E, Heathcote R, Kaluza M C, Kamperidis C, Kneip S, Krushelnick K, Lopes N, Mangles S P D, Nazarov W, Nilson P M, Najmudin Z 2009 Phys. Rev. Lett. 102 105002
[22] Kemp A, Sentoku Y, Tabak M 2008 Phys. Rev. Lett. 101 075004
[23] Kemp A, Sentoku Y, Tabak M 2009 Phy. Rev. E 79 066406
[24] Pukhov A, Sheng Z M, Meyer-ter-Vehn J 1999 Phys. Plasmas 6 2847
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