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“嫦娥5号”登陆候选地Mons Rümker的光照与温度特征分析

钟振 张腾 张杰 陈世国

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“嫦娥5号”登陆候选地Mons Rümker的光照与温度特征分析

钟振, 张腾, 张杰, 陈世国

Illumination and temperature analysis for CE-5 candidate landing site Mons Rümker

Zhong Zhen, Zhang Teng, Zhang Jie, Chen Shi-Guo
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  • 即将开展的“嫦娥5号”探月任务, 将使我国在月球上首次实现无人钻井取样. 考虑到实际探测活动与探测区域的光照和温度有关, 有必要对研究区域的光照和温度特征进行分析, 为此, 本文利用SPICE系统对“嫦娥5号”候选登陆区Mons Rümker高原的实时光照进行计算. 发现求解的相对光强度分布与日本SELENE卫星提供的早晨光照影像一致, 验证了光照算法及计算程序的合理性. 以此为基础, 利用1维热传导模型, 对候选登陆区风化层不同深度的温度进行仿真分析. 结果表明风化层温度在近表面区域受光照的影响较大, 随着深度的增加, 光照影响逐渐减弱. 到达0.57 m深度时, 风化层温度不再变化. 为确保钻井任务的开展, 实际钻井作业应考虑风化层内外温度差异引起的应力不均. 考虑“嫦娥5号”的实际钻井深度远大于0.57 m, 应能测量到常温层的热流值, 后续探月任务可考虑搭载热流探测设备, 以促进月球科学研究的发展.
    The forthcoming lunar exploration of Chang’e-5 (CE-5) mission will be the first sampling return project of China. The actual drilling needs the information about real-time illumination and corresponding temperature. To give a support for the project, in this paper the SPICE software system is first used to calculate the real-time illumination at the CE-5 candidate landing site Mons Rümker. It is found that our synthetic map of illumination is consistent with the morning map of illumination provided by the Japan’s SELENE satellite. This result verifies the rationality of our algorithm and the corresponding code. According to the calculated illumination and considering a one-dimensional heat conduction model, we study the temperature distribution over Mons Rümker. It is found that the regolith temperature near the surface is greatly related to the illumination, but varies a little with the depth increasing. It is also discovered that the regolith temperature beneath a depth of 0.57 m will not change any more. To give a support for the actual drilling program, it is recommended to consider the temperature difference between the outside and inside of the regolith, especially their stresses caused by such a temperature difference. Moreover, considering the drilling depth of CE-5 larger than 0.57 m, it is likely to measure the heat flow for the constant-temperature layer. We propose that for the next lunar exploration following CE-5 the measurement of heat flow is considered. This will promote the research of lunar science.
      通信作者: 钟振, zzhong@gznu.edu.cn
    • 基金项目: 国家级-基于高分辨率重力地形数据的火星和月球物理参数反演研究(41864001)
      Corresponding author: Zhong Zhen, zzhong@gznu.edu.cn
    [1]

    欧阳自远, 李春来, 邹永廖等 2010 中国科学·地球科学 40 261

    Ouyang Z Y, Li C L, Zou Y L, et al. 2010 Sci. China Earth Sci. 40 261

    [2]

    于登云, 吴学英, 吴伟仁 2016 深空探测学报 3 307

    Yu D Y, Wu X Y, Wu W R 2016 J. Deep Space Explor. 3 307

    [3]

    赵健楠, 肖龙, 乔乐, Glotch T D, 黄倩 2017 矿物岩石地球化学通报 36 1156

    Zhao J N, Xiao L, Qiao L, Glotch T D, Huang Q 2017 Bull. Miner. Petrol. Geochem. 36 1156

    [4]

    Zhang T, Ding X 2017 Acta Astronaut. 131 190Google Scholar

    [5]

    Qian Y Q, Xiao L, Zhao S Y, Huang J, Flahaut J, Martinot M, Head J W, Hiesinger H, Wang G X 2018 J. Geophys. Res. Planet. 123 1407

    [6]

    Geologic map of the Rumker quadrangle of the Moon, Scott D H, Eggleton R E https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/i805/[2020-02-18]

    [7]

    Smith E I 1973 Moon 6 3Google Scholar

    [8]

    Smith E I 1974 Moon 10 175Google Scholar

    [9]

    Spudis P D, McGovern P J, Kiefer W S 2013 J. Geophys. Res. Planet. 118 1063Google Scholar

    [10]

    Zhao J N, Xiao L, Qiao L, Glotch T D, Huang Q 2017 J. Geophys. Res. Planet. 122 1419Google Scholar

