PbTe基热电接头界面性能

王雅宁; 陈少平; 樊文浩; 郭敬云; 吴玉程; 王文先

doi:10.7498/aps.69.20201080

摘要

PbTe具有极高的热电转化效率, 本文以获得高质量、高转化效率的PbTe热电接头为目标. Pb的过量可以提高载流子浓度, 进而提高PbTe的热电性能, 复合电极能够改善界面势垒, 降低接触电阻. 传统方法通过抑制元素扩散降低接触电阻与提升剪切强度存在矛盾, 本文通过引入复合电极, 在电极材料与热电材料之间形成中间层, 抑制PbTe一侧Pb元素的扩散, 在降低接触电阻的同时提高了剪切强度. 通过调整PbTe的化学计量比, 得到样品Pb_50.01Te_49.99, 在Fe电极中混入Te和Pb, 将其与Pb_50.01Te_49.99一步热压烧结, 获得所需要的PbTe热电电极接头. 研究结果表明, 复合电极的接触电阻与纯Fe连接的相比, 接触电阻有近75%的降低, 为26.61 μΩ·cm², 更加接近文献报道的最低值10 μΩ·cm², 同时剪切强度相比于纯Fe电极也有较大幅度的提升, 这为获得性能优良的PbTe热电接头提供了新思路.

关键词:

热电材料 /
热电接头 /
热稳定性 /
PbTe

Abstract

The conversion efficiency of thermoelectric material PbTe is high. A high-quality and high-conversion-efficiency PbTe thermoelectric connector is investigated systematically. Excess Pb in composition can increase the carrier concentration and improve the thermoelectric performance of PbTe. The composite electrode can improve the interface barrier and reduce the contact resistance. Traditional processes of making contacts onto bulk crystalline PbTe-based materials do not work for reducing the contact resistance by inhibiting element diffusion and increasing the shear strength at the same time. In this study, we consider a composite electrode which can form an intermediate layer to suppress the diffusion of the Pb element on the PbTe side. This work not only reduces the contact resistance, but also increases the shear strength. The sample Pb_50.01Te_49.99is obtained by adjusting the stoichiometric ratio of PbTe; Te and Pb are mixed in the Fe electrode. The composite electrode and Pb_50.01Te_49.99 are hot-pressed and sintered in one step to obtain the required PbTe thermoelectric electrode joint. We find that the contact resistance of the composite electrode is reduced by nearly 75% compared with that of metallization layer (Fe) connection. The smallest value is 26.610 μΩ·cm² which is closer to the lowest 10 μΩ·cm² reported in the literature than the counterpart of pure Fe electrode, and the shear strength is also greatly improved simultaneously. This work provides a new idea for obtaining PbTe thermoelectric connectors with excellent performance.

Keywords:

作者及机构信息

1.
太原理工大学材料科学与工程学院, 太原　030024

2.
太原理工大学物理与光电工程学院, 太原　030024

通信作者: 陈少平, sxchenshaoping@163.com

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金(批准号: 51775366)、山西省自然科学基金(批准号: 201801D121017, 201901D111116)和山西省归国学者基金(批准号: 2017-050, 2017-028)资助的课题

Authors and contacts

1.
College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China

2.
College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China

Corresponding author: Chen Shao-Ping, sxchenshaoping@163.com

Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51775366), the Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi Province, China (Grant Nos. 201801D121017, 201901D111116), and the Shanxi Provincial Foundation for Returned Scholars (Main Program), China (Grant Nos. 2017-050, 2017-028)

文章全文 : translate this paragraph

参考文献

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施引文献

图 1 (a) 热电接头Fe/PbTe界面接触电阻测试示意图; (b) 热电接头PbTe/Fe抗剪强度测试示意图

Fig. 1. (a) Schematic diagram of thermoelectric joint Fe/PbTe interface contact resistance test; (b) schematic diagram of thermoelectric joint PbTe/Fe shear strength test.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 (a), (b), (c) PbTe, Pb_50.01Te_49.99, Pb_49.99Te_50.01以及文献[24]中本征PbTe的电阻率、Seebeck系数和功率因子随温度的变化

Fig. 2. (a), (b), (c) PbTe, Pb_50.01Te_49.99, Pb4_9.99Te_50.01 and literature intrinsic PbTe^[24] resistivity, Seebeck coefficient and power factor with temperature schematic diagram.

