搜索

x

留言板

尊敬的读者、作者、审稿人, 关于本刊的投稿、审稿、编辑和出版的任何问题, 您可以本页添加留言。我们将尽快给您答复。谢谢您的支持!

姓名
邮箱
手机号码
标题
留言内容
验证码

论地震发生机制

陆坤权 曹则贤 厚美瑛 姜泽辉 沈容 王强 孙刚 刘寄星

引用本文:
Citation:

论地震发生机制

陆坤权, 曹则贤, 厚美瑛, 姜泽辉, 沈容, 王强, 孙刚, 刘寄星

On the mechanism of earthquake

Lu Kun-Quan, Cao Ze-Xian, Hou Mei-Ying, Jiang Ze-Hui, Shen Rong, Wang Qiang, Sun Gang, Liu Ji-Xing
PDF
导出引用
  • 地震发生的物理机理和过程是还没有认识清楚的问题. 此前人们将浅源地震归因于弹性回跳,根据这一观点和岩石实验结果计算得到的地震能量与实际观测结果有很大矛盾,被称之为热流佯谬. 中源和深源地震发生在地幔区域,其成因也没有合理的解释. 考虑到地壳和地幔是离散集合态物质体系及其慢动力学运动行为的基本特点,本文根据物理学原理,特别是近年凝聚态物理发展出来的相关新观念,并依据已有观测事实,从新的视角探究地震发生的物理机制. 1) 关于地壳岩石层中的应力分布:在不考虑构造力时,依据万物皆流的流变学原理,原始地壳岩石在自重压强长时间作用下,纵向和横向应力相同,没有差应力. 大地构造力推动岩块滞滑移动挤压断层泥,施加于其他岩块,逐渐传递和积累. 这种附加的横向构造力与原始岩石中应力叠加,形成地壳岩石层中的实时应力. 由于断层泥属于颗粒物质体系,具有与岩石不同的力学特征,其弹性模量比岩石小得多,且随压强而增大,导致构造作用力随深度非线性增大. 给出了地壳中构造应力分布及其变化规律. 2) 关于地壳岩石层强度:地壳岩石的自重会使岩石发生弹性塑性转变. 通过对弹性塑性转变深度的计算,并根据实际情况分析,给出了地壳岩石弹性、部分塑性和完全塑性三个区域的典型深度范围. 在部分塑性区,塑性体比例达到约10%以上时,发生塑性连通,这时岩石剪切强度由塑性特征决定. 塑性滑移的等效摩擦系数比脆性破裂小一个数量级以上,致使塑性滑移时岩石剪切强度比脆性破裂小得多. 同时,随深度增大,有多种因素使得岩石剪切屈服强度减小. 另一方面,地震是大范围岩石破坏,破坏必然沿薄弱路径发生. 因此,浅源地震岩石的实际破坏强度必定比通常观测到的岩石剪切强度值低. 给出了地壳岩石平均强度和实际破坏强度典型值随深度的分布规律. 3) 关于地震发生的条件和机制:地震发生必定产生体积膨胀,只有突破阻挡才可膨胀. 地震发生的条件是:大地构造力超过岩石破坏强度、断层边界摩擦力以及所受阻挡力之和. 因此,浅源地震是岩石突破阻挡发生的塑性滑移. 在此基础上提出了浅源地震发生的四种可能模式. 深源地震是冲破阻挡发生的大范围岩块流. 浅源地震和深源地震都是堵塞解堵塞转变,是解堵塞后岩石层块滑移或流动造成的能量释放. 4) 关于地震能量和临震前兆信息:地震能量即为堵塞解堵塞转变过程释放的动能. 以实例估算表明,地震岩石滑移动能与使岩块剪切破坏和克服周围摩擦阻力所需做的功相一致,不会出现热流佯谬. 同时指出,通过观测地震发生前构造力的积累过程、局域地区地质变迁以及岩石状态变化等所产生的效应,均可能获得有价值的地震前兆信息.
    The physical mechanism of earthquake remains a challenging issue to be clarified. Seismologists used to attribute shallow earthquake to the elastic rebound of crustal rocks. The seismic energy calculated following the elastic rebound theory and on the basis of experimental results of rocks, however, shows a large discrepancy with measurementa fact that has been dubbed the heat flow paradox. For the intermediate-focus and deep-focus earthquakes, both occurring in the region of the mantle, there is not any reasonable explanation yet. The current article will discuss the physical mechanism of earthquake from a new perspective, starting from the fact that both the crust and the mantle are discrete collective systems of matters with slow dynamics, as well as from the basic principles of physics, especially some new concepts of condensed matter physics emerging in recent years. 1. Strss distribution in earth's crust: Without taking the tectonic force into account, according to the rheological principle that everything flows, the vertical and the horizontal strsses must be in balance due to the effect of gravitational pressure over a long period of time, thus no differential strss in the original crustal rocks is to be expected. The tectonic force is successively transferred and accumulated via stick-slip motions of rocky blocks to squeeze the fault gouges, and then applied to other rocky blocks. The superposition of such additional horizontal tectonic force and the original strss gives rise to the real-time strss in crustal rocks. The mechanical characteristics of fault gouge are different from rocks as it consists of granular matters. Thus the elastic modulus of the fault gouge is much lower than that of rocks, and will become larger with increasing pressure. This character of the fault gouge leads to a tectonic force that increases with depth in a nonlinear fashion. The distribution and variation of tectonic strss in the crust are then specified. 2. Strength of crust rocks: The gravitational pressure can initiate the transition from elasticity to plasticity in crust rocks. A method for calculating the depth dependence of elasticity-plasticity transition is formulated, and demonstrated by exemplar systems. According to the actual situation analysis the behaviors of crust rocks fall into three typical zones: elastic, partially plastic and fully plastic. As the proportion of plastic parts in the partially plastic zone reaches about 10%, plastic interconnection may occur and the variation of shear strength of rocks is mainly characterized by plastic behavior. The equivalent coefficient of friction for the plastic slip is smaller by an order of magnitude, or even less, than that for brittle fracture, thus the shear strength of the rocks for plastic sliding is much less than that for brittle breaking. Moreover, with increasing depth a number of other factors can further reduce the shear yield strength of rocks. On the other hand, since earthquake is a large-scale damage, the rock breaking must occur along a weakest path. Therefore, the actual fracture strength of rocks in a shallow earthquake is assuredly lower than the normally observed average shear strength of rocks. The typical distributions of averaged strength and actual fracture strength in crustal rocks varying with depth are schematically illustrated in the paper. 3. Conditions and mechanisms of earthquake: An earthquake will lead to large volume expansion, and the expansion must break through the obstacles. The condition for an earthquake to occur may be as follows: the tectonic force should exceed the sum of (a) the fracture strength of rocks, (b) the friction force of fault boundary, and (c) the resistance from obstacles. Therefore, the shallow earthquake is characterized by plastic sliding of rocks that break through the obstacles. Accordingly, four possible patterns for shallow earthquakes are put forward. Deep-focus earthquakes are believed to result from a wide-range rock flow that breaks the jam. Both shallow earthquakes and deep-focus earthquakes are the slip or flow of rocks following a jamming-unjamming transition. 4. Energetics and precursors of earthquake: The energy of earthquake is the kinetic energy released from the jamming-unjamming transition. Calculation shows that the kinetic energy of seismic rock sliding is comparable to the total work for rocks' shear failure and for overcoming the frictional resistance. There will be no heat flow paradox. More importantly, some valuable seismic precursors are likely to be identified by observing the accumulation of additional tectonic forces, local geological changes, as well as the effect of rock state changes, etc.
    • 基金项目: 中国科学院知识创新工程项目(批准号:KJCX2-SW-W15,KKCX1-YW-03)、国家自然科学基金(批准号:10374111,11274354,11034010)和中国地震局地震行业科研专项经费项目(批准号:201208011) 资助的课题.
    • Funds: Project supported by the Knowledge Innovation Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant Nos. KJCX2-SW-W15, KKCX1-YW-03), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 10374111, 11274354, 11034010), and the Special Fundfor Earthquake Research from China Seismological Bureau (Grant No. 201208011).
    [1]

