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浅海涌浪对表面声道声传播的影响

刘今 彭朝晖 张灵珊 刘若芸 李整林

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浅海涌浪对表面声道声传播的影响

刘今, 彭朝晖, 张灵珊, 刘若芸, 李整林

Effects of swells on sound propagation in surface duct environment in shallow water

Liu Jin, Peng Zhao-Hui, Zhang Ling-Shan, Liu Ruo-Yun, Li Zheng-Lin
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  • 受海面强风和海-气相互作用影响, 表面声道普遍存在于冬季海洋环境中, 是一种天然有利于声传播的波导. 但是海面波浪使得海表形成粗糙界面, 会严重破坏这种优良性能. 本文利用南海北部海区的一次冬季声传播实验数据, 研究表面声道声传播特性. 研究表明, 海底底质对表面声道内声传播的影响较弱, 当海面风较小时, 涌浪造成的影响为主要原因. 实验数据显示, 考虑涌浪后的粗糙海面给$70\;{\rm{km}}$远处带来了$10\; {\rm{dB}}$的传播损失增长. 因此在考察南海北部海区冬季声场特性时, 不仅要考虑海面风浪的影响, 更需要考虑周围海域传来的涌浪的影响. 研究涌浪存在时的声传播特性对提升声纳设备在海况较差时的使用性能具有重要意义.
    Surface duct is a common duct due to strong sea winds and sea-atmosphere interactions in winter and it is an excellent waveguide in which energy may propagate a long distance. However, the rough interface formed by sea surface waves will seriously damage this excellent performance. In this study, the experimental data of sound propagation over the continental slope in the South China Sea are used to analyze the characteristics of sound propagation in a surface duct. Modeling analyses based on the parabolic equation model RAM and ray trace theory BELLHOP are used to examine these characteristics. The parameters of sea bottom, source depth, wind-driven sea surface, and swell-containing sea surface are taken into consideration in the model. The results show that when the source is located in the surface duct, the parameters of the sea bottom have little influence on sound propagation, while the change of source depth exerts some effects on the sound propagation. By combining the Pierson Moscowitz (PM) spectrum with Monte Carlo method, the rough sea surface is investigated. Since the PM spectrum is related only to wind speed, the wind-driven sea surface is generated by using the actual wind speed measured by the shipborne anemometer. The swell-containing sea surface is defined as a superposition of a sinusoidal pressure-release surface and the wind-driven sea surface. By comparing the effects of two sea surfaces on sound propagation, it is found that when the wind speed is small, swells play an important role in the surface-duct propagation. Experimental data show that for the acoustic signal with a center frequency of $1000\;{\rm{Hz}}$, the swell-containing sea surface brings around $10 \;{\rm{dB}}$ loss to a distance of $70 \;{\rm{km}}$. For the two kinds of rough sea surfaces, rays at launch angles of $\pm 1^{\circ}, 0^{\circ}$ are plotted to examine their effects on sound propagation. The results indicate that the swell-containing sea surface which has greater roughness makes rays go toward the sea bottom, thus resulting in larger loss. Therefore, in order to investigate the characteristics of the sound field in the northern South China Sea in winter, especially with high frequency sound signals, the influences of not only winds and waves, but also the swells from the surrounding sea should be taken into consideration. It is important to study the characteristics of sound propagation with swells for improving the performance of sonar equipment in poor sea conditions.
      通信作者: 彭朝晖, pzh@mail.ioa.ac.cn
    • 基金项目: 国家自然科学基金(批准号: 11674349, 11974017, 11874061)资助的课题
      Corresponding author: Peng Zhao-Hui, pzh@mail.ioa.ac.cn
    • Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11674349, 11974017, 11874061)
    [1]

    张灵珊 2016 博士学位论文 (北京: 中国科学院大学)

    Zhang L S 2016 Ph. D. Dissertation (Beijing: The University of Chinese Academy of Sciences) (in Chinese)

    [2]

