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Majorana准粒子是凝聚态物理版本的Majorana费米子. 由于Majorana准粒子间的交换操作服从非阿贝尔统计, 并基于此可构建更稳定的量子计算机, 近年来在凝聚态物理界引起广泛关注. 为帮助初学者快速理解Majorana准粒子的形成机理, 本文回顾了在一维超导体-半导体异质纳米线系统中Majorana准粒子模型的提出和理论演化过程, 介绍Kitaev链模型并分析了模型中各要素所起的作用. 还介绍了典型Majorana器件的构成和测量方法, 并结合最新的实验进展对探测到的零能电导峰进行了分析和述评. 最后对超越一维系统的超导体-半导体异质系统的实验前景进行了展望.Majorana fermions are known for being their own anti-particles. As the condensed matter version of Majorana fermions, Majorana quasiparticles have drawn extensive interests for being an ideal candidate for building a fault-tolerant quantum computer, due to their non-abelian statistics. This paper provides an introduction for beginners to the rapidly growing research field of Majorana quasiparticles focusing on one dimensional semiconductor nanowire-superconductor hybrid system. We aim to help readers to quickly understand Majorana quasiparticles and its formation mechanism and the latest experimental results. We first review the theoretical model of the Majorana quasiparticles with its historical background. We then discuss the Kitaev chain and analyze its key elements. We also introduce typical Majorana devices and their corresponding measurement methods. Furthermore, we discuss the observation of robust signatures of Majorana zero modes in recent experiments, with particular attention to tunneling conductance measurements. Finally, we give prospects on future experiments for advancing one dimensional semiconductor nanowire-superconductor hybrid system.
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Keywords:
- topological matters /
- Majorana zero modes /
- semiconductor nanowire
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图 2 一维超导体-半导体异质结构与Majorana准粒子态波函数示意图
Fig. 2. Schematic sketch of a nanowire-superconductor hybrid structure and the wave function of the Majorana quasiparticle.
图 3 超导体-半导体异质纳米线体系在不同的∆-Ez-α配置下的能量色散图谱(μ = 0). 其中, 蓝线和红线分别对应两个自旋分支(SOI方向投影), 实线对应粒子项分支, 虚线对应空穴项分支
Fig. 3. Energy dispersion of a superconductor-semiconductor hybrid nanowire at different ∆-Ez-α configurations with μ = 0. Blue and red lines correspond to the two spin branch (along SOI direction), respectively, solid lines are particle branches, while dashed line are hole branches.
图 4 超导体-半导体异质器件与探测到的零能电导峰 (a)−(c) NbTiN-InSb器件与零能电导峰[26]; (d)−(f) 全外延Al-InAs纳米线及纯净超导能隙中的零能电导峰[29]; (g), (h)全外延Al-InSb纳米线器件中量子化的零能电导峰[40]
Fig. 4. Superconductor-semiconductor hybrid devices and the detected zero-energy conductance peaks: (a)−(c) NbTiN-InSb nanowire device and zero-energy conductance peak[26]; (d)−(f) Fully epitaxial Al-InAs nanowire and zero-energy conductance peak in hard gap[29]; (g), (h) Quantized zero-energy conductance peak in fully epitaxial Al-InSb nanowire devices[40].
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[1] Arute F, Arya K, Babbush R, Martinis JM 2019 Nature 574 505
Google Scholar
[2] Kitaev A 2003 Ann. Phys. 303 2
Google Scholar
[3] Wilczek F 1982 Phys. Rev. Lett. 49 957
Google Scholar
[4] Nayak C, Simon S H, Stern A, Freedman M, Das Sarma S 2008 Rev. Mod. Phys. 80 1083
Google Scholar
[5] Majorana E 1937 Nuovo Cimento 14 171
Google Scholar
[6] Moore G, Read N 1991 Nucl. Phys. 360 362
Google Scholar
[7] Read N, Green D 2000 Phys. Rev. B 61 10267
Google Scholar
[8] Fu L, Kane C L 2008 Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 096407
Google Scholar
[9] Nadj-Perge S, Drozdov I K, Bernevig B A, Yazdani A 2013 Phys. Rev. 88 020407
Google Scholar
[10] Sau JD, Tewari S, Lutchyn R M, Stanescu T D, Das Sarma S 2010 Phys. Rev. B 82 214509
Google Scholar
[11] Alicea J 2010 Phys. Rev. B 81 125318
Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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