    Chen Y T 2007 Seis. Geomag. Obser. Res. 28 1 (in Chinese) [陈运泰 2007 地震地磁观测与研究 28 1]

    [2]

    Shearer P M 2009 Introduction to Seismology (2nd Ed.) (New york: Cambridge University Press)

    [3]
    [4]

    Chen Z L 2004 Introduction to the Base of Seismological Method for Earthquake Prediction (Beijing: Seismic Press) (in Chinese) [陈章立2004浅论地震预报地震学方法基础 (北京: 地震出版社)]

    [5]
    [6]

    Zhang GM, Fu ZX, Gui XT 2001 Introduction to earthquake prediction (Beijing: Science Press) (in Chinese) [张国民, 傅征祥, 桂燮泰 2001 地震预报引论 (北京: 科学出版社)]

    [7]
    [8]
    [9]

    Kanamori H, Brodsky E E 2004 Rep. Prog. Phys. 67 1429

    [10]

    Hough S 2010 Predicting the UnpredictableThe Tumultuous Science of Earthquake Prediction (Princeton: Princeton University Press)

    [11]
    [12]
    [13]

    Chen Y T 2010 Heat flow Paradox, 10000 Problems in Science: Earth Science (Beijing: Science Press) (in Chinese) [陈运泰 2010 热流佯谬,10000个科学难题地球科学卷 (北京: 科学出版社)]

    [14]
    [15]

    Scholz C H 1996 Nature 381 556

    [16]

    Yan R Jiang C S, Shao Z G, Zhou L Q, Li YC 2011 Earthquake Research in China 27 14 (in Chinese) [晏锐, 蒋长胜, 邵志刚, 周龙泉, 李迎春 2011 中国地震 27 14]

    [17]
    [18]

    Brune J, Henyey T, Roy R 1969 J. Geophys. Res. 74 3821

    [19]
    [20]
    [21]

    Kano Y, Mori J, Fujio R, Ito H, Yanagidani T, Nakao S, Ma K F 2006 Geophysical Research Letters 33 L14306

    [22]
    [23]

    Fulton P M, Brodsky E E, Kano Y, et al. 2013 Science 342 1214

    [24]

    Byerlee J 1978 Pure and Applied Geophysics 116 615

    [25]
    [26]
    [27]

    Scott D R 1996 Nature 381 592

    [28]

    Melosh H J 1996 Nature 379 601

    [29]
    [30]
    [31]

    RosakisA J, Samudrala O, Coker D 1999 Science 284 1337

    [32]

    Frohlich C 1989 Annu. Rev. Earth Planet.Sci. 17 227

    [33]
    [34]
    [35]

    Green H W, Houston H 1995 Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 23 169

    [36]
    [37]

    Shoichi S 1968 Nagoya Daigaku Shinbun, June 13, No. 300 (in Japanese) [坂田昌一 1968 现代科学的哲学和方法论名古屋大学报, 第300期]

    [38]
    [39]

    Anderson P W 1972 Science 177 393

    [40]
    [41]

    Bak P 1996 How Nature Works (New York: Copernicus Press) [李炜, 蔡勖 译 2001 大自然如何工作 (武汉: 华中师范大学出版社)]

    [42]
    [43]

    Lu K Q, Hou M Y, Jiang Z H, Wang Q, Sun G, Liu J X 2012 Acta Physica Sinica 61 119103 (in Chinese) [陆坤权, 厚美瑛, 姜泽辉, 王强, 孙刚, 刘寄星 2012 物理学报 61 119103]

    [44]
    [45]

    von Krman T 1911 Zeitschrift des Vereines Deutscher Ingenieure 55 1749

    [46]

    Scholz C H 2002 The mechanism of earthquake and faulting (New york: Cambridge University Press) (2nd Ed.)