    尹爽 2018 硕士学位论文 (哈尔滨: 哈尔滨工程大学)

    Yin S 2018 M. S. Thesis (Harbin: The Harbin Engineering University) (in Chinese)

    [3]

    李整林 2002 博士学位论文 (北京: 中国科学院研究生院)

    Li Z L 2002 Ph. D. Dissertation (Beijing: Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences) (in Chinese)

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    王先华, 彭朝晖, 李整林 2007 声学技术 26 551Google Scholar

    Wang X H, Peng Z H, Li Z L 2007 Technical Acoustics 26 551Google Scholar

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    Broschat S L, Thorsos E I 1997 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 101 2615Google Scholar

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    Collins M D, Coury R A, Siegmann W L 1995 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 97 2767Google Scholar

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    Liu R Y, Li Z L 2019 Chin. Phys. B 28 014302Google Scholar

    [10]

    Zou Z G, Badiey M 2018 IEEE J. Oceanic Eng. 43 1187Google Scholar

    [11]

    Weston D E, Ching P A 1989 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 86 1530Google Scholar

    [12]

    王先华 2007 博士学位论文 (北京: 中国科学院大学)

    Wang X H 2007 Ph. D. Dissertation (Beijing: The University of Chinese Academy of Sciences) (in Chinese)

    [13]

    姚美娟, 鹿力成, 郭圣明, 马力 2019 哈尔滨工程大学学报 40 781Google Scholar

    Yao M J, Lu L C, Guo S M, Ma L 2019 Journal of Harbin Engineering University 40 781Google Scholar

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    Karjadi E A, Badiey M, Kirby J T, Bayindir C 2012 IEEE J. Oceanic Eng. 37 112Google Scholar

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    Tindle C T, Deane G B 2005 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 117 2783Google Scholar

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    Siderius M, Porter M B 2008 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 124 137Google Scholar

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    Badiey M, Mu Y K, Simmen J A, Forsythe S E 2000 IEEE J. Oceanic Eng. 25 492Google Scholar

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    段睿 2016 博士学位论文 (西安: 西北工业大学)

    Duan R 2016 Ph. D. Dissertation (Xi’an: Northwestern Polytechnical University) (in Chinese)

    [22]

    刘今, 彭朝晖 2019 中国声学学会水声学分会2019年学术会议论文集 南京 2019 第198页

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    [23]

    吴庚坤 2015 博士学位论文 (青岛: 中国海洋大学)

    Wu G K 2015 Ph. D. Dissertation (Qingdao: Ocean University of China) (in Chinese)

    [24]

    欧家明 2011 硕士学位论文 (广州: 广东工业大学)

    Ou J M 2011 M. S. Thesis (Guangzhou: School of information Engineering Guangdong University of Technology) (in Chinese)

    [25]

    林风 2007 硕士学位论文 (西安: 西安电子科技大学)

    Lin F 2007 M. S. Thesis (Xi’an: Xidian University) (in Chinese)

    [26]

    Japan Meteorological Agency, https://www.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/kaiyou/data/db/wave/chart/daily/pdf/pn/17/12/17121100 pn.pdf [2020-7-28]

    [27]

    Japan Meteorological Agency, https://www.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/kaiyou/data/db/wave/chart/daily/pdf/pn/17/12/17121112 pn.pdf [2020-7-28]

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    Vadov R A 2006 Acoust. Phys. 52 6Google Scholar

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    廖菲, 邓华, 曾琳, Chan Pak-wai 2018 海洋学报 40 37Google Scholar

    Liao F, Deng H, Zeng L, Chan P W 2018 Haiyang Xuebao 40 37Google Scholar

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    李波 2010 博士学位论文 (武汉: 华中科技大学)

    Li B 2010 Ph. D. Dissertation (Wuhan: Huazhong University of Science and Technology) (in Chinese)

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  • 图 1  实验设备布放示意图

    Fig. 1.  The configuration of the experiment.

