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作为一种快速、低成本和非接触的测量手段, 光学散射测量在半导体制造业中的纳米结构三维形貌表征方面获得了广泛关注与运用. 光学散射测量是一种基于模型的测量方法, 在纳米结构待测参数的逆向提取过程中, 为降低参数之间的耦合性, 通常需要将结构的光学常数作为固定的已知量, 即假设结构的材料光学常数不受光学散射仪入射光照的影响. 事实上, 这一假设对于半导体制造业中的绝大多数材料是成立的, 但某些感光材料的光学常数有可能随着入射光的照射时间增加而发生改变, 而由此产生的误差会在一定程度上传递给待测形貌参数的逆向提取值. 本文针对聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯光刻胶薄膜培片和光栅结构分别开展了光学散射测量实验与仿真研究, 结果表明该光刻胶材料的光学常数随着入射光照时间增加而变化, 进而导致光栅结构形貌参数的提取结果较大地偏离于真实值, 不容被忽视. 这一研究发现将为更进一步提高光刻胶纳米结构三维形貌参数的测量精确度提供理论依据.
Optical scatterometry, as a fast, low-cost, and non-contact measurement instrument, is widely used in the profile characterization of nanostructure in the semiconductor manufacturing industry. In general, it involves two procedures, i.e. the forward optical modeling of sub-wavelength nanostructures and the reconstruction of structural profiles from the measured signatures. Here, the general term signature means the scattered light information from the diffractive grating structure, which can be in the form of reflectance, ellipsometric angles, Stokes vector elements, or Mueller matrix elements. The profile reconstruction process is an inverse problem with the objective of optimizing a set of floating profile parameters (e.g., critical dimension, sidewall angle, and height) whose theoretical signatures can best match the measured ones through regression analysis or library search. During solving the inverse problem, the refractive index and distinction coefficient of the material of nanostructure are assumed to be constants and they are generally fixed. This assumption is valid for most of the materials in semiconductor industry, but not for certain materials that are very photosensitive. That is, the optical constants of photosensitive materials may vary with the illumination time of the incident light beam in spectroscopic ellipsometer, and the error caused by the variation of optical constants propagates to the final extracted results of structural profiles, which should not be neglected, especially for high precision and accuracy metrology. Experiments performed on SiO2 and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) thin films are conducted and demonstrate that the extracted geometric parameters and optical constants of SiO2 film do not change with illumination time increasing, while the twenty groups of values of extracted refractive index n and distinction coefficient k of PMMA resist film vary obviously, and the difference between the extracted maximum and minimum film thickness has reached 40.5 nm, which to some extent illustrates that the above assumption is not valid for PMMA resist, so that the incident light beam of spectroscopic ellipsometer has a great influence on the extracted film thickness. Further, simulations based on a three-dimensional PMMA grating also indicate that the error of optical constant has considerably transferred to the extracted profile parameters. This finding is of significance for improving the accuracy of nanostructure characterization in optical scatterometry. -
Keywords:
- optical scatterometry /
- photoresist nanostructure /
- polymethyl methacrylate /
- optical constant
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图 1 (a) 线条光栅结构的几何形貌示意图; (b) RCWA建模的分层示意图
Fig. 1. (a) Geometry of the trapezoidal groove line grating; (b) layers division for inverse modeling based on RCWA.
图 2 双旋转补偿器型Mueller矩阵椭偏仪 (a)基本光路; (b)仪器
Fig. 2. Principle and instrument of the dual rotating-compensator Mueller matrix ellipsometer: (a) Principle; (b) instrument.
图 3 (a) SiO2薄膜样品; (b) 在SiO2表面旋涂PMMA光刻胶后的薄膜样品
Fig. 3. (a) The SiO2 sample; (b) the PMMA sample spinning coated on the surface of the SiO2 film.
图 4 拟合得到的20组SiO2膜厚d1及其表面粗糙度等效膜厚r1 (a) r1; (b) d1; (c) MSE
Fig. 4. Extracted results of the thicknesses of SiO2 film h1 and equivalent surface roughness r1: (a) r1; (b) d1; (c) MSE.
图 6 拟合得到的20组PMMA膜厚d2及其表面粗糙度等效膜厚r2 (a) r2; (b) d2; (c) MSE
Fig. 6. Extracted results of the thicknesses of PMMA film d2 and equivalent surface roughness r2: (a) r2; (b) d2; (c) MSE.
图 7 拟合得到的第1, 5, 10, 15和20组PMMA薄膜光学常数n2和k2的计算值 (a) n2; (b) k2
Fig. 7. Extracted results of the optical constants n2 and k2 of PMMA film calculated by Cauchy model: (a) n2; (b) k2
图 9 在入射角θ = 65°、方位角φ = 0°的入射条件下, PMMA光刻胶仿真光栅的模型计算Mueller矩阵光谱与“测量”光谱之间的拟合曲线
Fig. 9. Fitting results of the calculated and the “ellipsometer-measured” Mueller matrix elements at the incidence and azimuthal angles fixed at θ = 65° and φ = 0°.
表 1 对比PMMA仿真光栅3个待测形貌参数的拟合值与真实值
Table 1. Comparison of these three true dimensions and the extracted results of the simulated PMMA grating.