    [47]
    [48]

    Chen Y, Huang T F, Liu E R 2009 Rock Physics (University of Science Technology of China Press) (in Chinese) [陈颙, 黄庭芳, 刘恩儒 2009岩石物理学 (中国科学技术大学出版社)]

    [49]
    [50]

    Uchida T, Wang Y B, Rivers M L, Sutton S R 2004 Earth and Planetary Science Letters 226 117

    [51]
    [52]
    [53]

    Uchida T, Wang Y B, Uchida T, Irifune T, Rivers M L, Sutton S R 2005 Geophysical Research Letters 32 L04307

    [54]

    Bett K E, Cappi J B 1965 Nature 207 620

    [55]
    [56]

    Teng J W 1996 Introduction to solid geophysics (Beijing: Seismic Press) (in Chinese) [腾吉文 1996 固体地球物理学概论 (北京: 地震出版社)]

    [57]
    [58]

    Yang S D ed. 2001 An outline of earth sciences (2nd Ed.) (Hongzhou: Zhejiang University Press) (in Chinese) [杨树铎(主编). 2001 地球科学概论 (第2版) (杭州: 浙江大学出版社)]

    [59]
    [60]
    [61]

    Mogi K 2007 Experimental rock mechanics (London: Taylor Francis Group)

    [62]
    [63]

    Barnes H A 1999 J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech 81 133

    [64]

    Zhao K H 2008 Qualitative and Half-quantitative Physics (Beijing: High Education Publishing) (in Chinese) [赵凯华 2008 定性和半定量物理学(北京: 高教出版社)]

    [65]
    [66]

    Townend J, Zoback M D 2000 Geology 28 399

    [67]
    [68]

    Bridgman P W 1935 Phys. Rev. 48 825

    [69]
    [70]
    [71]

    Towle L C 1971 J. Appl. Phys. 42 2368

    [72]

    Riecker R E, Towle L C 1967 J. Appl. Phys. 38 5189

    [73]
    [74]
    [75]

    Kinsland C L, Bassett W A 1977 J. Appl. Phys. 48 978

    [76]
    [77]

    Duffy T S, Hemley R J, Mao H K 1995 Phys. Rev. Lett. 74 1371

    [78]
    [79]

    Meade C, Jeanloz R 1990 Phys. Rev. B 42 2532

    [80]

    Zhao K H, Luo W Y 2005 New Concept Physics-Mechanics (2nd Ed.) (Beijing: High Educaiton Publishing) (in Chinese) [赵凯华 罗蔚茵2005 新概念物理教程力学, 第二版 (北京: 高等教育出版社 2005)]

    [81]
    [82]

    Griggs D, Turner F J, Borg I, Sosoka J 1963 Bulletin of The Geological Society of America 64 1327

    [83]
    [84]
    [85]

    Liu A J, Nagel S R 1998 Nature 396 21

    [86]

    Biroli G 2007 Nature Phys. 3 222

    [87]
    [88]

    Liu A J, Nagel S R 2010 Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. 1 347

    [89]
    [90]
    [91]

    Keys A S, Abate A R, Glotzer S C, Durian D J 2007 Nature Physics 3 260

    [92]

    Olsson P, Teitel S 2007 Phys. Rev. Lett. 99 178001

    [93]
    [94]
    [95]

    Xu Z H 1997 Seismological and Geomagnetic Observation and Research 18 18 (in Chinese) [许忠淮1997地震地磁观测与研究 18 18]

    [96]
    [97]

    Kohlstedt D L, Evans B, Mackwell S J 1995 Journal of Geophysical Research 100 17587

    [98]
    [99]

    Zhu H C, Tao Z Y 1994 Acta Seismologica Sinica 16 49 (in Chinese) [朱焕春, 陶振宇 1994 地震学报 16 49]

    [100]
    [101]

    McGarr A, Gay N C 1978 Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci 6 405.

    [102]

    Brace W F, Kohlstedt D L 1980 Journal of Geophysical Research 85 6248

    [103]
    [104]

    Zoback M D 1992 Journal of Geophysical Research 97 5039

    [105]
    [106]

    Zoback M D, Apel R, Baumgartner J et al. 1993 Nature 365 633

    [107]
    [108]
    [109]

    Tsukahara H, Ikeda R, Omura K 1996 Tectonophysics 262 281.

    [110]

    Zoback M D, Harjes H P 1997 Journal of Geophysical Research 102 18477

    [111]
    [112]

    Zoback M D, Barton C A, Brudy M, et al 2003 International Journal of Rock Mechanics Mining Sciences 40 1049

    [113]
    [114]
    [115]

    Cornet F H, Berard Th, Bourouis S 2007 International Journal of Rock Mechanics Mining Sciences 44 47

    [116]

    Li Z H, Li S J, F X T, Zhou H, Chen B R, Zhang C Q 2011 Chiense J. Rock Mechanics and Engineering 30 2255 (in Chinese) [李占海, 李邵军, 冯夏庭, 周辉, 陈炳瑞, 张传庆 2011 岩石力学与工程学报 30 2255]

    [117]
    [118]

    ChryJ, Zoback M D, Hickman S 2004 Geophysical Research Letters 31 L15S13

    [119]
    [120]
    [121]

    Suppe J 2007 Geology 35 1127

    [122]
    [123]

    Weisskopf V F 1986 American Journal of Physics 54 110

    [124]
    [125]

    Hhne G W H, Dollhopf W, Blankenhorn K, Mayr P U 1996 Thermochimica Acta 273 17

    [126]

    Cao Q L, Wang P P, Huang D H, Li Q, Wang F H, Cai L C 2012 Journal of Chemical Engineering Data 58 64

    [127]
    [128]
    [129]

    Emmermann R, Lauterjung J 1997 Journal of Geophysical Research 102 18179

    [130]
    [131]

    Stipp M, Stunitz H, Heilbronner R, Schmid S M 2002 J. Structural Geology 24 1861

    [132]

    Ferrill D A, Morris A P, Evans M A, et al. 2004 Journal of Structural Geology 26 1521

    [133]
    [134]

    Wong T F, Baud P 2012 Journal of Structural Geology 44 25

    [135]
    [136]
    [137]

