转录机器: 绳上舞者

王耀来; 刘锋

doi:10.7498/aps.69.20201631

摘要

转录机器是响应细胞信号并启动基因转录的分子机器. 它控制着基因在恰当的时间以适当的速率表达, 演奏着生命之曲的底层旋律. 为了揭示转录机器的工作原理, 研究人员从其结构、动力学、信号转导等不同的维度进行探索. 研究进程在跌宕起伏中螺旋式上升, 各大研究领域趋于成熟却也趋于独立. 故此, 本文着眼全局, 扼要介绍真核生物转录机器在多领域的重要进展, 着重呈现看似大相径庭的新发现. 结构研究揭示了转录机器的基本架构, 核心争议在于媒介子(也称中介体复合物)的信号传递方式—“变构效应”抑或“招募导引”. 超级增强子的可能工作机制包括令人遐想的“液相分离”和“精确协作”. “转录钟”研究揭示了转录动力学的基本特征. 转录爆发现象的发现, 带来了转录调控机制的“调频”与“调幅”之争—前者得到了更多的支持. 此外, 本文也概述了转录研究的技术困难和理论模型, 提供了基于系综统计方法的研究策略, 并介绍了转录机器的理想模型. 转录机器在DNA上的运转方式源自进化的长河, 似乎是对物理学定律的完美运用与平衡.

关键词:

Abstract

Laws of physics govern all forms of matter movement. However, lives, which are composed of chemical elements which everyone is familiar with, are largely beyond physical description available. This is because the construction of life is not the same as that of general matters, rendering it unknown how physics laws are utilized. In this paper, we present our thinking on the transcriptional apparatus (TA). The TA is a huge molecular machine acting to sense regulatory signals and initiate transcripts at right time and with right rate. The operation of the TA is fundamental to almost all forms of lives. Although great progress has been made in recent years, one often has to face contradictory conclusions from different studies. Additionally, the studies of transcription are divided into several fields, and different fields are increasingly separate and independent. Focusing on eukaryotic transcription, in this review we briefly describe major advances in various fields and present new conflicting view points. Although the structural studies have revealed the main components and architecture of the TA, it is still unclear how the Mediator complex transmits signals from activators to the core transcriptional machinery at the promoter. It is believed that the Mediator functions to recruit RNA polymerase II onto the promoter and promote the entry into transcriptional elongation, which fails to explain how the signal transduction is achieved. On the other hand, the allostery effect of the Mediator allows for signal transmission but is not supported by structural study. It is reported that enhancers, especially supper enhancers, act to recruit activators via forming a so-called liquid drop and phase separation. By contrast, it is suggested that enhancers should cooperate delicately to orchestrate transcription. Results on the kinetics of protein-promoter interaction also contrast with each other, leading to a paradox called “transcriptional clock”. It is then concluded that proteins interact frequently and transiently with promoters and different proteins interact with the promoter at different stages of transcriptional progression. The phenomenon of transcriptional burst questions how the cellular signaling is achieved through such a noisy manner. While the burst frequency or size, or both are potentially modulated by transcriptional activators, more evidence supports the mode of frequency modulation. The technical difficulties in investigating the mechanism of transcription include 1) structural characterization of flexible and/or unstable proteins or protein complexes, 2) measurement of intermolecular kinetics, 3) tracking of single molecule movement, and 4) lack of methodology in theoretical research. We further propose a research strategy based on the ensemble statistical method, and introduce a model for how the TA dynamically operates. The model may act as a benchmark for further investigations. The operating mechanism of the TA should reflect an optimal use of physics laws as a result of long-term biological evolution.

Keywords:

作者及机构信息

王耀来¹,
刘锋²

1.
江南大学理学院, 无锡　214122

2.
南京大学物理系, 南京　210093

通信作者: 王耀来, yaolaiwang@jiangnan.edu.cn ; 刘锋, fliu@nju.edu.cn

作者简介:

王耀来, 江南大学理学院校聘副教授, 理学博士, 毕业于南京大学物理学院. 主要从事物理学、数学与生命科学的交叉课题研究与教学. 研究兴趣在于细胞与分子生物学的基础性问题, 目前主要研究转录机器的结构、功能、运转动力学及其信号转导机制. 论文发表在Biol. Rev., Nucleic Acids Res., Biology等期刊上

刘锋, 南京大学物理学院教授. 1998年于南京大学获得理学博士学位. 1999年至今一直在南京大学物理系(学院)工作. 从事理论生物物理的研究, 探究基因表达、细胞信号转导和认知行为的动力学及其调控机制, 当前主要研究基因转录爆发、p53信号转导网络、空间导航的神经环路机制等. 论文发表在Sci. Adv., PNAS, J. Neurosci.和Phys. Rev. Lett.等期刊上

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金(批准号: 11804123, 11831015, 11874209)资助的课题