参数名称 真实值 拟合值 绝对误差 顶部线宽w1/nm 350.00 352.90 2.90 线高h/nm 387.42 387.90 0.50 底部线宽w2/nm 365.00 368.50 0.35 
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[1] Fang F Z, Zhang X D, Gao W, Guo Y B, Byrne G, Hansen H N 2017 CIRP Ann.- Manuf. Technol. 66 683
Google Scholar
[2] 刘宇宏, 雒建斌 2013 中国基础科学 15 3
Google Scholar
Liu Y H, Luo J B 2013 China Basic Sci. 15 3
Google Scholar
[3] Fujiwara H 2007 Spectroscopic Ellipsometry Principles and Applications (New York: John Wiley & Sons Inc) pp81–141
[4] Liu J M, Lin J B, Jiang H, Gu H G, Chen X G, Zhang C W, Liao G L, Liu S Y 2019 Phys. Scripta 94 085802
Google Scholar
[5] Sunkoju S, Schujman S, Dixit D, Diebold A, Li J, Collins R, Haldar P 2016 Thin Solid Films 606 113
Google Scholar
[6] Matthias W, Johannes E, Jürgen P, Max S, Alexander D, Bernd B 2017 Opt. Express 25 2460
Google Scholar
[7] 陈修国, 刘世元, 张传维, 吴懿平, 马智超, 孙堂友, 徐智谋 2014 物理学报 63 180701
Google Scholar
Chen X G, Liu S Y, Zhang C W, Wu Y P, Ma Z C, Sun T Y, Xu Z M 2014 Acta Phys. Sin. 63 180701
Google Scholar
[8] Huang H T, Kong W, Terry Jr F L 2001 Appl. Phys. Lett. 78 3983
Google Scholar
[9] 张铮, 徐智谋, 孙堂友, 何健, 徐海峰, 张学明, 刘世元 2013 物理学报 62 168102
Google Scholar
Zhang Z, Xu Z M, Sun T Y, He J, Xu H F, Zhang X M, Liu S Y 2013 Acta Phys.Sin 62 168102
Google Scholar
[10] Chen X, Zhang C, and Liu S 2013 Appl. Phys. Lett. 103 151605
Google Scholar
[11] Liu S, Chen X, and Zhang C 2015 Thin Solid Films 584 176
Google Scholar
[12] Moharam M G, Grann E B, Pommet D A 1995 J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 12 1068
Google Scholar
[13] Zhu J L, Liu S Y, Zhang C W, Chen X G, Dong Z Q 2013 J. Micro-Nanolith. Mem. 12 013004
[14] Ichikawa H 1998 J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 15 152
[15] Nakata Y, Koshiba M 1990 J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 7 1494
Google Scholar
[16] 傅克祥, 王植恒, 张大跃, 张靖, 张奇志 1999 中国科学(A辑) 29 356
Fu K X, Wang Z H, Zhang D Y, Zhang J, Zhang Q Z 1999 Sci. China Ser. A 29 356
[17] Moharam M G, Pommet D A, Grann E B, Gaylord T K 1995 J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 12 1077
Google Scholar
[18] Raymond C J, Littau M E, Chuprin A, Ward S 2004 Proceedings of SPIE Santa Clara, California, United States, May 24, 2004 p564
[19] Levenberg, K 1944 Quart. Appl. Math. 2 164
Google Scholar
[20] Hanke, M 1997 Inverse Probl. 13 79
Google Scholar
[21] Vagos P, Hu J, Liu Z, Rabello S 2009 Proc. SPIE 7272 72721N
Google Scholar
[22] Littau M, Forman D, Bruce J, Raymond C J, Hummel S G 2006 Proceedings of SPIE San Jose, California, United States, March 24, 2006 p615236
[23] Chen X, Liu S, Zhang C, Jiang H, Ma Z, Sun T, Xu Z 2014 Opt. Express 22 15165
Google Scholar
[24] Chen X, Liu S, Zhang C, Jiang H 2013 J. Micro-Nanolith. Mem. 12 033013
[25] Dong Z, Liu S, Chen X, Zhang C 2014 Thin Solid Films 562 16
Google Scholar
[26] Li Y G, Susumu S 2007 Microsyst. Technol. 13 227
[27] 李以贵, 颜平, 黄远, 杉山进 2016 红外与激光工程 45 0620001
Li Y G, Yan P, Huang Y, Susumu S 2016 Infrared Laser Eng. 45 0620001
[28] Li L 1996 J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 13 1870
Google Scholar
[29] Marquardt D 1963 J. Soc. Indust. Appl. Math. 11 431
[30] Collins R W, Koh J 1999 J.Opt. Soc. Am. A 16 1997
Google Scholar
[31] Shekar P V, Latha D M, Pisipati V G K M 2017 Opt. Mater. 64 564
Google Scholar
[32] Zhang Y H, Zhou X Q, Cao K, Chen X G, Deng Z, Liu S Y, Shan B, Chen R 2015 Thin Solid Films 593 144
Google Scholar
[33] Nidamanuri R R, Zbell B 2010 Prog. Phys. Geog. 34 47
Google Scholar
[34] Herzinger C M, Johs B, McGahan W A, Woollam J A, Paulson M 1998 J. Appl. Phys 83 3323
Google Scholar
[35] 韩建, 巴音贺希格, 李文昊, 孔鹏 2012 光学精密工程 20 2380
Google Scholar
Han J, Bayanheshig, Li W H, Kong P 2012 Opt. Precis. Eng. 20 2380
Google Scholar
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