    Xi D Y, Xu S L 2012 Fundamentals of Rock Physics (Hefei: University of Science and Techonology Press) (in Chinese) [席道瑛, 徐松林 2012 岩石物理学基础 (合肥: 中国科学技术大学出版社)]

    [138]
    [139]

    Barton N 2013 Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 5 249

    [140]
    [141]

    Hoek E, Brown E T 1997 International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 34 1165

    [142]
    [143]

    Zhou Y S, He C R 2000 Seismology and Geology 22 167 (in Chinese) [周永胜, 何昌荣 2000 地震地质 22 167]

    [144]

    Song J, Zhou Y S 2013 Recent Developments in World Seismology 420 5 (in Chinese) [宋娟, 周永胜 2013 国际地震动态 420 5]

    [145]
    [146]

    Wintsch R P, Yeh M W 2013 Tectonophysics 587 46

    [147]
    [148]

    O'Kane A, Onasch C M, Farver J R 2007 Journal of Structural Geology 29 819

    [149]
    [150]
    [151]

    Odedra A, Ohnaka M, Mochizuki H, Sammonds P 2001 Geophysical Research Letters 28 3011

    [152]
    [153]

    Behr W M, Platt J P 2011 Earth and Planetary Science Letters 303 181

    [154]

    Handy M R 1994 Journal of Structural Geology 16 287

    [155]
    [156]

    Holyoke C W, Tullis J 2006 Journal of Structural Geology 28 621

    [157]
    [158]

    Wang Y B, Lesher C, Fiquet G et al 2011 Geosphere 7 40

    [159]
    [160]

    Rutter E H, Hackston A J, Yeatman E, Brodie K H, Mecklenburgh J, May S E 2013 Journal of Structural Geology 51 52

    [161]
    [162]

    Gerbi C 2012 Journal of Structural Geology 39 224

    [163]
    [164]

    Dabrowski M, Schmid D W, Podladchikov Y Y 2012 J. Geophysical Research 117 B08406

    [165]
    [166]

    Rosenberg C L, Handy M R 2005 J. Metamorphic Geol 23 19

    [167]
    [168]
    [169]

    Riecker R E, Towle L C 1967 J. Appl. Phys. 38 5189

    [170]

    Kinsland C L, Bassett W A 1977 J. Appl. Phys. 48 978

    [171]
    [172]

    Meade C, Jeanloz R 1990 Phys. Rev. B 42 2532

    [173]
    [174]

    Duffy T S, Hemley R J, Mao H K 1995 Phys. Rev. Lett 74 1371

    [175]
    [176]

    Towle L C, Riecker R E 1968 Applied Physics Letters 13 159

    [177]
    [178]

    Towle L C, Riecker R E 1968 J. Appl. Phys 39 4807

    [179]
    [180]

    Towle L C 1967 Appl. Phys. Lett. 10 317

    [181]
    [182]
    [183]

    Hirrh G, Tullis J 1992 Journal of Structural Geology 14 145

    [184]

    Green H W II, Jung H 2005 Elements 1 31

    [185]
    [186]

    Savage P E 1999 Chem. Rev. 99 603

    [187]
    [188]
    [189]

    Kritzer P 2004 J. Supercritical Fluids 29 1

    [190]

    Collettini C, Niemeijer A, Viti C, Marone C 2009 Nature 462 907

    [191]
    [192]

    Makse H A, Gland N, Johnson D L, Schwartz L 2004 Phys. Rev. E 70 061302

    [193]
    [194]
    [195]

    Zoback M D, Zoback M L, Mount V S et al. 1987 Science 238 1105

    [196]
    [197]

    Wibberley C A J, Kurz W, Imber J, Holdsworth R E, Collettini C (eds) 2008 The Internal Structure of Fault Zones: Implications for Mechanical and Fluid-Flow Properties Vol. 299 (London: Geology Society, Special Publications)

    [198]

    Carpenter B M, Marone C, Saffer D M 2011 Nature Geoscience 4 251

    [199]
    [200]

    Lockner D A, Morrow C, Moore D, Hickman S 2011 Nature 472 82

    [201]
    [202]
    [203]

    Mehta A 2007 Granular Physics p263 (London: Cambridge University Press)

    [204]
    [205]

    Agnolin I, Roux J N 2007 Physical Review E 76 061304

    [206]

    Marone C 1998 Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci 26 643

    [207]
    [208]
    [209]

    Wang K, Kinoshita M 2013 Science 342 1178

    [210]

    Iinuma T, Ohzono M, Ohta Y, Miura S 2011 Earth Planets Space 63 643

    [211]
    [212]
    [213]

    Zhang Y, Xu L S, Chen Y T 2009 Chin. J. Geophys. 52 379 (in Chinese) [张 勇, 许力生, 陈运泰2009 地球物理学报 52 379]

    [214]
    [215]

    Zhang P Z, Xu X W, Wen X Z, Ran Y K 2008 Chin. J. Geophys. 51 1066 (in Chinese) [张培震, 徐锡伟, 闻学泽, 冉勇康 2008 地球物理学报 51 1066]

    [216]

    Xu X W, Chen G H, Yu G H et al. 2010 Chin. J. Geophys. 53 2321 (in Chinese) [徐锡伟, 陈桂华, 于贵华等 2010 地球物理学报 53 2321]

    [217]
    [218]
    [219]

    Hirata T, Satoh T, Ito K 1987 Geophys. J. R. Astr. SOC. 90 369

    [220]

    Lockner D A, Byerlee J D, Kuksenko V, Ponomarev A, et al. 1991 Nature 350 39

    [221]
    [222]
    [223]

    Guarino A, Garcimartin A, Ciliberto S 1998 Eur. Phys. J. B 6 13

    [224]

    Moore D E, Lockner D A 1995 Journal of Strucrural Geology 17 95

    [225]
    [226]

    Frohlich C 1989 Annu. Rev. Earth Planet.Sci 17 227

    [227]
    [228]

    Green H W, Houston H 1995 Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci 23 169

    [229]
    [230]