Authors and contacts

Wang Yaolai¹,
Liu Feng²

1.
School of Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China

2.
Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China

Corresponding author: Wang Yaolai, yaolaiwang@jiangnan.edu.cn ; Liu Feng, fliu@nju.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11804123, 11831015, 11874209)

文章全文 : translate this paragraph

参考文献

[1]	Brivanlou A H, Darnell Jr J E 2002 Science 295 813 Google Scholar
[2]	Blake W J, Kaern M, Cantor C R, Collins J J 2003 Nature 422 633 Google Scholar
[3]	Gregor T, Tank D W, Wieschaus E F, Bialek W 2007 Cell 130 153 Google Scholar
[4]	Weake V M, Workman J L 2010 Nat. Rev. Genet. 11 426 Google Scholar
[5]	Fuda N J, Ardehali M B, Lis J T 2009 Nature 461 186 Google Scholar
[6]	Senecal A, Munsky B, Proux F, Ly N, Braye F E, Zimmer C, Mueller F, Darzacq X 2014 Cell Rep. 8 75 Google Scholar
[7]	Koonin E V 2015 Biol. Direct. 10 52 Google Scholar
[8]	Bussard A E 2005 EMBO Rep. 6 691 Google Scholar
[9]	Crick F 1970 Nature 227 561 Google Scholar
[10]	Crick F H 1958 Symp. Soc. Exp. Biol. 12 138
[11]	Hurwitz J 2005 J. Biol. Chem. 280 42477 Google Scholar
[12]	Young R A 1991 Annu. Rev. Biochem. 60 689 Google Scholar
[13]	Lis J T 2019 Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 26 777 Google Scholar
[14]	Krishnamurthy S, Hampsey M 2009 Curr. Biol. 19 R153 Google Scholar
[15]	Kornberg R D 2007 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104 12955 Google Scholar
[16]	Wang D, Bushnell D A, Westover K D, Kaplan C D, Kornberg R D 2006 Cell 127 941 Google Scholar
[17]	Westover K D, Bushnell D A, Kornberg R D 2004 Science 303 1014 Google Scholar
[18]	Hahn S 2004 Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 11 394 Google Scholar
[19]	Thomas M C, Chiang C M 2006 Crit. Rev. Biochem. Mol. Biol. 41 105 Google Scholar
[20]	Cramer P, Bushnell D A, Kornberg R D 2001 Science 292 1863 Google Scholar
[21]	Cramer P, Bushnell D A, Fu J, Gnatt A L, Maier-Davis B, Thompson N E, Burgess R R, Edwards A M, David P R, Kornberg R D 2000 Science 288 640 Google Scholar
[22]	Fu J, Gnatt A L, Bushnell D A, Jensen G J, Thompson N E, Burgess R R, David P R, Kornberg R D 1999 Cell 98 799 Google Scholar
[23]	Meredith G D, Chang W H, Li Y, Bushnell D A, Darst S A, Kornberg R D 1996 J. Mol. Biol. 258 413 Google Scholar
[24]	Murakami K, Tsai K L, Kalisman N, Bushnell D A, Asturias F J, Kornberg R D 2015 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 112 13543 Google Scholar
[25]	Fazal F M, Meng C A, Murakami K, Kornberg R D, Block S M 2015 Nature 525 274 Google Scholar
[26]	Schweikhard V, Meng C, Murakami K, Kaplan C D, Kornberg R D, Block S M 2014 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 111 6642 Google Scholar
[27]	Murakami K, Elmlund H, Kalisman N, Bushnell D A, Adams C M, Azubel M, Elmlund D, Levi-Kalisman Y, Liu X, Gibbons B J, Levitt M, Kornberg R D 2013 Science 342 1238724 Google Scholar
[28]	Liu X, Bushnell D A, Kornberg R D 2013 Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1829 2 Google Scholar
[29]	Liu X, Bushnell D A, Wang D, Calero G, Kornberg R D 2010 Science 327 206 Google Scholar
[30]	Kelleher R J, 3 rd, Flanagan P M, Kornberg R D 1990 Cell 61 1209 Google Scholar
[31]	Flanagan P M, Kelleher R J, 3 rd, Sayre M H, Tschochner H, Kornberg R D 1991 Nature 350 436 Google Scholar
[32]	Kim Y J, Bjorklund S, Li Y, Sayre M H, Kornberg R D 1994 Cell 77 599 Google Scholar
[33]	Kim T K, Shiekhattar R 2015 Cell 162 948 Google Scholar