    [11]

    Hao W F, Zhu C, Li F, Yan J G, Ye M, Barriot J P 2019 Planet. Space Sci. 168 73Google Scholar

    [12]

    Paige D A, Siegler M A, Zhang J A, et al. 2010 Science 330 479Google Scholar

    [13]

    Vasavada A R, Bandfield J L, Greenhagen B T, Hayne P O, Siegler M A, Williams J P, Paige D A 2012 J. Geophys. Res. 117 E00H18-1

    [14]

    Hayne P O, Bandfield J L, Siegler M A, Vasavada A R, Ghent R R, Williams J P, Greenhagen B T, Aharonson O, Elder C M, Lucey P G, Paige D A 2017 J. Geophys. Res. Planet. 122 2371Google Scholar

    [15]

    Woods-Robinson R, Siegler M A, Paige D A 2019 J. Geophys. Res. Planet. 124 1989Google Scholar

    [16]

    Acton Jr C H A 1996 Planet. Space Sci. 44 65Google Scholar

    [17]

    Smith D E, Zuber M T, Neumann G A, et al. 2010 Geophys. Res. Lett. 37 L18204-1

    [18]

    Smith D E, Zuber M T, Neumann G A, et al. 2017 Icarus 283 70Google Scholar

    [19]

    Mitchell D L, and De Pater I 1994 Icarus 110 2Google Scholar

    [20]

    Ledlow M J, Burns J O, Gisler G R, Zhao J H, Zeilik M, Baker D N 1992 Astrophys. J. 384 640Google Scholar

    [21]

    Hemingway B S, Krupka K M, Robie R A 1981 Am. Mineral. 66 1202

    [22]

    Langseth M G, Keihm S J, Peters K 1976 Proceedings of the 7 th International Symposium on Lunar and Planetary Science Texas, United States of America, March 15–19, 1976 p3143

    [23]

    Bandfield J L, Hayne P O, Williams J P, Greenhagen B T, Paige D A 2015 Icarus 248 357Google Scholar

    [24]

    Keihm S J 1984 Icarus 60 568Google Scholar

    [25]

    Kopp G, Lean J L 2011 Geophys. Res. Lett. 38 541

    [26]

    Braun J E, Mitchell J C 1983 Sol. Energy 31 439Google Scholar

    [27]

    Warren P H, Rasmussen 1987 J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys. 92 3453Google Scholar

  • 图 1  Mons Rümker区域地形图, 如白色方框所示, 其中黑色方块表示文献[10]建议的“嫦娥5号”登陆点(303.34ºE, 40.11ºN)

    Fig. 1.  Topography around Mons Rümker region, which is figured out with a white box. The black box indicates the candidate landing site of CE-5 proposed by reference [10], and this site is centered at (303.34ºE, 40.11ºN)

    图 2  太阳光照条件示意图

    Fig. 2.  Schematic of illumination condition

    图 3  Mons Rümker区域早晨光照图, 对应月球地方时tm = 06:30:30 (a)日本SELENE卫星提供的早晨光照图; (b)本文计算的与图3(a)相同时刻的实时光照图

    Fig. 3.  Morning map of illumination over Mons Rümker at the lunar local time tm = 06:30:30: (a) Japan’s SELENE morning map of illumination; (b) our estimated relative intensity of illumination at the same time of Fig. 3(a)

    图 4  Mons Rümker区域表面温度分布图 (a)对应时刻为UTC 2020-10-28T 11:30:00; (b)对应时刻为UTC 2020-10-29T 06:45:00; (c)对应时刻为UTC 2020-10-30T 06:45:00; (d)对应时刻为UTC 2020-11-02T 04:45:00; (e)对应时刻为UTC 2020-11-12T 02:45:00; (f)对应时刻为UTC 2020-11-12T 17:00:00

    Fig. 4.  Surface temperature distribution with time over Mons Rümker plateau: (a) Time at UTC 2020-10-28T 11:30:00; (b) time at UTC 2020-10-29T 06:45:00; (c) time at UTC 2020-10-30T 06:45:00; (d) time at UTC 2020-11-02T 04:45:00; (e) time at UTC 2020-11-12T 02:45:00; (f) time at UTC 2020-11-12T 17:00:00

    图 5  Mons Rümker区域底部5 cm深度的温度分布图 (a)对应时刻为UTC 2020-10-28T 11:30:00; (b)对应时刻为UTC 2020-10-29T 06:45:00; (c)对应时刻为UTC 2020-10-30T 06:45:00; (d)对应时刻为UTC 2020-11-02T 04:45:00; (e)对应时刻为UTC 2020-11-12T 02:45:00; (f)对应时刻为UTC 2020-11-12T 17:00:00

