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Cluster formulas of Co-Al-W-base superalloys

Ma Qi-Hui Zhang Yu Wang Qing Dong Hong-Gang Dong Chuang

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Cluster formulas of Co-Al-W-base superalloys

Ma Qi-Hui, Zhang Yu, Wang Qing, Dong Hong-Gang, Dong Chuang
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  • Having a $\gamma /\gamma′ $ microstructure similar to Ni-base superalloys and also including various alloying elements such as Al and W, new Co-base superalloy, namely Co-Al-W-base alloy, has been widely studied as a kind of potential alternative of Ni-base superalloy, which is the most important high-temperature structural material in industrial applications. Besides, Co-Al-W-base alloy has also excellent mechanical properties, for example, creep properties comparable to those of the first-generation Ni-base single crystal superalloys. In our previous work, the ideal composition formula of Ni-base superalloy has been obtained by applying the cluster-plus-glue-atom structure model of faced centered cubic solid solution, which shows that the most stable chemical short-range-order unit is composed of a nearest-neighbor cluster and three next-neighbor glue atoms. In this paper, the ideal cluster formula of Co-Al-W-base superalloy is addressed by using the same approach. Based on cluster-plus-glue-atom model theory, according to lattice constants and atom radii, calculations are carried out. The results show that the atom radius of Al is equal to Covalent radius (0.126 nm) and for $\gamma′ $ phase the atom radius of W changes obviously (0.1316 nm). After analyzing atomic radii, the chemical formula for Co-Al-W ternary alloy is calculated to be [Al-Co12](Co,Al,W)3, which signifies an Al centered atom and twelve Co nearest-neighbored cluster atoms plus three glue atoms, which is in good consistence with that for Ni-base single crystal superalloy. For multi-element alloy, the alloying elements are classified, according to the heat of mixing between the alloying elements and Co as well as partition behavior of alloying elements, as solvent elements-Co-like elements $\overline {{\rm{Co}}} $ (Co, Ni, Ir, Ru, Cr, Fe, and Re) and solute elements-Al-like elements $\overline {{\rm{Al}}} $ (Al, W, Mo, Ta, Ti, Nb, V, etc.). The solvent elements can be divided into two kinds according to partition behaves: ${\overline {{\rm{Co}}} ^{\gamma }}$ (Cr, Fe, and Re) and ${\overline {{\rm{Co}}} ^{\gamma′}}$ (Ni, Ir, and Ru). The latter is further grouped into Al, ${\overline {\rm{W}} }$ (W and Mo, which have weaker heat of mixing than Al-Co ) and ${\overline {{\rm{Ta}}} }$ (Ta, Ti, Nb, V, etc., which have stronger heat of mixing than Al-Co). Then all chemically complex Co-Al-W-base superalloys are simplified into $\overline {{\rm{Co}}} \text{-} \overline {{\rm{Al}}} $ pseudo-binary or $\overline {{\rm{Co}}} \text{-} {\rm{Al}} \text{-} \left( {\overline {\rm{W}},\overline {{\rm{Ta}}} } \right)$ pseudo-ternary system. Within the framework of the cluster-plus-glue-atom formulism and by analyzing the compositions of alloy, it is shown that the Co-Al-W-base superalloy satisfies the ideal formula $\left[ {\overline {{\rm{Al}}} \text{-} {{\overline {{\rm{Co}}} }_{12}}} \right]\left( {{{\overline {{\rm{Co}}} }_{1.0}}{{\overline {{\rm{Al}}} }_{2.0}}} \right)$ (or $\left[ {{\rm{Al}} \text{-} {{\overline {{\rm{Co}}} }_{12}}} \right]{\overline {{\rm{Co}}} _{1.0}}{\rm{A}}{{\rm{l}}_{0.5}}{\left( {\overline {\rm{W}},\overline {{\rm{Ta}}} } \right)_{1.5}}$ = ${\overline {{\rm{Co}}} _{81.250}}{\rm{A}}{{\rm{l}}_{9.375}}{\left( {\overline {\rm{W}},\overline {{\rm{Ta}}} } \right)_{9.375}}$ at.%). In the same way, those of $\gamma $ and $\gamma′ $ phases are respectively $\left[ {\overline {{\rm{Al}}} \text{-} {{\overline {{\rm{Co}}} }_{12}}} \right]\left( {{{\overline {{\rm{Co}}} }_{1.5}}{{\overline {{\rm{Al}}} }_{1.5}}} \right)$ (or $\left[ {{\rm{Al}} \text{-} {{\overline {{\rm{Co}}} }_{12}}} \right]{\overline {{\rm{Co}}} _{1.5}}{\rm{A}}{{\rm{l}}_{0.5}}{\left( {\overline {\rm{W}},\overline {{\rm{Ta}}} } \right)_{1.0}}$ = ${\overline {{\rm{Co}}} _{84.375}}{\rm{A}}{{\rm{l}}_{9.375}}{\left( {\overline {\rm{W}},\overline {{\rm{Ta}}} } \right)_{6.250}}$ at.%) and $\left[ {\overline {{\rm{Al}}} \text{-} {{\overline {{\rm{Co}}} }_{12}}} \right]\left( {{{\overline {{\rm{Co}}} }_{0.5}}{{\overline {{\rm{Al}}} }_{2.5}}} \right)$ (or $\left[ {{\rm{Al}} \text{-} {{\overline {{\rm{Co}}} }_{12}}} \right]{\overline {{\rm{Co}}} _{0.5}}{\rm{A}}{{\rm{l}}_{0.5}}{\left( {\overline {\rm{W}},\overline {{\rm{Ta}}} } \right)_{2.0}}$ = ${\overline {{\rm{Co}}} _{78.125}}{\rm{A}}{{\rm{l}}_{9.375}}{\left( {\overline {\rm{W}},\overline {{\rm{Ta}}} } \right)_{12.500}}$ at.%). For example, alloy Co82Al9W9 and its $\gamma $ and $\gamma′ $ phases are formulated respectively as [Al-Co12]Co1.1Al0.4W1.4 (~ [Al-Co12]Co1.0Al0.5W1.5), [Al-Co12]Co1.6Al0.4W1.0 (~ [Al-Co12]Co1.5Al0.5W1.0), and [Al-Co12]Co0.3Al0.5W2.2 (~[Al-Co12]Co0.5Al0.5W2.0).
      Corresponding author: Dong Chuang, dong@dlut.edu.cn
    • Funds: Project supported by the Aviation Major Research Program Cultivation Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 91860108) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 11674045).
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  • 图 1  Co-Al基的面心立方固溶体及AuCu3有序结构中的立方八面体[Al-Co12]团簇

