Wide-angle scanning linear phased arrays based on wide-beam magneto electric dipole antenna

Yan Hao-Nan; Cao Xiang-Yu; Gao Jun; Yang Huan-Huan; Li Tong

doi:10.7498/aps.70.20201104

Abstract

Microstrip phased array has aroused interest of many researchers because of its beam agility. However, a big problem for typical microstrip array is that its main beam can only scan from about –50° to 50°, with a gain loss of 4-5 dB. Meanwhile, the relatively narrow operating bandwidth of microstrip antenna is also a problem in application. These flaws have dramatically limited its applications and spawned many studies on phased array with wide-angle scanning capability. Several methods have been proposed to broaden the scanning coverage of phased array, such as utilizing pattern-reconfigurable antenna as an element of array, taking wide-beam antenna as the element of array, and adopt metasurface as the top cladding of array. However, most of existing researches mainly focus on achieving wide-angle scanning performance within a relatively narrow bandwidth. A phased array that possesses wide-angle scanning capability at both main planes within a relatively wide bandwidth is highly desirable. In this paper, a wide-beam magnetoelectric (ME) dipole antenna is proposed. It consists of an ME dipole antenna in the form of microstrip patch and a pair of magnetic dipoles. Metallic through holes integrated with patches and ground are utilized to form magnetic currents. Extra magnetic dipoles are added to broaden the 3-dB beam-width. The simulated results reveal that the 3-dB beam-width of the proposed antenna is greater than 107° in the E-plane (9 GHz–12 GHz) and 178° in the H-plane (7 GHz–12 GHz) respectively. The impedance bandwidth of the proposed antenna is 53.26% from 7.3 GHz to 12.6 GHz (VWSR < 2). Based on the proposed antenna element, two linear phased arrays are fabricated and measured. To test the wide-angle scanning capability of the arrays, each antenna element is simply fed with alternating currents with identical amplitude and linearly increasing phases. The measured results reveal that the wide-angle scanning capability of H-plane array and E-plane array can be obtained from 9 GHz to 12 GHz. The scanning beam of the H-plane array can cover the range from -90° to 90°. The scanning beam of the E-plane array can cover the range from –70° to 70°. The impedance bandwidth of the central antenna is 27.03% for the H-plane array from 9.6 GHz to 12.6 GHz (active VWSR < 2.5) and 36.36% for the E-plane array from 9 GHz to 13 GHz (active VWSR < 2) respectively. Hence, the proposed method can be used as a reference for designing a wide-beam antenna and wide-angle scanning phased array and the designed phased arrays can be applied to X-band radar systems.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

Information and Navigation College, Air Force Engineering University, Xi’an 710077, China

Corresponding author: Yan Hao-Nan, 18220526812@163.com

Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 61671464, 61801508, 61701523), the Natural Science Foundational Research Fund of Shaanxi Province, China (Grant Nos. 2018JM6040, 2019JQ-103), and the Postdoctoral Innovation Talent Support Program of China (Grant No. BX20180375)