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图 3 (a) 1号样品 (Pb_50.01Te_49.99/Fe)EDS能谱分析图; (b), (c), (d) 样品2 (Pb_50.01Te_49.99/Fe_0.8Pb_0.15Te_0.05), 3 (Pb_50.01Te_49.99/Fe_0.7Pb_0.15Te_0.15), 4 (Pb_50.01Te_49.99/ Fe_0.6Pb_0.15Te_0.25)的扫描图片

Fig. 3. (a) EDS spectrum analysis of sample 1 (Pb_50.01Te_49.99/Fe); (b), (c), (d) scan pictures of sample 2 (Pb_50.01Te_49.99/Fe_0.8Pb_0.15Te_0.05), 3 (Pb_50.01Te_49.99/Fe_0.7Pb_0.15Te_0.15), 4 (Pb_50.01Te_49.99/Fe₀_.6Pb_0.15Te_0.25).

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 4 Te分别与Fe和Pb发生反应的吉布斯自由能对比

Fig. 4. Comparison of Gibbs free energy of Te reacting with Fe and Pb respectively.

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图 5 (PbTe)_0.5Fe_0.5和3号样品(Pb_50.01Te_49.99/Fe_0.7Pb_0.15Te_0.15)中间层材料XRD图

Fig. 5. (PbTe)_0.5Fe_0.5 and sample 3 (Pb_50.01Te_49.99/Fe_0.7Pb_0.15Te_0.15) XRD pattern of interlayer material.

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图 6 500 ℃ 保温10 d 后3号样品(Pb_50.01Te_49.99/Fe_0.7Pb_0.15Te_0.15)的扫描图

Fig. 6. Scanning diagram of sample 3 (Pb_50.01Te_49.99/Fe_0.7Pb_0.15Te_0.15) at 500 ℃ for 10 d.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 7 Fe电极与PbTe在接触前后的能带变化情况

Fig. 7. Energy band changes of Fe electrode and PbTe before and after contact.

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图 8 1 (Pb_50.01Te_49.99/Fe), 2 (Pb_50.01Te_49.99/Fe_0.8Pb_0.15Te_0.05), 3 (Pb_50.01Te_49.99/ Fe_0.7Pb_0.15Te_0.15), 4 (Pb_50.01Te_49.99/Fe_0.6Pb_0.15Te_0.25)号样品500 ℃, 保温10 d时前后接触电阻对比

Fig. 8. Samples 1 (Pb_50.01Te_49.99/Fe), 2 (Pb_50.01Te_49.99/Fe_0.8Pb_0.15Te_0.05), 3 (Pb_50.01Te_49.99/Fe_0.7Pb_0.15Te_0.15), 4 (Pb_50.01Te_49.99/Fe_0.6Pb_0.15Te_0.25) contact resistance before and after aging at 500 ℃, 10 d.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 9 (a) 2 (Pb_50.01Te_49.99/Fe_0.8Pb_0.15Te_0.05), 3 (Pb_50.01Te_49.99/Fe_0.7Pb_0.15Te_0.15), 4 (Pb_50.01Te_49.99/ Fe_0.6Pb_0.15Te_0.25)号热电接头的电极一侧XRD 图; (b) PbTe, Pb_50.01Te_49.99, Pb_50.04 Te_49.96, (PbTe)_0.5Fe_0.5的电阻率随温度的变化

Fig. 9. (a) XRD patterns of the electrode side of thermoelectric connectors 2 (Pb_50.01Te_49.99/Fe_0.8Pb_0.15Te_0.05), 3 (Pb_50.01Te_49.99/Fe_0.7Pb_0.15Te_0.15), 4 (Pb_50.01Te₄₉.₉₉/ Fe_0.6Pb_0.15Te_0.25); (b) variation of the resistivity of PbTe, Pb_50.01Te_49.99, (PbTe)_0.5Fe_0.5, Pb_50.04Te_49.96with temperature.