    Figure 1.  Cuboctahedron [Al-Co12] cluster in Co-Al-base faced centered cubic solid solution and in AuCu3-type ordered structure

    图 2  合金数量随Co含量的变化, 虚线表示平均成分式$\left[ {\overline {{\rm{Al}}} \text{-} {{\overline {{\rm{Co}}} }_{12}}} \right]{\overline {{\rm{Co}}} _{1.0}}{\overline {{\rm{Al}}} _{2.0}}$

    Figure 2.  Statistical distribution of alloy compositions as a function of at.% Co. The dashed vertical line represents the ideal composition formula $\left[ {\overline {{\rm{Al}}} \text{-} {{\overline {{\rm{Co}}} }_{12}}} \right]{\overline {{\rm{Co}}} _{1.0}}{\overline {{\rm{Al}}} _{2.0}}$

    图 3  $\overline {{\rm{Co}}} \text{-} {\rm{Al}} \text{-} \left( {\overline {\rm{W}},\overline {{\rm{Ta}}} } \right)$伪三元成分分布 (a) 合金成分; (b) $\gamma $$\gamma′ $两相成分; 图中虚线为 Co-Al-W三元相图中富Co端1173 K等温截面相图[2], 中心成分点${\overline {{\rm{Co}}} _{81.250}}{\rm{A}}{{\rm{l}}_{9.375}}$${\left( {\overline {\rm{W}} ,\overline {{\rm{Ta}}} } \right)_{9.375}}$用蓝色空心三角形标出

    Figure 3.  $\overline {{\rm{Co}}} \text{-} {\rm{Al}} \text{-} \left( {\overline {\rm{W}} ,\overline {{\rm{Ta}}} } \right)$ pseudo-ternary composition diagram: (a) Alloy compositions; (b) $\gamma $ and $\gamma′ $ two phases compositions, where the dashed lines represent the isothermal section of the Co-Al-W ternary system in the Co-rich portion at 1173 K[2], and the blue hollow triangle points to the center composition ${\overline {{\rm{Co}}} _{81.250}}{\rm{A}}{{\rm{l}}_{9.375}}{\left( {\overline {\rm{W}} ,\overline {{\rm{Ta}}} } \right)_{9.375}}$