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References

[1]	张祖稷, 金林, 束咸荣 2005 雷达天线技术 (北京: 电子工业出版社) 第221页 Zhang Z J, Jin L, Shu X R 2007 Radar Antenna Technology (Beijing: Publishing House of Electronics Industry) p221 (in Chinese)
[2]	Bai Y Y, Xiao S Q, Wang B Z, Ding Z F 2010 J. Infrared Millim. Terahertz Waves 31 1 Google Scholar
[3]	Bai Y Y, Xiao S Q, Tang M C, Ding Z F 2011 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 59 4071 Google Scholar
[4]	Ding X, Wang B Z, He G Q 2013 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 61 5319 Google Scholar
[5]	Xiao S Q, Zheng C R, Li M, Xiong J 2015 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 63 2364 Google Scholar
[6]	Cheng Y F, Ding X, Shao W, Yu M X, Wang B Z 2017 IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag. Lett. 16 396 Google Scholar
[7]	Ding X, Cheng Y F, Shao W, Wang B Z 2017 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 65 4548 Google Scholar
[8]	Ge L, Luk K M 2015 IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag. Lett. 14 28 Google Scholar
[9]	Ge L, Luk K M 2016 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 64 423 Google Scholar
[10]	Shi Y, Cai Y, Yang J, Li L 2019 IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag. Lett. 18 28 Google Scholar
[11]	Lin G 2007 Radar Sci. Technol. 5 157
[12]	Wang R, Wang B Z, Hu C, Ding X 2015 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 63 3908 Google Scholar
[13]	Wang R, Wang B Z, Ding X, Yang X S 2017 Sci. Rep. 7 2729 Google Scholar
[14]	Liu C M, Xiao S Q, Tu H L, Ding Z F 2017 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 65 1151 Google Scholar
[15]	Cheng Y F, Ding X, Shao W, Yu M X, Wang B Z 2017 IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag. Lett. 16 876 Google Scholar
[16]	Yang G W, Li J Y, Wei D J, Xu R 2018 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 66 450 Google Scholar
[17]	Yang G W, Li J Y, Yang J J, Zhou S G 2018 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 66 6724 Google Scholar
[18]	Yang G W, Chen Q Q, Li J Y, Zhou S G, Xing Z J 2019 IEEE Acc. 7 71897 Google Scholar
[19]	Chattopadhyay S 2009 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 57 3325 Google Scholar
[20]	Yang H H, Li T, Xu L M, Cao X Y, Gao J, Tian J H, Yang H N, Sun D 2019 IEEE Acc. 7 152715 Google Scholar
[21]	Lü Y H, Ding X, Wang B Z, Anagnostou D E 2020 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 68 1402 Google Scholar
[22]	Luk K M, Wong H 2006 Int. J. Microw. Opt. Technol. 1 35
[23]	Ng K B, Wong H, So K K, Chan C H, Luk K M 2012 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 60 3129 Google Scholar
[24]	Li Y J, Luk K M 2014 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 62 1830 Google Scholar
[25]	Lai J, Feng B, Zeng Q 2019 IEEE 6th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility Nanjing, China November 1–4, 2019 p1
[26]	Feng B T, Zhu C, Cheng J C, Sim C Y D 2019 IEEE Acc. 7 43346 Google Scholar
[27]	郑贵 2016 硕士学位论文 (成都: 电子科技大学) Zheng G 2016 M. S. Thesis (Chengdu: University of Electronic Science and Technology of China) (in Chinese)
[28]	王茂泽 2014 硕士学位论文 (西安: 西安电子科技大学) Wang M Z 2014 M. S. Thesis (Xi’an: Xidian University) (in Chinese)
[29]	徐志 2008 博士学位论文 (西安: 西安电子科技大学) Xu Z 2008 Ph. D. Dissertation (Xi’an: Xidian University) (in Chinese)
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图 1 宽波束天线单元结构图　(a) 三维图; (b) 俯视图

Figure 1. Structure of the wide-beam antenna: (a) 3-D view; (b) top view.

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图 2 设计流程

Figure 2. The design process.

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图 3 10 GHz处3-dB波束宽度拓展效果

Figure 3. The broadening effect of 3-dB beam-width at 10 GHz.

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图 4 10 GH处电流分布图　(a) 0°; (b) 90°; (a) 180°; (b) 270°

Figure 4. The distribution of electric current at 10 GHz: (a) 0°; (b) 90°; (c) 180°; (d) 270°.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 5 天线单元驻波比

Figure 5. VSWR of the antenna.

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图 6 天线单元方向图

Figure 6. Radiation patterns of the antenna.

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图 7 一维相控阵列　(a) E面阵列; (b) H面阵列

Figure 7. The phased arrays: (a) E-plane array; (b) H-plane array.

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图 8 阵列实物图　(a) E面阵列; (b) H面阵列

Figure 8. The prototypes of the arrays: (a) E-plane array; (b) H-plane array.

