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最近，一种基于Bell态粒子和单光子混合的量子安全直接通信方案[物理学报65 230301（2016）]被提出.文章宣称一个量子态可以编码3比特经典信息，从而使得协议具有很高的信息传输效率.不幸的是，该协议存在信息泄露问题：编码在单光子上的3比特经典信息有2比特被泄露，而编码在Bell态上的3比特经典信息有1比特被泄露，所以它不是一个安全的直接量子通信方案.在保留原协议思想且尽可能少地更改原协议的基础上，我们提出一种改进的消息编码规则，从而解决信息泄露问题，使之成为一个高效、安全的量子通信协议.衷心希望研究者能对量子安全通信协议中信息泄露问题引起足够重视，设计真正安全的量子通信协议.Recently, a quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) protocol based on the mixture of Bell state particles and single photons[Acta Phys. Sin. 65 230301(2016)] was put forward. In this QSDC protocol, the single photons and the Bell states were both used as information carriers. To be specific, each Bell state as well as single photon was encoded by three bits of classical information. After the sender told the receiver how to measure the particles, the receiver could read out the secret message sent by the sender. Speciously, the information transmission efficiency of this protocol was high. Unfortunately, there exists the information leakage problem in this protocol. When the sender announces that the receiver uses the Z-basis to measure a single photon, everyone knows that the sent secret message is 000 or 001, that is, the first two bits are leaked out; when the sender announces that the receiver uses the X-basis to measure a single photon, everyone knows that the sent secret message is 010 or 011, that is, the first two bits are leaked out too; when the sender announces that the receiver uses the Bell-basis to measure a pair of particles from a Bell state, everyone knows that the sent secret message is 100, 101, 110 or 111, that is, the first bit is leaked out. In a word, two of the three bits of classical information encoded in a single photon, and one of the three bits of classical information encoded in a Bell state are leaked out. Therefore, this scheme is not secure. On the basis of keeping the original idea and changing the contents of the protocol as less as possible, we put forward an improved message encoding rule to solve the information leakage problem, that is, the single photon is only encoded by one bit of classical information, and the Bell state is only encoded by two bits of classical information. In fact, this makes the information capacity of the improved protocol achieves the Helovo bound. So it has high coding capacity. We hope researchers pay more attention to the information leakage problem in quantum secure communication protocols, and thus design truly secure ones.
[1] Fu Z, Sun X, Liu Q, Zhou L, Shu J 2015 IEICE Trans. Commun. E98B 190
[2] Ma T, Zhou J, Tang M, Tian Y, Al-Dhelaan A, Al-Rodhaan M, Lee S 2015 IEICE Trans. Inf. Syst. E98D 902
[3] Fu Z, Huang F, Sun X, Vasilakos A, Yang C-N 2016 IEEE Transactions on Services Computing DOI:10.1109/TSC.2016.2622697
[4] Fu Z, Ren K, Shu J, Sun X, Huang F 2016 IEEE Trans. Parallel Distrib. Syst. 27 2546
[5] Fu Z, Sun X, Ji S, Xie G 2016 The 35th Annual IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications (IEEE INFOCOM 2016), San Francisco, CA, 10-14 April, 2016 p1
[6] Fu Z, Wu X, Guan C, Sun X, Ren K 2016 IEEE Trans. Inf. Foren. Sec. 11 2706
[7] Xia Z, Wang X, Sun X, Wang Q 2016 IEEE Trans. Parallel Distrib. Syst. 27 340
[8] Xia Z, Wang X, Zhang L, Qin Z, Sun X, Ren K 2016 IEEE T. Inf. Foren. Sec. 11 2594
[9] Chen X, Chen S, Wu Y 2017 J. Internet Technol. 18 91
[10] Yuan C, Xia Z, Sun X 2017 J. Internet Technol. 18 209
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[12] Cai Q Y 2003 Phys. Rev. Lett. 91 109801
[13] Gao F, Wen Q Y, Zhu F C 2007 Phys. Lett. A 360 748
[14] Song J, Zhang S 2007 Phys. Lett. A 360 746
[15] Gao F, Wen Q Y, Zhu F C 2008 Chin. Phys. B 17 3189
[16] Hao L, Li J, Long G 2010 Sci. China:Phys. Mech. Astron. 53 491