    图 4  合金数量随类Co元素总量$\overline {{\rm{Co}}} $的变化 (a) $\gamma $$\gamma′ $相成分; (b) 合金成分; 竖虚线表示各自理想成分

    Figure 4.  Evolution of numbers of alloys with $\overline {{\rm{Co}}} $ content: (a) $\gamma′ $ and $\gamma $ phases; (b) alloys. Vertical dashed lines represent the ideal compositions

    表 1  实测的$\gamma $相成分和晶格常数[40-42], 以及按照(7)式计算的晶格常数

    Table 1.  Measured compositions and lattice constants of $\gamma $ phase in Co-Al-W-base superalloys[40-42], in comparison with the calculated lattice constants

    合金成分/at.%$\gamma $相成分/at.%晶格常数实验值/nm晶格常数计算值/nm绝对误差$\varDelta $
    Co82Al9W9Co81.7Al9.3W90.35800.35790.0001
    Co83Al9W8Co81.9Al10.0W8.10.35760.35750.0001
    Co80Al9W11Co80.7Al9.2W10.20.35860.35880.0002
    Co74Al9W9Cr8Co73.9Al8.0W6.8Cr11.20.35780.35750.0003
    Co64Al9W9Ni18Co69.1Al6.8W7.0Ni16.90.35770.35620.0015
    Co65Al9W9Ni9Cr8Co66.7Al7.8W6.7Ni8.3Cr10.70.35810.35840.0003
    Co56Al9W9Ni18Cr8Co59.2Al6.0W7.4Ni15.6Cr11.80.35830.35810.0002
    Co72.5Ni10Al10W7.5Co76.2Al8.7W5.4Ni9.70.35780.35620.0016
    DownLoad: CSV

    表 2  实测$\gamma′ $相成分和晶格常数[40-42]以及根据(9)式计算的W原子半径

    Table 2.  Atomic radii of W fitted from measured compositions and lattice constants $\gamma′$ phases in different alloys[40-42]

    合金成分/at.%$\gamma′ $相成分/at.%晶格常数实验值/nmW原子半径/nm
    Co82Al9W9Co77.49Al10.03W12.480.35940.1317
    Co83Al9W8Co76.6Al9.4W140.35890.1306
    Co80Al9W11Co75.1Al9.1W15.80.35950.1311
    Co74Al9W9Cr8Co73.9Al9.4W10.4Cr6.30.35870.1314
    Co64Al9W9Ni18Co58.9Al10.8W11.0Ni19.30.35900.1317
    Co65Al9W9Ni9Cr8Co64.2Al10.1W9.9Ni9.4Cr6.40.35870.1317
    Co56Al9W9Ni18Cr8Co54.5Al10.5W9.7Ni19.7Cr5.60.35870.1319
    Co72.5Ni10Al10W7.5Co68.8Al10.8W9.9Ni10.50.35930.1324
    DownLoad: CSV

    表 3  合金化组元与基体组元Co之间的混合焓$\Delta H$ (单位: kJ/mol)及在$\gamma / \gamma′ $两相中的配分系数(${K_x} = {C_x}^{\gamma′}/{C_x}^\gamma $)[9,10,40-42,44-52]

    Table 3.  Heats of mixing $\Delta H$ (unit: kJ/mol) between alloying elements and matrix element Co and their partition coefficients (${K_x} = {C_x}^{\gamma′ }/$${C_x}^\gamma $) for $\gamma$ and $\gamma′$[9,10,40-42,44-52]

    元素
    分类
    合金化
    元素
    混合焓
    $\Delta H$/kJ·mol
    元素配分
    系数K
    ${\overline {{\rm{Co}}} ^{\gamma }}$Cr–40.48—0.60
    Fe–1
    Re2
    ${\overline {{\rm{Co}}} ^{\gamma′ }}$Ni–21.08—1.27
    Ru–1
    Ir–3
    AlAl–190.93—1.60
    ${\overline {\rm{W}} }$W–11.03—6.21
    Mo–5
    ${\overline {{\rm{Ta}}} }$V–141.57—8.67
    Ta–24
    Nb–25
    Ti–28
    Sc–30
    Hf–35
    DownLoad: CSV

    表 4  Co-Al-W基多元合金的团簇成分式, 所列成分源自文献[2-4, 6, 8, 10, 39, 40-42, 44, 45, 48, 51, 57-62]