    Zhang Y, Feng W P, Xu L S, Zhou C H, Chen Y T 2008 Science in China D: Earth Science 38 1186 (in Chinese) [张勇, 冯万鹏, 许力生, 周成虎, 陈运泰 2008 中国科学D辑: 地球科学 38 1186]

    [231]
    [232]

    Xu C J, Liu Y, Wen Y M 2009 Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica 38 195 (in Chinese) [许才军, 刘洋, 温扬茂 2009 测绘学报 38 195]

    [233]
    [234]

    Kanamori H 1994 Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 22 207

    [235]
    [236]

    Heaton T H, Tajima F, Mori A W 1986 Surveys in Geophysics 8 25

    [237]
    [238]
    [239]

    Wald D J and Heaton T H 1994 Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 84 668

    [240]
    [241]

    Jiang J X, Yin G H, Wang Z H, Wang X G, Tang X Y 2004 Chinese J. Rock Mechanics and Engineering 23 4072 (in Chinese) [蒋靖祥, 尹光华, 王在华, 王新刚, 唐小勇2004 岩石力学与工程学报 23 4072]

    [242]
    [243]

    The Monitoring and prediction department of China seismological bureau (issued) 2005 The Indonesian earthquake and its impact on the Chinese mainland area (Beijing: Seismic Press) (in Chinese) [中国地震局监测预报司2005编 2004 年印尼8.7级大地震及其对中国大陆地区的影响 (北京: 地震出版社)]

    [244]

    Hu J J, Xie L L 2011 Advances in Earth Science 26 39 (in Chinese) [胡进军, 谢礼立 2011 地球科学进展 26 39]

    [245]
    [246]

    Mogi K 1965 Bulletin of The Earthquake Research Institute 43 349

    [247]
  • [1]

    Chen Y T 2007 Seis. Geomag. Obser. Res. 28 1 (in Chinese) [陈运泰 2007 地震地磁观测与研究 28 1]

    [2]

    Shearer P M 2009 Introduction to Seismology (2nd Ed.) (New york: Cambridge University Press)

    [3]
    [4]

    Chen Z L 2004 Introduction to the Base of Seismological Method for Earthquake Prediction (Beijing: Seismic Press) (in Chinese) [陈章立2004浅论地震预报地震学方法基础 (北京: 地震出版社)]

    [5]
    [6]

    Zhang GM, Fu ZX, Gui XT 2001 Introduction to earthquake prediction (Beijing: Science Press) (in Chinese) [张国民, 傅征祥, 桂燮泰 2001 地震预报引论 (北京: 科学出版社)]

    [7]
    [8]
    [9]

    Kanamori H, Brodsky E E 2004 Rep. Prog. Phys. 67 1429

    [10]

    Hough S 2010 Predicting the UnpredictableThe Tumultuous Science of Earthquake Prediction (Princeton: Princeton University Press)

    [11]
    [12]
    [13]

    Chen Y T 2010 Heat flow Paradox, 10000 Problems in Science: Earth Science (Beijing: Science Press) (in Chinese) [陈运泰 2010 热流佯谬,10000个科学难题地球科学卷 (北京: 科学出版社)]

    [14]
    [15]

    Scholz C H 1996 Nature 381 556

    [16]

    Yan R Jiang C S, Shao Z G, Zhou L Q, Li YC 2011 Earthquake Research in China 27 14 (in Chinese) [晏锐, 蒋长胜, 邵志刚, 周龙泉, 李迎春 2011 中国地震 27 14]

    [17]
    [18]

    Brune J, Henyey T, Roy R 1969 J. Geophys. Res. 74 3821

    [19]
    [20]
    [21]

    Kano Y, Mori J, Fujio R, Ito H, Yanagidani T, Nakao S, Ma K F 2006 Geophysical Research Letters 33 L14306

    [22]
    [23]

    Fulton P M, Brodsky E E, Kano Y, et al. 2013 Science 342 1214

    [24]

    Byerlee J 1978 Pure and Applied Geophysics 116 615

    [25]
    [26]
    [27]

    Scott D R 1996 Nature 381 592

    [28]

    Melosh H J 1996 Nature 379 601

    [29]
    [30]
    [31]

    RosakisA J, Samudrala O, Coker D 1999 Science 284 1337

    [32]

    Frohlich C 1989 Annu. Rev. Earth Planet.Sci. 17 227

    [33]
    [34]
    [35]

    Green H W, Houston H 1995 Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 23 169

    [36]
    [37]

    Shoichi S 1968 Nagoya Daigaku Shinbun, June 13, No. 300 (in Japanese) [坂田昌一 1968 现代科学的哲学和方法论名古屋大学报, 第300期]

    [38]
    [39]

    Anderson P W 1972 Science 177 393

    [40]
    [41]

    Bak P 1996 How Nature Works (New York: Copernicus Press) [李炜, 蔡勖 译 2001 大自然如何工作 (武汉: 华中师范大学出版社)]

    [42]
    [43]

    Lu K Q, Hou M Y, Jiang Z H, Wang Q, Sun G, Liu J X 2012 Acta Physica Sinica 61 119103 (in Chinese) [陆坤权, 厚美瑛, 姜泽辉, 王强, 孙刚, 刘寄星 2012 物理学报 61 119103]

    [44]
    [45]

    von Krman T 1911 Zeitschrift des Vereines Deutscher Ingenieure 55 1749

    [46]

    Scholz C H 2002 The mechanism of earthquake and faulting (New york: Cambridge University Press) (2nd Ed.)