[17] Liu Z H, Chen H W, Liu W J, Xu J, Li Z Q 2011 Int. J. Quantum. Inf. 9 1329
[18] Liu Z H, Chen H W, Wang D, Li W Q 2014 Quantum Inf. Process. 13 1345
[19] Liu Z H, Chen H W 2016 Chin. Phys. B 25 080308
[20] Liu Z, Chen H, Liu W 2016 Int. J. Theor. Phys. 55 4564
[21] Gao F, Guo F Z, Wen Q Y, Zhu F C 2008 Sci. China Ser. G:Phys. Mech. Astron. 51 559
[22] Tan Y G, Cai Q Y 2008 Int. J. Quantum. Inf. 6 325
[23] Liu Z H, Chen H W 2013 Chin. Phys. Lett. 30 079901
[24] Liu Z H, Chen H W, Liu W J 2016 Chin. Phys. Lett. 33 070305
[25] Liu Z H, Chen H W, Liu W J 2016 Int. J. Theor. Phys. 55 4681
[26] Long G L, Liu X S 2002 Phys. Rev. A 65 032302
[27] Deng F G, Long G L, Liu X S 2003 Phys. Rev. A 68 042317
[28] Deng F G, Long G L 2004 Phys. Rev. A 69 052319
[29] Hu J Y, Yu B, Jing M Y, Xiao L T, Jia S T, Qin G Q, Long G L 2016 Light:Sci. Appl. 5 e16144
[30] Zhang W, Ding D S, Sheng Y B, Zhou L, Shi B S, Guo G C 2016 arXiv:1609.09184
[31] Cao Z W, Zhao G, Zhang S H, Feng X Y, Peng J Y 2016 Acta Phys. Sin. 65 230301 (in Chinese)[曹正文, 赵光, 张爽浩, 冯晓毅, 彭进业 2016 物理学报 65 230301])
[32] Nielsen M A, Chuang I L 2000 Quantum Computation and Quantum Information (10th Anniversary Edition) (New York:Cambridge University Press) p535
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[1] Fu Z, Sun X, Liu Q, Zhou L, Shu J 2015 IEICE Trans. Commun. E98B 190
[2] Ma T, Zhou J, Tang M, Tian Y, Al-Dhelaan A, Al-Rodhaan M, Lee S 2015 IEICE Trans. Inf. Syst. E98D 902
[3] Fu Z, Huang F, Sun X, Vasilakos A, Yang C-N 2016 IEEE Transactions on Services Computing DOI:10.1109/TSC.2016.2622697
[4] Fu Z, Ren K, Shu J, Sun X, Huang F 2016 IEEE Trans. Parallel Distrib. Syst. 27 2546
[5] Fu Z, Sun X, Ji S, Xie G 2016 The 35th Annual IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications (IEEE INFOCOM 2016), San Francisco, CA, 10-14 April, 2016 p1
[6] Fu Z, Wu X, Guan C, Sun X, Ren K 2016 IEEE Trans. Inf. Foren. Sec. 11 2706
[7] Xia Z, Wang X, Sun X, Wang Q 2016 IEEE Trans. Parallel Distrib. Syst. 27 340
[8] Xia Z, Wang X, Zhang L, Qin Z, Sun X, Ren K 2016 IEEE T. Inf. Foren. Sec. 11 2594
[9] Chen X, Chen S, Wu Y 2017 J. Internet Technol. 18 91
[10] Yuan C, Xia Z, Sun X 2017 J. Internet Technol. 18 209
[11] Zhang Y S, Li C F, Guo G C 2001 Phys. Rev. A 6303 036301
[12] Cai Q Y 2003 Phys. Rev. Lett. 91 109801
[13] Gao F, Wen Q Y, Zhu F C 2007 Phys. Lett. A 360 748
[14] Song J, Zhang S 2007 Phys. Lett. A 360 746
[15] Gao F, Wen Q Y, Zhu F C 2008 Chin. Phys. B 17 3189
[16] Hao L, Li J, Long G 2010 Sci. China:Phys. Mech. Astron. 53 491
[17] Liu Z H, Chen H W, Liu W J, Xu J, Li Z Q 2011 Int. J. Quantum. Inf. 9 1329
[18] Liu Z H, Chen H W, Wang D, Li W Q 2014 Quantum Inf. Process. 13 1345
[19] Liu Z H, Chen H W 2016 Chin. Phys. B 25 080308
[20] Liu Z, Chen H, Liu W 2016 Int. J. Theor. Phys. 55 4564
[21] Gao F, Guo F Z, Wen Q Y, Zhu F C 2008 Sci. China Ser. G:Phys. Mech. Astron. 51 559
[22] Tan Y G, Cai Q Y 2008 Int. J. Quantum. Inf. 6 325
[23] Liu Z H, Chen H W 2013 Chin. Phys. Lett. 30 079901
[24] Liu Z H, Chen H W, Liu W J 2016 Chin. Phys. Lett. 33 070305
[25] Liu Z H, Chen H W, Liu W J 2016 Int. J. Theor. Phys. 55 4681
[26] Long G L, Liu X S 2002 Phys. Rev. A 65 032302
[27] Deng F G, Long G L, Liu X S 2003 Phys. Rev. A 68 042317
[28] Deng F G, Long G L 2004 Phys. Rev. A 69 052319
[29] Hu J Y, Yu B, Jing M Y, Xiao L T, Jia S T, Qin G Q, Long G L 2016 Light:Sci. Appl. 5 e16144
[30] Zhang W, Ding D S, Sheng Y B, Zhou L, Shi B S, Guo G C 2016 arXiv:1609.09184
[31] Cao Z W, Zhao G, Zhang S H, Feng X Y, Peng J Y 2016 Acta Phys. Sin. 65 230301 (in Chinese)[曹正文, 赵光, 张爽浩, 冯晓毅, 彭进业 2016 物理学报 65 230301])
[32] Nielsen M A, Chuang I L 2000 Quantum Computation and Quantum Information (10th Anniversary Edition) (New York:Cambridge University Press) p535
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