    Table 4.  Compositions formulas of Co-Al-W-base multi-element superalloys. The alloy compositions are taken from references [2-4, 6, 8, 10, 39, 40-42, 44, 45, 48, 51, 57-62]

    合金成分/at.%团簇成分式-[团簇](连接原子)3连接原子
    Co78Al10W10Ta2[Al-Co12]Co0.5Al0.6W1.6Ta0.3${\overline {{\rm{Co}}} ^{\gamma′ }}_{0.5}{\rm{A}}{{\rm{l}}_{0.6}}{\overline {\rm{W}} _{1.6}}{\overline {{\rm{Ta}}} _{0.3}}$
    Co78Al9W10Mo3[Al-Co12]Co0.5Al0.4W1.6Mo0.5${\overline {{\rm{Co}}} ^{\gamma′ }}_{0.5}{\rm{A}}{{\rm{l}}_{0.4}}{\overline {\rm{W}} _{2.1}}$
    Co79Al9W10Ti2[Al-Co12]Co0.6Al0.4W1.6Ti0.3${\overline {{\rm{Co}}} ^{\gamma′ }}_{0.6}{\rm{A}}{{\rm{l}}_{0.4}}{\overline {\rm{W}} _{1.6}}{\overline {{\rm{Ta}}} _{0.3}}$
    Co79Al9W10V2[Al-Co12]Co0.6Al0.4W1.6V0.3${\overline {{\rm{Co}}} ^{\gamma′ }}_{0.6}{\rm{A}}{{\rm{l}}_{0.4}}{\overline {\rm{W}} _{1.6}}{\overline {{\rm{Ta}}} _{0.3}}$
    Co79Al9W10Si2[Al-Co12]Co0.6Al0.4W1.6Si0.3${\overline {{\rm{Co}}} ^{\gamma′ }}_{0.6}{\rm{A}}{{\rm{l}}_{0.4}}{\overline {\rm{W}} _{1.6}}{\overline {{\rm{Ta}}} _{0.3}}$
    Co79Al9W8Ta2Nb2[Al-Co12]Co0.6Al0.4W1.3Ta0.3Nb0.3${\overline {{\rm{Co}}} ^{\gamma′ }}_{0.6}{\rm{A}}{{\rm{l}}_{0.4}}{\overline {\rm{W}} _{1.3}}{\overline {{\rm{Ta}}} _{0.6}}$
    Co79Al9W8Ta2V2[Al-Co12]Co0.6Al0.4W1.3Ta0.3V0.3${\overline {{\rm{Co}}} ^{\gamma′ }}_{0.6}{\rm{A}}{{\rm{l}}_{0.4}}{\overline {\rm{W}} _{1.3}}{\overline {{\rm{Ta}}} _{0.6}}$
    Co79Al8W9Ta2Ti2[Al-Co12]Co0.6Al0.3W1.4Ta0.3Ti0.3${\overline {{\rm{Co}}} ^{\gamma′ }}_{0.6}{\rm{A}}{{\rm{l}}_{0.3}}{\overline {\rm{W}} _{1.4}}{\overline {{\rm{Ta}}} _{0.6}}$
    Co79.5Al9.7W10.8[Al-Co12]Co0.7Al0.6W1.7${\overline {{\rm{Co}}} ^{\gamma′ }}_{0.7}{\rm{A}}{{\rm{l}}_{0.6}}{\overline {\rm{W}} _{1.7}}$
    Co79.9Al9.4W10.7[Al-Co12]Co0.8Al0.5W1.7${\overline {{\rm{Co}}} ^{\gamma′ }}_{0.8}{\rm{A}}{{\rm{l}}_{0.5}}{\overline {\rm{W}} _{1.7}}$
    Co80Al9W11[Al-Co12]Co0.8Al0.4W1.8${\overline {{\rm{Co}}} ^{\gamma′ }}_{0.8}{\rm{A}}{{\rm{l}}_{0.4}}{\overline {\rm{W}} _{1.8}}$
    Co80Al9W9Ti2[Al-Co12]Co0.8Al0.4W1.4Ti0.3${\overline {{\rm{Co}}} ^{\gamma′ }}_{0.8}{\rm{A}}{{\rm{l}}_{0.4}}{\overline {\rm{W}} _{1.4}}{\overline {{\rm{Ta}}} _{0.3}}$
    Co80Al9W9V2B0.04[Al-Co12]Co0.8Al0.4W1.4V0.3${\overline {{\rm{Co}}} ^{\gamma′ }}_{0.8}{\rm{A}}{{\rm{l}}_{0.4}}{\overline {\rm{W}} _{1.4}}{\overline {{\rm{Ta}}} _{0.3}}$
    Co80Al9W9Ta2[Al-Co12]Co0.8Al0.4W1.4Ta0.3${\overline {{\rm{Co}}} ^{\gamma′ }}_{0.8}{\rm{A}}{{\rm{l}}_{0.4}}{\overline {\rm{W}} _{1.4}}{\overline {{\rm{Ta}}} _{0.3}}$
    Co80.3Al9.3W10.4[Al-Co12]Co0.8Al0.5W1.7${\overline {{\rm{Co}}} ^{\gamma′ }}_{0.8}{\rm{A}}{{\rm{l}}_{0.5}}{\overline {\rm{W}} _{1.7}}$