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图 10 Pb_50.01Te_49.99/Fe_0.7Pb_0.15Te_0.15连接界面处微观组织和元素面分布　(a) 微观组织; (b) Pb元素; (c) Te元素; (d) Fe元素

Fig. 10. Pb_50.01Te_49.99/Fe_0.7Pb_0.15Te_0.15 microstructure and element surface division at the connection interface: (a) Microstructure; (b) Pb element; (c) Te element; (d) Fe element.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 11 1 (Pb_50.01Te_49.99/Fe), 2 (Pb_50.01Te_49.99/Fe_0.8Pb_0.15Te_0.05), 3 (Pb_50.01Te_49.99/Fe_0.7Pb_0.15Te_0.15), 4 (Pb_50.01Te_49.99/Fe_0.6Pb_0.15Te_0.25)号样品10 d, 500 ℃时效前后剪切强度对比

Fig. 11. Shear strength comparison of samples 1 (Pb_50.01Te_49.99/Fe), 2 (Pb_50.01Te_49.99/Fe_0.8Pb_0.15Te_0.05), 3 (Pb_50.01Te_49.99/Fe_0.7Pb_0.15Te_0.15), 4 (Pb_50.01Te_49.99/ Fe_0.6Pb_0.15Te_0.25) before and after aging at 500 ℃ 10 d.

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表 1 图3(b)中I、II区域的EDS能谱分析

Table 1. EDS spectrum analysis of region I and region II in Fig. 3(b).