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图 9 阵列中心单元实测有源驻波比　(a) E面阵列; (b) H面阵列

Figure 9. The active VSWRs of the unit at the center of two arrays: (a) E-plane array; (b) H-plane array.

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图 10 E面阵列实测扫描方向图　(a) 9 GHz; (b) 10 GHz; (a) 11 GHz; (b) 12 GHz

Figure 10. The scanning patterns of the E-plane array: (a) 9 GHz; (b) 10 GHz; (c) 11 GHz; (d) 12 GHz.

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图 11 H面阵列实测扫描方向图　(a) 9 GHz; (b) 10 GHz; (a) 11 GHz; (b) 12 GHz

Figure 11. The scanning patterns of the H-plane array: (a) 9 GHz; (b) 10 GHz; (c) 11 GHz; (d) 12 GHz.

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表 1 宽波束天线单元参数

Table 1. Parameters of the wide-beam antenna.

天线参数	L	W	H	L1	L2	L3	L4	L5	L6	L7	L8	W1	W2	W3	W4	W5	W6	W7
参数值/mm	15	9	3.5	0.6	3.2	2.2	2	1.5	0.5	3.2	1.5	5	1.5	1.5	2.8	6	2	1

DownLoad: CSV

表 2 天线单元3-dB波束宽度

Table 2. 3-dB beam-width of the antenna.

频率/GHz	E面3-dB波束宽度/(°)	H面3-dB波束宽度/(°)
7	97	180.4
8	101.1	178.2
9	107	178.4
10	115.8	185.2
11	135.5	220.9
12	180.6	360

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表 3 2号天线与3号天线增益对比

Table 3. Comparison between Ant.2 and Ant.3.

频率/GHz	参考天线增益/dBi	本文天线增益-/dBi
9	5.91	4.19
10	5.98	3.91
11	5.84	3.59
12	5.43	2.87

DownLoad: CSV

表 4 已报道宽波束磁电偶极子天线与本文天线特性对比

Table 4. Comparison between the reported and proposed magneto-electric dipole antenna.

文献	相对阻抗带宽/%	工作频带/GHz	增益/dBi	剖面/λ	E面波束宽度/(°)	H面波束宽度/(°)
[16]	34.6	3.1—4.4	—	0.21	174	112
[17]	81.1	3.3—7.8	3.65 ± 1.65	0.27	215 (5.5 GHz) 106 (7.5 GHz)	186 (5.5 GHz) 83 (7.5 GHz)
[24]	41	2.42—3.7	6.3	0.45	75	120
[25]	63	2.76—5.3	5	0.15	129.1 (3.4 GHz) 151.6 (4.9 GHz)	100.4 (3.4 GHz) 94.2 (4.9 GHz)
[26]	22.6 19.6	3.25—4.08 4.29—5.22	6.9 ± 0.3 5.4 ± 0.7	0.27 0.23	91 (3.5 GHz) 168 (4.9 GHz) 83 (3.5 GHz) 74 (4.9 GHz)	83 (3.5 GHz) 162 (4.9 GHz) 90 (3.5 GHz) 133 (4.9 GHz)
本文	53.26	7.3—12.6	3.53 ± 0.66	0.116	>97	>178.2

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表 5 已报道X波段相控阵与本文相控阵天线特性对比

Table 5. Comparison between the reported and proposed X-band phased arrays.

文献	相对阻抗带宽/%	工作频带/GHz	剖面/λ	E面扫描范围/(°)	H面扫描范围/(°)
[27]	40	8—12	0.31	± 60 (8—10 GHz) ± 50 (12 GHz)	± 60 (8—10 GHz) ± 50 (12 GHz)
[28]	40	8—12	1.22	± 45	± 45
[29]	18.18	10.5—12.6	0.84	± 60	± 60
[30]	40	8—12	0.8	± 45	± 60
[31]	30	—	—	± 60	± 60
本文	28.5	9—12	0.116	± 70	± 90