    Fig. 5.  Subsurface temperature distribution at the depth of 5 cm over Mons Rümker plateau: (a) Time at UTC 2020-10-28T 11:30:00; (b) time at UTC 2020-10-29T 06:45:00; (c) time at UTC 2020-10-30T 06:45:00; (d) time at UTC 2020-11-02T 04:45:00; (e) time at UTC 2020-11-12T 02:45:00; (f) time at UTC 2020-11-12T 17:00:00

    图 6  剖面温度沿图1所示经度方向的分布 (a)对应时刻为UTC 2020-10-28T 11:30:00; (b)对应时刻为UTC 2020-10-29T 06:45:00; (c)对应时刻为UTC 2020-10-30T 06:45:00; (d)对应时刻为UTC 2020-11-02T 04:45:00; (e)对应时刻为UTC 2020-11-12T 02:45:00; (f)对应时刻为UTC 2020-11-12T 17:00:00. 图6(d)所示黑色曲线表示图1蓝线方向的表面地形轮廓

    Fig. 6.  Temperature variation along the longitude direction shown in Fig.1: (a) Time at UTC 2020-10-28T 11:30:00; (b) time at UTC 2020-10-29T 06:45:00; (c) time at UTC 2020-10-30T 06:45:00; (d) time at UTC 2020-11-02T 04:45:00; (e) time at UTC 2020-11-12T 02:45:00; (f) time at UTC 2020-11-12T 17:00:00. The black carves in Fig. 6(d) represents the surface topography along the same blue line direction displayed in Fig. 1

    图 7  底部温度随时间的变化 (a)“嫦娥5号”候选登陆点的底部分温度变化; (b)图1中黑色五角星所示参考点的底部温度变化

    Fig. 7.  Subsurface temperature variations: (a) Variations for the point of CE-5 candidate landing site; (b) variations for the black star in Fig. 1

    图 8  参考点(图1中黑色五角星)温度随深度的变化 (a)对应月球地方时tm = 06:30:30; (b)对应月球地方时tm = 12:30:30; (c)对应月球地方时tm = 18:30:30

    Fig. 8.  Subsurface temperature variations with depth for the point of black star in Fig. 1: (a) Temperature variations at the lunar local time tm = 06:30:30; (b) temperature variations at the lunar local time tm = 12:30:30; (c) temperature variations at the lunar local time tm = 18:30:30

    表 1  相关参数取值

    Table 1.  Values of parameters used in study

    序号参数取值
    1密度ρsρd [14]ρs = 1100 kg·m–3, ρd = 1800 kg·m–3
    2热传导系数kskd [14]ks = 7.4 × 10–4 W·m–1·K–1, kd = 3.4 × 10–3 W·m–1·K–1
    3比热容拟合系数[14] c0, c1, c2, c3, c4c0 = –3.6125 J·kg–1·K–1, c1 = 2.7431 J·kg–1·K–2,
    c2 = 2.3616 × 10–3 J·kg–1·K–3,
    c3 = –1.234 × 10–5 J·kg–1·K–4,
    c4 = 8.9093 × 10–9 J·kg–1·K–5
    4参数Hx [13,14]H = 0.06 m, x = 2.7
    下载: 导出CSV

    表 2  参考点(图1中黑色五角星)温度(单位为K)在不同时刻随深度的变化

    Table 2.  Temperature (in K) variations with depth for the point of black star in Fig. 1 at various lunar local time

    深度/mtm = 06:30:30tm = 12:30:30tm = 18:30:30
    H = 0.02 mH = 0.09 mQ = 0.012 W·m–2Q = 0.021 W·m–2H = 0.02 mH = 0.09 mQ = 0.012 W·m–2Q = 0.021 W·m–2H = 0.02 mH = 0.09 mQ = 0.012 W·m–2Q = 0.021 W·m–2
    0170.0169.6169.7169.7348.1351.7350.9350.9122.3110.7112.9112.9
    0.0136158.5149.4152.3152.3322.5325.7324.4324.4213.6205.6207.1207.1
    0.0526192.4194.5194.4194.4270.6261.1263.2263.2260.9260.7260.1260.1
    0.1000221.3223.8223.2223.2237.9231.9233.6233.6260.3253.9255.3255.3
    0.1822239.3239.6239.5239.5234.0235.1234.7234.7243.0239.5240.4240.4
    0.3240241.2241.2241.2241.2240.8240.9240.8240.8240.0240.2240.1240.1
    0.4721241.2241.2241.2241.2241.3241.3241.3241.3241.2241.3241.3241.3
    0.8250242.4242.4242.4242.4242.4242.4242.4242.4242.4242.4242.4242.4
    1.0000242.9242.9242.7243.1242.9242.9242.7243.1242.9242.9242.7243.1
    下载: 导出CSV
  • [1]