    Co80.5Al9W10Si0.5[Al-Co12]Co0.9Al0.4W1.6Si0.1${\overline {{\rm{Co}}} ^{\gamma′ }}_{0.9}{\rm{A}}{{\rm{l}}_{0.4}}{\overline {\rm{W}} _{1.6}}{\overline {{\rm{Ta}}} _{0.1}}$
    Co81Al9W9Mo1B0.04[Al-Co12]Co1.0Al0.4W1.4Mo0.2${\overline {{\rm{Co}}} ^{\gamma′ }}_{1.0}{\rm{A}}{{\rm{l}}_{0.4}}{\overline {\rm{W}} _{1.6}}$
    Co81Al9W8Ta2[Al-Co12]Co1.0Al0.4W1.3Ta0.3${\overline {{\rm{Co}}} ^{\gamma′ }}_{1.0}{\rm{A}}{{\rm{l}}_{0.4}}{\overline {\rm{W}} _{1.3}}{\overline {{\rm{Ta}}} _{0.3}}$
    Co81.3Al9.2W9.5[Al-Co12]Co1.0Al0.5W1.5${\overline {{\rm{Co}}} ^{\gamma′ }}_{1.0}{\rm{A}}{{\rm{l}}_{0.5}}{\overline {\rm{W}} _{1.5}}$
    Co81.5Al9W9Nb0.5[Al-Co12]Co1.0Al0.4W1.4Nb0.1${\overline {{\rm{Co}}} ^{\gamma′ }}_{1.0}{\rm{A}}{{\rm{l}}_{0.4}}{\overline {\rm{W}} _{1.4}}{\overline {{\rm{Ta}}} _{0.1}}$
    Co81.5Al9W5.5Ta2Mo2[Al-Co12]Co1.0Al0.4W0.9Ta0.3Mo0.3${\overline {{\rm{Co}}} ^{\gamma′ }}_{1.0}{\rm{A}}{{\rm{l}}_{0.4}}{\overline {\rm{W}} _{1.2}}{\overline {{\rm{Ta}}} _{0.3}}$
    Co82Al9W9[Al-Co12]Co1.1Al0.4W1.4${\overline {{\rm{Co}}} ^{\gamma′ }}_{1.1}{\rm{A}}{{\rm{l}}_{0.4}}{\overline {\rm{W}} _{1.4}}$
    Co72Al9W9Ni10[Al-Co11.7Ni0.3]Ni1.1Al0.4W1.4${\overline {{\rm{Co}}} ^{\gamma′ }}_{1.1}{\rm{A}}{{\rm{l}}_{0.4}}{\overline {\rm{W}} _{1.4}}$
    Co82Al9W7.5Mo1.5[Al-Co12]Co1.1Al0.4W1.4${\overline {{\rm{Co}}} ^{\gamma′ }}_{1.1}{\rm{A}}{{\rm{l}}_{0.4}}{\overline {\rm{W}} _{1.4}}$
    Co80Al9W9Cr2B0.04[Al-Co12]Co0.8Cr0.3Al0.4W1.4${\overline {{\rm{Co}}} ^{\gamma′ }}_{0.8}{\overline {{\rm{Co}}} ^\gamma }_{0.3}{\rm{A}}{{\rm{l}}_{0.4}}{\overline {\rm{W}} _{1.6}}$
    Co78Al9W9Cr4[Al-Co12]Co0.6Cr0.6Al0.4W1.4${\overline {{\rm{Co}}} ^{\gamma′ }}_{0.6}{\overline {{\rm{Co}}} ^\gamma }_{0.6}{\rm{A}}{{\rm{l}}_{0.4}}{\overline {\rm{W}} _{1.4}}$
    Co73Al9W9Ni9[Al-Co11.7Ni0.3]Ni1.1Al0.4W1.4${\overline {{\rm{Co}}} ^{\gamma′ }}_{1.1}{\rm{A}}{{\rm{l}}_{0.4}}{\overline {\rm{W}} _{1.4}}$
    Co64Al9W9Ni18[Al-Co10.2Ni1.8]Ni1.1Al0.4W1.4${\overline {{\rm{Co}}} ^{\gamma′ }}_{1.1}{\rm{A}}{{\rm{l}}_{0.4}}{\overline {\rm{W}} _{1.4}}$
    Co81.8Al9.2W9[Al-Co12]Co1.1Al0.5W1.4${\overline {{\rm{Co}}} ^{\gamma′ }}_{1.1}{\rm{A}}{{\rm{l}}_{0.5}}{\overline {\rm{W}} _{1.4}}$
    Co72.5Al10W7.5Ni10[Al-Co11.6Ni0.4]Ni1.2Al0.4W1.4${\overline {{\rm{Co}}} ^{\gamma′ }}_{1.2}{\rm{A}}{{\rm{l}}_{0.4}}{\overline {\rm{W}} _{1.4}}$
    Co81.5Al9W5.5Ta2Ir2[Al-Co2]Co1.0Al0.4W0.9Ta0.3Ir0.3${\overline {{\rm{Co}}} ^{\gamma′ }}_{1.3}{\rm{A}}{{\rm{l}}_{0.4}}{\overline {\rm{W}} _{0.9}}{\overline {{\rm{Ta}}} _{0.3}}$
    Co79Al9W8Ta2Cr2[Al-Co12]Co0.6Cr0.3Al0.4W1.3Ta0.3${\overline {{\rm{Co}}} ^{\gamma′ }}_{0.6}{\overline {{\rm{Co}}} ^\gamma }_{0.3}{\rm{A}}{{\rm{l}}_{0.4}}{\overline {\rm{W}} _{1.3}}{\overline {{\rm{Ta}}} _{0.3}}$
    DownLoad: CSV