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[1]	张祖稷, 金林, 束咸荣 2005 雷达天线技术 (北京: 电子工业出版社) 第221页 Zhang Z J, Jin L, Shu X R 2007 Radar Antenna Technology (Beijing: Publishing House of Electronics Industry) p221 (in Chinese)
[2]	Bai Y Y, Xiao S Q, Wang B Z, Ding Z F 2010 J. Infrared Millim. Terahertz Waves 31 1 Google Scholar
[3]	Bai Y Y, Xiao S Q, Tang M C, Ding Z F 2011 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 59 4071 Google Scholar
[4]	Ding X, Wang B Z, He G Q 2013 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 61 5319 Google Scholar
[5]	Xiao S Q, Zheng C R, Li M, Xiong J 2015 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 63 2364 Google Scholar
[6]	Cheng Y F, Ding X, Shao W, Yu M X, Wang B Z 2017 IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag. Lett. 16 396 Google Scholar
[7]	Ding X, Cheng Y F, Shao W, Wang B Z 2017 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 65 4548 Google Scholar
[8]	Ge L, Luk K M 2015 IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag. Lett. 14 28 Google Scholar
[9]	Ge L, Luk K M 2016 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 64 423 Google Scholar
[10]	Shi Y, Cai Y, Yang J, Li L 2019 IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag. Lett. 18 28 Google Scholar
[11]	Lin G 2007 Radar Sci. Technol. 5 157
[12]	Wang R, Wang B Z, Hu C, Ding X 2015 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 63 3908 Google Scholar
[13]	Wang R, Wang B Z, Ding X, Yang X S 2017 Sci. Rep. 7 2729 Google Scholar
[14]	Liu C M, Xiao S Q, Tu H L, Ding Z F 2017 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 65 1151 Google Scholar
[15]	Cheng Y F, Ding X, Shao W, Yu M X, Wang B Z 2017 IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag. Lett. 16 876 Google Scholar
[16]	Yang G W, Li J Y, Wei D J, Xu R 2018 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 66 450 Google Scholar
[17]	Yang G W, Li J Y, Yang J J, Zhou S G 2018 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 66 6724 Google Scholar
[18]	Yang G W, Chen Q Q, Li J Y, Zhou S G, Xing Z J 2019 IEEE Acc. 7 71897 Google Scholar
[19]	Chattopadhyay S 2009 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 57 3325 Google Scholar
[20]	Yang H H, Li T, Xu L M, Cao X Y, Gao J, Tian J H, Yang H N, Sun D 2019 IEEE Acc. 7 152715 Google Scholar
[21]	Lü Y H, Ding X, Wang B Z, Anagnostou D E 2020 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 68 1402 Google Scholar
[22]	Luk K M, Wong H 2006 Int. J. Microw. Opt. Technol. 1 35
[23]	Ng K B, Wong H, So K K, Chan C H, Luk K M 2012 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 60 3129 Google Scholar
[24]	Li Y J, Luk K M 2014 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 62 1830 Google Scholar
[25]	Lai J, Feng B, Zeng Q 2019 IEEE 6th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility Nanjing, China November 1–4, 2019 p1
[26]	Feng B T, Zhu C, Cheng J C, Sim C Y D 2019 IEEE Acc. 7 43346 Google Scholar
[27]	郑贵 2016 硕士学位论文 (成都: 电子科技大学) Zheng G 2016 M. S. Thesis (Chengdu: University of Electronic Science and Technology of China) (in Chinese)
[28]	王茂泽 2014 硕士学位论文 (西安: 西安电子科技大学) Wang M Z 2014 M. S. Thesis (Xi’an: Xidian University) (in Chinese)
[29]	徐志 2008 博士学位论文 (西安: 西安电子科技大学) Xu Z 2008 Ph. D. Dissertation (Xi’an: Xidian University) (in Chinese)
[30]	Smolders A B 1996 Proceedings of International Symposium on Phased Array Systems and Technology Boston, MA, USA, October 15–18, 1996 p87
[31]	Kedar A, Beenamole K S 2011 Prog. Electro. Res. B 27 235 Google Scholar

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