    图 2  实测海底地形

    Fig. 2.  The measured bathymetry.

    图 3  测线上声速剖面

    Fig. 3.  Measured sound speed profiles along the track.

    图 4  实测的第1个和第11个水听器的深度变化 (a) 第1个水听器; (b) 第11个水听器

    Fig. 4.  Depths of the first and eleventh hydrophone measured in the experiment: (a) The first hydrophone; (b) the eleventh hydrophone.

    图 5  两种海底条件下第1个水听器的传播损失

    Fig. 5.  The transmission loss of the first hydrophone under two kinds of seabed.

    图 6  两种海底条件下的声线 (a)硬海底; (b)软海底

    Fig. 6.  Ray traces under two kinds of seabed: (a) Hard bottom; (b) soft bottom.

    图 7  声源深度ds为两个水听器在深度波动的两个端点时的仿真传播损失与实验结果的比对 (a) 第1个水听器; (b) 第11个水听器

    Fig. 7.  Comparisons of modeled and measured transmission loss of two hydrophones at their respective depth endpoints: (a) The first hydrophone; (b) the eleventh hydrophone.

    图 8  船载风速仪实测的风速

    Fig. 8.  Wind speeds measured by shipboard anemometer.

    图 9  两种粗糙海面 (a) 风浪海面; (b) 涌浪海面

    Fig. 9.  Two rough sea surfaces: (a) wind-driven sea surface; (b) swell sea surface.

    图 10  三种海面条件下的传播损失的仿真结果与实验结果比对

    Fig. 10.  Modal/data comparisons of transmission loss under three sea surfaces.

    图 11  涌浪海面应用于不同频率和不同水听器的传播损失检验 (a) $400\; {\rm{Hz}}$, 第1个水听器; (b) $400\; {\rm{Hz}}$, 第11个水听器; (c) $1000\; {\rm{Hz}}$, 第11个水听器

    Fig. 11.  Examinations of transmission loss of two hydrophones with the swell surface under different frequencies: (a) $400\; {\rm{Hz}}$, the first hydrophone; (b) $400\; {\rm{Hz}}$, the eleventh hydrophone; (c) $1000\; {\rm{Hz}}$, the eleventh hydrophone.

    图 12  不同海面条件下的声线分布情况 (a) 平整海面; (b) 风浪海面; (c) 涌浪海面

    Fig. 12.  Ray traces under different sea surfaces: (a) Flat sea surface; (b) wind-driven sea surface; (c) swell sea surface.

  • [1]

    张灵珊 2016 博士学位论文 (北京: 中国科学院大学)

    Zhang L S 2016 Ph. D. Dissertation (Beijing: The University of Chinese Academy of Sciences) (in Chinese)

    [2]

    尹爽 2018 硕士学位论文 (哈尔滨: 哈尔滨工程大学)

    Yin S 2018 M. S. Thesis (Harbin: The Harbin Engineering University) (in Chinese)

    [3]

    李整林 2002 博士学位论文 (北京: 中国科学院研究生院)

    Li Z L 2002 Ph. D. Dissertation (Beijing: Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences) (in Chinese)

    [4]

    王先华, 彭朝晖, 李整林 2007 声学技术 26 551Google Scholar

    Wang X H, Peng Z H, Li Z L 2007 Technical Acoustics 26 551Google Scholar

    [5]

    Thorsos E I, Broschat S L 1995 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 97 2082Google Scholar

    [6]

    Broschat S L, Thorsos E I 1997 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 101 2615Google Scholar

    [7]

    Collins M D 1989 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 86 1097Google Scholar

    [8]

    Collins M D, Coury R A, Siegmann W L 1995 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 97 2767Google Scholar

    [9]

    Liu R Y, Li Z L 2019 Chin. Phys. B 28 014302Google Scholar

    [10]

    Zou Z G, Badiey M 2018 IEEE J. Oceanic Eng. 43 1187Google Scholar

    [11]

    Weston D E, Ching P A 1989 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 86 1530Google Scholar