    [47]
    [48]

    Chen Y, Huang T F, Liu E R 2009 Rock Physics (University of Science Technology of China Press) (in Chinese) [陈颙, 黄庭芳, 刘恩儒 2009岩石物理学 (中国科学技术大学出版社)]

    [49]
    [50]

    Uchida T, Wang Y B, Rivers M L, Sutton S R 2004 Earth and Planetary Science Letters 226 117

    [51]
    [52]
    [53]

    Uchida T, Wang Y B, Uchida T, Irifune T, Rivers M L, Sutton S R 2005 Geophysical Research Letters 32 L04307

    [54]

    Bett K E, Cappi J B 1965 Nature 207 620

    [55]
    [56]

    Teng J W 1996 Introduction to solid geophysics (Beijing: Seismic Press) (in Chinese) [腾吉文 1996 固体地球物理学概论 (北京: 地震出版社)]

    [57]
    [58]

    Yang S D ed. 2001 An outline of earth sciences (2nd Ed.) (Hongzhou: Zhejiang University Press) (in Chinese) [杨树铎(主编). 2001 地球科学概论 (第2版) (杭州: 浙江大学出版社)]

    [59]
    [60]
    [61]

    Mogi K 2007 Experimental rock mechanics (London: Taylor Francis Group)

    [62]
    [63]

    Barnes H A 1999 J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech 81 133

    [64]

    Zhao K H 2008 Qualitative and Half-quantitative Physics (Beijing: High Education Publishing) (in Chinese) [赵凯华 2008 定性和半定量物理学(北京: 高教出版社)]

    [65]
    [66]

    Townend J, Zoback M D 2000 Geology 28 399

    [67]
    [68]

    Bridgman P W 1935 Phys. Rev. 48 825

    [69]
    [70]
    [71]

    Towle L C 1971 J. Appl. Phys. 42 2368

    [72]

    Riecker R E, Towle L C 1967 J. Appl. Phys. 38 5189

    [73]
    [74]
    [75]

    Kinsland C L, Bassett W A 1977 J. Appl. Phys. 48 978

    [76]
    [77]

    Duffy T S, Hemley R J, Mao H K 1995 Phys. Rev. Lett. 74 1371

    [78]
    [79]

    Meade C, Jeanloz R 1990 Phys. Rev. B 42 2532

    [80]

    Zhao K H, Luo W Y 2005 New Concept Physics-Mechanics (2nd Ed.) (Beijing: High Educaiton Publishing) (in Chinese) [赵凯华 罗蔚茵2005 新概念物理教程力学, 第二版 (北京: 高等教育出版社 2005)]

    [81]
    [82]

    Griggs D, Turner F J, Borg I, Sosoka J 1963 Bulletin of The Geological Society of America 64 1327

    [83]
    [84]
    [85]

    Liu A J, Nagel S R 1998 Nature 396 21

    [86]

    Biroli G 2007 Nature Phys. 3 222

    [87]
    [88]

    Liu A J, Nagel S R 2010 Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. 1 347

    [89]
    [90]
    [91]

    Keys A S, Abate A R, Glotzer S C, Durian D J 2007 Nature Physics 3 260

    [92]

    Olsson P, Teitel S 2007 Phys. Rev. Lett. 99 178001

    [93]
    [94]
    [95]

    Xu Z H 1997 Seismological and Geomagnetic Observation and Research 18 18 (in Chinese) [许忠淮1997地震地磁观测与研究 18 18]

    [96]
    [97]

    Kohlstedt D L, Evans B, Mackwell S J 1995 Journal of Geophysical Research 100 17587

    [98]
    [99]

    Zhu H C, Tao Z Y 1994 Acta Seismologica Sinica 16 49 (in Chinese) [朱焕春, 陶振宇 1994 地震学报 16 49]

    [100]
    [101]

    McGarr A, Gay N C 1978 Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci 6 405.

    [102]

    Brace W F, Kohlstedt D L 1980 Journal of Geophysical Research 85 6248

    [103]
    [104]

    Zoback M D 1992 Journal of Geophysical Research 97 5039

    [105]
    [106]

    Zoback M D, Apel R, Baumgartner J et al. 1993 Nature 365 633

    [107]
    [108]
    [109]

    Tsukahara H, Ikeda R, Omura K 1996 Tectonophysics 262 281.

    [110]

    Zoback M D, Harjes H P 1997 Journal of Geophysical Research 102 18477

    [111]
    [112]

    Zoback M D, Barton C A, Brudy M, et al 2003 International Journal of Rock Mechanics Mining Sciences 40 1049

    [113]
    [114]
    [115]

    Cornet F H, Berard Th, Bourouis S 2007 International Journal of Rock Mechanics Mining Sciences 44 47

    [116]

    Li Z H, Li S J, F X T, Zhou H, Chen B R, Zhang C Q 2011 Chiense J. Rock Mechanics and Engineering 30 2255 (in Chinese) [李占海, 李邵军, 冯夏庭, 周辉, 陈炳瑞, 张传庆 2011 岩石力学与工程学报 30 2255]

    [117]
    [118]

    ChryJ, Zoback M D, Hickman S 2004 Geophysical Research Letters 31 L15S13

    [119]
    [120]
    [121]

    Suppe J 2007 Geology 35 1127

    [122]
    [123]

    Weisskopf V F 1986 American Journal of Physics 54 110

    [124]
    [125]

    Hhne G W H, Dollhopf W, Blankenhorn K, Mayr P U 1996 Thermochimica Acta 273 17

    [126]

    Cao Q L, Wang P P, Huang D H, Li Q, Wang F H, Cai L C 2012 Journal of Chemical Engineering Data 58 64

    [127]
    [128]
    [129]

    Emmermann R, Lauterjung J 1997 Journal of Geophysical Research 102 18179

    [130]
    [131]

    Stipp M, Stunitz H, Heilbronner R, Schmid S M 2002 J. Structural Geology 24 1861

    [132]

    Ferrill D A, Morris A P, Evans M A, et al. 2004 Journal of Structural Geology 26 1521

    [133]
    [134]

    Wong T F, Baud P 2012 Journal of Structural Geology 44 25

    [135]
    [136]
    [137]

    Xi D Y, Xu S L 2012 Fundamentals of Rock Physics (Hefei: University of Science and Techonology Press) (in Chinese) [席道瑛, 徐松林 2012 岩石物理学基础 (合肥: 中国科学技术大学出版社)]

    [138]
    [139]

    Barton N 2013 Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 5 249

    [140]
    [141]

    Hoek E, Brown E T 1997 International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 34 1165

    [142]
    [143]

    Zhou Y S, He C R 2000 Seismology and Geology 22 167 (in Chinese) [周永胜, 何昌荣 2000 地震地质 22 167]