区域 Pb/at% Te/at% Fe/at%

I 48.97 51.03 0
II 0 3.25 96.75

下载: 导出CSV

[1]	He J, Tritt T M 2017 Science 357 6358 Google Scholar
[2]	Crane D, LaGrandeur J, Jovovic V, Ranalli M, Adldinger M, Poliquin E, Dean J, Kossakovski D, Mazar B, Maranville C 2012 J. Electron. Mater. 42 1582 Google Scholar
[3]	Xie Y, Wu S, Yang C 2016 Appl. Energy 164 620 Google Scholar
[4]	Shen J, Wang Z, Chu J, Bai S, Zhao X, Chen L, Zhu T 2019 ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 11 14182 Google Scholar
[5]	LaLonde A D, Pei Y, Wang H, Jeffrey S G 2011 Mater. Today 14 526 Google Scholar
[6]	Biswas K, He J, Blum I D, Wu C I, Hogan T P, Seidman D N, Dravid V P, Kanatzidis M G 2012 Nature 489 414 Google Scholar
[7]	Wu H J, Zhao L D, Zheng F S, Wu D, Pei Y L, Tong X, Kanatzidis M G, He J Q 2014 Nat. Commun. 5 4515 Google Scholar
[8]	Wu D, Zhao L D, Tong X, Li W, Wu L, Tan Q, Pei Y, Huang L, Li J F, Zhu Y, Kanatzidis M G, He J 2015 Energy Environ. Sci. 8 2056 Google Scholar
[9]	Wu Y, Pei J, Zhang R 2020 J. Alloys Compd. 830 154451 Google Scholar
[10]	Fu L, Yin M, Wu D, Li W, Feng D, Huang L, He J 2017 Energy Environ. Sci. 10 2030 Google Scholar
[11]	LaLonde A D, Pei Y, Snyder G J 2011 Energy Environ. Sci. 4 6 Google Scholar
[12]	Heremans J P, Thrush C M, Morelli D T 2005 J. Appl. Phys. 98 2229 Google Scholar
[13]	Xiao Y, Wu H, Li W, Yin M, Pei Y, Zhang Y, Fu L, Chen Y, Pennycook S J, Huang L, He J, Zhao L D 2017 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 139 18732 Google Scholar
[14]	Weinstein M, Mlavsky A I 1962 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 33 1119 Google Scholar
[15]	Li C C, Drymiotis F, Liao L L, Dai M J, Liu C K, Chen C L, Chen Y Y, Kao C R, Snyder G J 2015 Energy Convers. Manage. 98 134 Google Scholar
[16]	Hu X, Jood P, Ohta M, Kunii M, Nagase K, Nishiate H, Kanatzidis M G, Yamamoto A 2016 Energy Environ. Sci. 9 517 Google Scholar
[17]	Zhang, Q H, Qiu P F, Chen L D 2017 Energy Environ. Sci. 10 4 Google Scholar
[18]	Singh A, Bhattacharya S, Thinaharan C, Aswal D K, Gupta S K, Yakhmi J V, Bhanumurthy K 2009 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 42 015502 Google Scholar
[19]	Li C C, Drymiotis F, Liao L L, Hung H T, Ke J H, Liu C K, Kao C R, Snyder G J 2015 J. Mater. Chem. C 3 10590 Google Scholar
[20]	Ferreres X R, Aminorroaya Yamini S, Nancarrow M, Zhang C 2016 Mater. Des. 107 90 Google Scholar
[21]	Liu W, Jie Q, Kim H S, Ren Z 2015 Acta Mater. 87 357 Google Scholar
[22]	Oguni Y, Iida T, Matsumoto A, et al. 2007 Mrs Proceedings 09 1044 Google Scholar
[23]	Sakamoto T, Iida T, Honda Y, Tada M, Sekiguchi T, Nishio K, Kogo Y, Takanashi Y 2012 J. Electron. Mater. 41 1805 Google Scholar
[24]	邢媛, 李洪涛 2018 科技视界 8 1 Google Scholar Xing Y, Li H T 2018 IDA Pap. 8 1 Google Scholar
[25]	Schneider C, Schichtel P, Mogwitz B, Rohnke M, Janek J 2017 Solid State Ionics 303 119 Google Scholar
[26]	夏海洋 2015 博士学位论文 (北京: 清华大学) Xia H Y 2015 Ph. D. Dissertation (Beijing: Tsinghua University) (in Chinese)
[27]	Zou J, Wu F S, Wang B, Liu H 2010 Electronics Process Technology 31 1
[28]	Wu H F, Zhang H J, Lu Y H, Yan Y H, Li H Y, Bao S N, He P M 2014 Chin. Phys. B 23 127901 Google Scholar
[29]	Qin H, Guo B, Wang L, Zhang M, Xu B, Shi K, Pan T, Zhou L, Chen J, Qiu Y, Xi B, Sou I K, Yu D, Chen W Q, He H, Ye F, Mei J W, Wang G 2020 Nano Lett. 20 3160 Google Scholar
[30]	Skipetrov E P, Kruleveckaya O V, Skipetrova L A, Slynko E I, Slynko V E 2014 Appl. Phys. Lett. 105 022101 Google Scholar

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[19]	吕强, 荣剑英, 赵磊, 张红晨, 胡建民, 信江波. 热压工艺参数对n型和p型Bi2Te3基赝三元热电材料电学性能的影响. 物理学报, 2005, 54(7): 3321-3326. doi: 10.7498/aps.54.3321
[20]	马健新, 贾瑜, 梁二军, 王晓春, 王飞, 胡行. PbTe(001)表面原子几何结构和电子结构的第一性原理计算. 物理学报, 2003, 52(12): 3155-3161. doi: 10.7498/aps.52.3155

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PbTe基热电接头界面性能