    [12]

    王先华 2007 博士学位论文 (北京: 中国科学院大学)

    Wang X H 2007 Ph. D. Dissertation (Beijing: The University of Chinese Academy of Sciences) (in Chinese)

    [13]

    姚美娟, 鹿力成, 郭圣明, 马力 2019 哈尔滨工程大学学报 40 781Google Scholar

    Yao M J, Lu L C, Guo S M, Ma L 2019 Journal of Harbin Engineering University 40 781Google Scholar

    [14]

    Karjadi E A, Badiey M, Kirby J T, Bayindir C 2012 IEEE J. Oceanic Eng. 37 112Google Scholar

    [15]

    Tindle C T, Deane G B 2005 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 117 2783Google Scholar

    [16]

    Siderius M, Porter M B 2008 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 124 137Google Scholar

    [17]

    Badiey M, Mu Y K, Simmen J A, Forsythe S E 2000 IEEE J. Oceanic Eng. 25 492Google Scholar

    [18]

    Dahl P H 1996 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 100 748Google Scholar

    [19]

    Mackenzie K V 1981 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 70 807Google Scholar

    [20]

    Jensen F B, Kuperman W A, Porter M B, Schmidt H 2011 Computational Ocean Acoustics (New York: Springer) pp1−794

    [21]

    段睿 2016 博士学位论文 (西安: 西北工业大学)

    Duan R 2016 Ph. D. Dissertation (Xi’an: Northwestern Polytechnical University) (in Chinese)

    [22]

    刘今, 彭朝晖 2019 中国声学学会水声学分会2019年学术会议论文集 南京 2019 第198页

    Liu J, Peng Z H 2019 Proceedings of the Academic Conference of Underwater Acoustic Branch of Acoustics Society of China in 2019, Underwater Acoustic Branch Nanjing, China, May 25, 2019 p198 (in Chinese)

    [23]

    吴庚坤 2015 博士学位论文 (青岛: 中国海洋大学)

    Wu G K 2015 Ph. D. Dissertation (Qingdao: Ocean University of China) (in Chinese)

    [24]

    欧家明 2011 硕士学位论文 (广州: 广东工业大学)

    Ou J M 2011 M. S. Thesis (Guangzhou: School of information Engineering Guangdong University of Technology) (in Chinese)

    [25]

    林风 2007 硕士学位论文 (西安: 西安电子科技大学)

    Lin F 2007 M. S. Thesis (Xi’an: Xidian University) (in Chinese)

    [26]

    Japan Meteorological Agency, https://www.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/kaiyou/data/db/wave/chart/daily/pdf/pn/17/12/17121100 pn.pdf [2020-7-28]

    [27]

    Japan Meteorological Agency, https://www.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/kaiyou/data/db/wave/chart/daily/pdf/pn/17/12/17121112 pn.pdf [2020-7-28]

    [28]

    Vadov R A 2006 Acoust. Phys. 52 6Google Scholar

    [29]

    廖菲, 邓华, 曾琳, Chan Pak-wai 2018 海洋学报 40 37Google Scholar

    Liao F, Deng H, Zeng L, Chan P W 2018 Haiyang Xuebao 40 37Google Scholar

    [30]

    郭佩芳, 施平, 王华, 王正林 1997 青岛海洋大学学报 27 131Google Scholar

    Guo P F, Shi P, Wang H, Wang Z L 1997 Journal of Ocean University of Qingdao 27 131Google Scholar

    [31]

    李波 2010 博士学位论文 (武汉: 华中科技大学)

    Li B 2010 Ph. D. Dissertation (Wuhan: Huazhong University of Science and Technology) (in Chinese)

    [32]

    Richards E L, Song H C, Hodgkiss W S 2018 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 144 1296Google Scholar

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出版历程
  • 收稿日期:  2020-09-17
  • 修回日期:  2020-10-24
  • 上网日期:  2021-02-25
  • 刊出日期:  2021-03-05

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