    [144]

    Song J, Zhou Y S 2013 Recent Developments in World Seismology 420 5 (in Chinese) [宋娟, 周永胜 2013 国际地震动态 420 5]

    [145]
    [146]

    Wintsch R P, Yeh M W 2013 Tectonophysics 587 46

    [147]
    [148]

    O'Kane A, Onasch C M, Farver J R 2007 Journal of Structural Geology 29 819

    [149]
    [150]
    [151]

    Odedra A, Ohnaka M, Mochizuki H, Sammonds P 2001 Geophysical Research Letters 28 3011

    [152]
    [153]

    Behr W M, Platt J P 2011 Earth and Planetary Science Letters 303 181

    [154]

    Handy M R 1994 Journal of Structural Geology 16 287

    [155]
    [156]

    Holyoke C W, Tullis J 2006 Journal of Structural Geology 28 621

    [157]
    [158]

    Wang Y B, Lesher C, Fiquet G et al 2011 Geosphere 7 40

    [159]
    [160]

    Rutter E H, Hackston A J, Yeatman E, Brodie K H, Mecklenburgh J, May S E 2013 Journal of Structural Geology 51 52

    [161]
    [162]

    Gerbi C 2012 Journal of Structural Geology 39 224

    [163]
    [164]

    Dabrowski M, Schmid D W, Podladchikov Y Y 2012 J. Geophysical Research 117 B08406

    [165]
    [166]

    Rosenberg C L, Handy M R 2005 J. Metamorphic Geol 23 19

    [167]
    [168]
    [169]

    Riecker R E, Towle L C 1967 J. Appl. Phys. 38 5189

    [170]

    Kinsland C L, Bassett W A 1977 J. Appl. Phys. 48 978

    [171]
    [172]

    Meade C, Jeanloz R 1990 Phys. Rev. B 42 2532

    [173]
    [174]

    Duffy T S, Hemley R J, Mao H K 1995 Phys. Rev. Lett 74 1371

    [175]
    [176]

    Towle L C, Riecker R E 1968 Applied Physics Letters 13 159

    [177]
    [178]

    Towle L C, Riecker R E 1968 J. Appl. Phys 39 4807

    [179]
    [180]

    Towle L C 1967 Appl. Phys. Lett. 10 317

    [181]
    [182]
    [183]

    Hirrh G, Tullis J 1992 Journal of Structural Geology 14 145

    [184]

    Green H W II, Jung H 2005 Elements 1 31

    [185]
    [186]

    Savage P E 1999 Chem. Rev. 99 603

    [187]
    [188]
    [189]

    Kritzer P 2004 J. Supercritical Fluids 29 1

    [190]

    Collettini C, Niemeijer A, Viti C, Marone C 2009 Nature 462 907

    [191]
    [192]

    Makse H A, Gland N, Johnson D L, Schwartz L 2004 Phys. Rev. E 70 061302

    [193]
    [194]
    [195]

    Zoback M D, Zoback M L, Mount V S et al. 1987 Science 238 1105

    [196]
    [197]

    Wibberley C A J, Kurz W, Imber J, Holdsworth R E, Collettini C (eds) 2008 The Internal Structure of Fault Zones: Implications for Mechanical and Fluid-Flow Properties Vol. 299 (London: Geology Society, Special Publications)

    [198]

    Carpenter B M, Marone C, Saffer D M 2011 Nature Geoscience 4 251

    [199]
    [200]

    Lockner D A, Morrow C, Moore D, Hickman S 2011 Nature 472 82

    [201]
    [202]
    [203]

    Mehta A 2007 Granular Physics p263 (London: Cambridge University Press)

    [204]
    [205]

    Agnolin I, Roux J N 2007 Physical Review E 76 061304

    [206]

    Marone C 1998 Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci 26 643

    [207]
    [208]
    [209]

    Wang K, Kinoshita M 2013 Science 342 1178

    [210]

    Iinuma T, Ohzono M, Ohta Y, Miura S 2011 Earth Planets Space 63 643

    [211]
    [212]
    [213]

    Zhang Y, Xu L S, Chen Y T 2009 Chin. J. Geophys. 52 379 (in Chinese) [张 勇, 许力生, 陈运泰2009 地球物理学报 52 379]

    [214]
    [215]

    Zhang P Z, Xu X W, Wen X Z, Ran Y K 2008 Chin. J. Geophys. 51 1066 (in Chinese) [张培震, 徐锡伟, 闻学泽, 冉勇康 2008 地球物理学报 51 1066]

    [216]

    Xu X W, Chen G H, Yu G H et al. 2010 Chin. J. Geophys. 53 2321 (in Chinese) [徐锡伟, 陈桂华, 于贵华等 2010 地球物理学报 53 2321]

    [217]
    [218]
    [219]

    Hirata T, Satoh T, Ito K 1987 Geophys. J. R. Astr. SOC. 90 369

    [220]

    Lockner D A, Byerlee J D, Kuksenko V, Ponomarev A, et al. 1991 Nature 350 39

    [221]
    [222]
    [223]

    Guarino A, Garcimartin A, Ciliberto S 1998 Eur. Phys. J. B 6 13

    [224]

    Moore D E, Lockner D A 1995 Journal of Strucrural Geology 17 95

    [225]
    [226]

    Frohlich C 1989 Annu. Rev. Earth Planet.Sci 17 227

    [227]
    [228]

    Green H W, Houston H 1995 Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci 23 169

    [229]
    [230]

    Zhang Y, Feng W P, Xu L S, Zhou C H, Chen Y T 2008 Science in China D: Earth Science 38 1186 (in Chinese) [张勇, 冯万鹏, 许力生, 周成虎, 陈运泰 2008 中国科学D辑: 地球科学 38 1186]

    [231]
    [232]

    Xu C J, Liu Y, Wen Y M 2009 Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica 38 195 (in Chinese) [许才军, 刘洋, 温扬茂 2009 测绘学报 38 195]

    [233]
    [234]

    Kanamori H 1994 Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 22 207

    [235]
    [236]