    表 5  部分Co-Al-W基高温合金中$\gamma $$\gamma′ $两相团簇式[40,42,44,45]

    Table 5.  Composition formulas of $\gamma $ and $\gamma′ $ phases in some Co-Al-W-base superalloys[40,42,44,45]

    合金成分/at.%$\gamma $相团簇成分式$\gamma′ $相团簇成分式
    Co82Al9W9[Al-Co12]Co1.6Al0.4W1.0[Al-Co12]Co0.3Al0.5W2.2
    Co78Al9W9Cr4[Al-Co12]Co0.9Al0.3W0.9Cr0.9[Al-Co12]Co0.2Al0.5W1.8Cr0.5
    Co73Al9W9Ni18[Al-Co11.1Ni0.9]Al0.1W1.1Ni1.8[Al-Co9.4Ni2.6]Al0.7W1.8Ni0.5
    Co79.5Al9.7W10.8[Al-Co12]Co1.7Al0.4W0..9[Al-Co12]Co0.4Al0.6W2.0
    Co80Al9W9Ti2[Al-Co12]Co1.6Al0.4W0.8Ti0.2[Al-Co12]Co0.2Al0.4W1.9Ti0.4
    Co80Al9W9Ta2[Al-Co12]Co1.8Al0.4W0.7Ta0.1[Al-Co12]Co0.2Al0.4W1.9Ta0.5
    Co79Al8W9Ta2Ti2[Al-Co12]Co2.0Al0.3W0.5Ta0.04Ti0.1[Al-Co12]Co0.1Al0.4W1.9Ta0.3Ti0.3
    Co78Al10W10Ta2[Al-Co12]Co1.6Al0.7W0.7Ta0.1[Al-Co12]Al0.7W1.9Ta0.4
    Co78Al9W10Mo3[Al-Co12]Co1.7Al0.1W0.8Mo0.4[Al-Co12]Co0.2Al0.6W1.7Mo0.5
    DownLoad: CSV
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  • Received Date:  28 May 2018
  • Accepted Date:  15 January 2019
  • Available Online:  12 March 2019
  • Published Online:  20 March 2019

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