    欧阳自远, 李春来, 邹永廖等 2010 中国科学·地球科学 40 261

    Ouyang Z Y, Li C L, Zou Y L, et al. 2010 Sci. China Earth Sci. 40 261

    [2]

    于登云, 吴学英, 吴伟仁 2016 深空探测学报 3 307

    Yu D Y, Wu X Y, Wu W R 2016 J. Deep Space Explor. 3 307

    [3]

    赵健楠, 肖龙, 乔乐, Glotch T D, 黄倩 2017 矿物岩石地球化学通报 36 1156

    Zhao J N, Xiao L, Qiao L, Glotch T D, Huang Q 2017 Bull. Miner. Petrol. Geochem. 36 1156

    [4]

    Zhang T, Ding X 2017 Acta Astronaut. 131 190Google Scholar

    [5]

    Qian Y Q, Xiao L, Zhao S Y, Huang J, Flahaut J, Martinot M, Head J W, Hiesinger H, Wang G X 2018 J. Geophys. Res. Planet. 123 1407

    [6]

    Geologic map of the Rumker quadrangle of the Moon, Scott D H, Eggleton R E https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/i805/[2020-02-18]

    [7]

    Smith E I 1973 Moon 6 3Google Scholar

    [8]

    Smith E I 1974 Moon 10 175Google Scholar

    [9]

    Spudis P D, McGovern P J, Kiefer W S 2013 J. Geophys. Res. Planet. 118 1063Google Scholar

    [10]

    Zhao J N, Xiao L, Qiao L, Glotch T D, Huang Q 2017 J. Geophys. Res. Planet. 122 1419Google Scholar

    [11]

    Hao W F, Zhu C, Li F, Yan J G, Ye M, Barriot J P 2019 Planet. Space Sci. 168 73Google Scholar

    [12]

    Paige D A, Siegler M A, Zhang J A, et al. 2010 Science 330 479Google Scholar

    [13]

    Vasavada A R, Bandfield J L, Greenhagen B T, Hayne P O, Siegler M A, Williams J P, Paige D A 2012 J. Geophys. Res. 117 E00H18-1

    [14]

    Hayne P O, Bandfield J L, Siegler M A, Vasavada A R, Ghent R R, Williams J P, Greenhagen B T, Aharonson O, Elder C M, Lucey P G, Paige D A 2017 J. Geophys. Res. Planet. 122 2371Google Scholar

    [15]

    Woods-Robinson R, Siegler M A, Paige D A 2019 J. Geophys. Res. Planet. 124 1989Google Scholar

    [16]

    Acton Jr C H A 1996 Planet. Space Sci. 44 65Google Scholar

    [17]

    Smith D E, Zuber M T, Neumann G A, et al. 2010 Geophys. Res. Lett. 37 L18204-1

    [18]

    Smith D E, Zuber M T, Neumann G A, et al. 2017 Icarus 283 70Google Scholar

    [19]

    Mitchell D L, and De Pater I 1994 Icarus 110 2Google Scholar

    [20]

    Ledlow M J, Burns J O, Gisler G R, Zhao J H, Zeilik M, Baker D N 1992 Astrophys. J. 384 640Google Scholar

    [21]

    Hemingway B S, Krupka K M, Robie R A 1981 Am. Mineral. 66 1202

    [22]

    Langseth M G, Keihm S J, Peters K 1976 Proceedings of the 7 th International Symposium on Lunar and Planetary Science Texas, United States of America, March 15–19, 1976 p3143

    [23]

    Bandfield J L, Hayne P O, Williams J P, Greenhagen B T, Paige D A 2015 Icarus 248 357Google Scholar

    [24]

    Keihm S J 1984 Icarus 60 568Google Scholar

    [25]

    Kopp G, Lean J L 2011 Geophys. Res. Lett. 38 541

    [26]

    Braun J E, Mitchell J C 1983 Sol. Energy 31 439Google Scholar

    [27]

    Warren P H, Rasmussen 1987 J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys. 92 3453Google Scholar

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出版历程
  • 收稿日期:  2020-01-16
  • 修回日期:  2020-03-15
  • 刊出日期:  2020-06-05

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