    Heaton T H, Tajima F, Mori A W 1986 Surveys in Geophysics 8 25

    [237]
    [238]
    [239]

    Wald D J and Heaton T H 1994 Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 84 668

    [240]
    [241]

    Jiang J X, Yin G H, Wang Z H, Wang X G, Tang X Y 2004 Chinese J. Rock Mechanics and Engineering 23 4072 (in Chinese) [蒋靖祥, 尹光华, 王在华, 王新刚, 唐小勇2004 岩石力学与工程学报 23 4072]

    [242]
    [243]

    The Monitoring and prediction department of China seismological bureau (issued) 2005 The Indonesian earthquake and its impact on the Chinese mainland area (Beijing: Seismic Press) (in Chinese) [中国地震局监测预报司2005编 2004 年印尼8.7级大地震及其对中国大陆地区的影响 (北京: 地震出版社)]

    [244]

    Hu J J, Xie L L 2011 Advances in Earth Science 26 39 (in Chinese) [胡进军, 谢礼立 2011 地球科学进展 26 39]

    [245]
    [246]

    Mogi K 1965 Bulletin of The Earthquake Research Institute 43 349

    [247]
  • [1] 李伟健, 周晓艳, 陆杭军. 无阀纳米泵中水流的反常堵塞. 物理学报, 2024, 0(0): 0-0. doi: 10.7498/aps.73.20240115
    [2] 段亚娟, 乔吉超. Pd基非晶合金动态弛豫机制和应力松弛行为. 物理学报, 2022, 71(8): 086101. doi: 10.7498/aps.71.20212025
    [3] 郭春祥, 焦志宏, 周效信, 李鹏程. 激光强度依赖的阈下谐波产生机制. 物理学报, 2020, 69(7): 074203. doi: 10.7498/aps.69.20191883
    [4] 刘晋, 缪波, 贾欣燕, 樊代和. 基于Hardy-type佯谬的混合态高概率量子非局域关联检验. 物理学报, 2019, 68(23): 230302. doi: 10.7498/aps.68.20191125
    [5] 麻礼东, 杨光辉, 张晟, 林平, 田园, 杨磊. 三维漏斗中颗粒物质堵塞问题的数值实验研究. 物理学报, 2018, 67(4): 044501. doi: 10.7498/aps.67.20171813
    [6] 冯雷, 蒋刚. 氖原子对2000 eV X射线激光透明的产生机制. 物理学报, 2017, 66(15): 153201. doi: 10.7498/aps.66.153201
    [7] 张威, 胡林, 张兴刚. 双分散颗粒体系在临界堵塞态的结构特征. 物理学报, 2016, 65(2): 024502. doi: 10.7498/aps.65.024502
    [8] 陆坤权, 厚美瑛, 姜泽辉, 王强, 孙刚, 刘寄星. 以颗粒物理原理认识地震地震成因、地震前兆和地震预测. 物理学报, 2012, 61(11): 119103. doi: 10.7498/aps.61.119103
    [9] 韩海英, 那仁满都拉, 双山. 具微结构地壳中非线性地震波的演化. 物理学报, 2012, 61(5): 059101. doi: 10.7498/aps.61.059101
    [10] 张国华, 孙其诚, 黄芳芳, 金峰. 摩擦颗粒体系各向同性压缩过程中的堵塞行为. 物理学报, 2011, 60(12): 124502. doi: 10.7498/aps.60.124502
    [11] 田静, 邱海波, 陈勇. 耦合哈密顿系统中测度同步发生机理的研究. 物理学报, 2010, 59(6): 3763-3768. doi: 10.7498/aps.59.3763
    [12] 何海伦, 刘永军, 莫军, 宋金宝. 二维水槽中岩石坠落激发表面波的生成机制. 物理学报, 2009, 58(10): 6743-6749. doi: 10.7498/aps.58.6743
    [13] 邓敏艺, 施 娟, 李华兵, 孔令江, 刘慕仁. 用晶格玻尔兹曼方法研究螺旋波的产生机制和演化行为. 物理学报, 2007, 56(4): 2012-2017. doi: 10.7498/aps.56.2012
    [14] 赵超樱, 谭维翰. 在非简并参量放大系统中EPR佯谬的最佳实现. 物理学报, 2006, 55(1): 19-23. doi: 10.7498/aps.55.19
    [15] 顾培夫, 郑臻荣, 赵永江, 刘 旭. TiO2和SiO2薄膜应力的产生机理及实验探索. 物理学报, 2006, 55(12): 6459-6463. doi: 10.7498/aps.55.6459
    [16] 贾亚青, 闫培光, 吕可诚, 张铁群, 朱晓农. 高非线性光子晶体光纤中飞秒脉冲的传输特性和超连续谱产生机制的实验研究及模拟分析. 物理学报, 2006, 55(4): 1809-1814. doi: 10.7498/aps.55.1809
    [17] 丁英涛, 何 枫, 姚朝晖, 沈孟育, 王学芳. 长微直管内气体低速流动的亚堵塞现象. 物理学报, 2004, 53(8): 2429-2433. doi: 10.7498/aps.53.2429
    [18] 杜英磊, 吴柏枚. ZrO2涂层热性质的弧光光热分析技术和有限差分热流模型研究. 物理学报, 1994, 43(11): 1821-1827. doi: 10.7498/aps.43.1821
    [19] 魏成连, 董玉兰, 高之纬. Si{111}晶面粒子堵塞坑的新现象. 物理学报, 1980, 29(9): 1222-1225. doi: 10.7498/aps.29.1222
    [20] 陈昌, 魏成连, 董玉兰, 刘世杰, 夏广昌, 范景云, 王启良, 高之纬. Si,GaAs和LiNbO3单晶的堵塞效应. 物理学报, 1979, 28(3): 324-333. doi: 10.7498/aps.28.324
计量
  • 文章访问数:  7049
  • PDF下载量:  928
  • 被引次数: 0
出版历程
  • 收稿日期:  2014-09-01
  • 修回日期:  2014-09-01
  • 刊出日期:  2014-11-05

/

返回文章
返回