[34]	Haberle V, Lenhard B 2016 Semin. Cell Dev. Biol. 57 11 Google Scholar
[35]	Robinson P J, Trnka M J, Bushnell D A, Davis R E, Mattei P J, Burlingame A L, Kornberg R D 2016 Cell 166 1411 Google Scholar
[36]	Robinson P J, Trnka M J, Pellarin R, Greenberg C H, Bushnell D A, Davis R, Burlingame A L, Sali A, Kornberg R D 2015 eLife 4 e08719 Google Scholar
[37]	Plaschka C, Lariviere L, Wenzeck L, Seizl M, Hemann M, Tegunov D, Petrotchenko E V, Borchers C H, Baumeister W, Herzog F, Villa E, Cramer P 2015 Nature 518 376 Google Scholar
[38]	Poss Z C, Ebmeier C C, Taatjes D J 2013 Crit. Rev. Biochem. Mol. Biol. 48 575 Google Scholar
[39]	Casamassimi A, Napoli C 2007 Biochimie 89 1439 Google Scholar
[40]	Takagi Y, Kornberg R D 2006 J. Biol. Chem. 281 80 Google Scholar
[41]	Kornberg R D 2005 Trends Biochem. Sci. 30 235 Google Scholar
[42]	Kornberg R D 2005 Trends Biochem. Sci. 30 221 Google Scholar
[43]	Guo Y E, Manteiga J C, Henninger J E, Sabari B R, Dall’Agnese A, Hannett N M, Spille J H, Afeyan L K, Zamudio A V, Shrinivas K, Abraham B J, Boija A, Decker T M, Rimel J K, Fant C B, Lee T I, Cisse I I, Sharp P A, Taatjes D J, Young R A 2019 Nature 572 543 Google Scholar
[44]	Wang Y, Liu F, Wang W 2012 Sci. Rep. 2 422 Google Scholar
[45]	Meyer K D, Lin S C, Bernecky C, Gao Y, Taatjes D J 2010 Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 17 753 Google Scholar
[46]	Natoli G, Saccani S, Bosisio D, Marazzi I 2005 Nat. Immunol. 6 439 Google Scholar
[47]	Levine M, Cattoglio C, Tjian R 2014 Cell 157 13 Google Scholar
[48]	Wang Y M, Austin R H, Cox E C 2006 Phys. Rev. Lett. 97 048302 Google Scholar
[49]	Elf J, Li G W, Xie X S 2007 Science 316 1191 Google Scholar
[50]	Whyte W A, Orlando D A, Hnisz D, Abraham B J, Lin C Y, Kagey M H, Rahl P B, Lee T I, Young R A 2013 Cell 153 307 Google Scholar
[51]	Spitz F, Furlong E E M 2012 Nat. Rev. Genet. 13 613 Google Scholar
[52]	Hahn S 2018 Cell 175 1723 Google Scholar
[53]	Boija A, Klein I A, Sabari B R, Dall’Agnese A, Coffey E L, Zamudio A V, Li C H, Shrinivas K, Manteiga J C, Hannett N M, Abraham B J, Afeyan L K, Guo Y E, Rimel J K, Fant C B, Schuijers J, Lee T I, Taatjes D J, Young R A 2018 Cell 175 1842 Google Scholar
[54]	Sabari B R, Dall’Agnese A, Boija A, Klein I A, Coffey E L, Shrinivas K, Abraham B J, Hannett N M, Zamudio A V, Manteiga J C, Li C H, Guo Y E, Day D S, Schuijers J, Vasile E, Malik S, Hnisz D, Lee T I, Cisse I I, Roeder R G, Sharp P A, Chakraborty A K, Young R A 2018 Science 361 eaar3958 Google Scholar
[55]	Rippe K 2000 Biochemistry 39 2131 Google Scholar
[56]	Atkinson M R, Pattaramanon N, Ninfa A J 2002 Mol. Microbiol. 46 1247 Google Scholar
[57]	Lilja A E, Jenssen J R, Kahn J D 2004 J. Mol. Biol. 342 467 Google Scholar
[58]	Huo Y X, Tian Z X, Rappas M, Wen J, Chen Y C, You C H, Zhang X, Buck M, Wang Y P, Kolb A 2006 Mol. Microbiol. 59 168 Google Scholar
[59]	Wang Y, Liu F, Wang W 2016 Nucleic Acids Res. 44 10530 Google Scholar
[60]	Elison G L, Xue Y, Song R, Acar M 2018 Cell Rep. 25 737 Google Scholar
[61]	Donovan B T, Huynh A, Ball D A, Patel H P, Poirier M G, Larson D R, Ferguson M L, Lenstra T L 2019 EMBO J. 38 e100809 Google Scholar
[62]	Karpova T S, Kim M J, Spriet C, Nalley K, Stasevich T J, Kherrouche Z, Heliot L, McNally J G 2008 Science 319 466 Google Scholar
[63]	Métivier R, Reid G, Gannon F 2006 EMBO Rep. 7 161 Google Scholar
[64]	Métivier R, Penot G, Hubner M R, Reid G, Brand H, Kos M, Gannon F 2003 Cell 115 751 Google Scholar
[65]	Kang Z, Pirskanen A, Janne O A, Palvimo J J 2002 J. Biol. Chem. 277 48366 Google Scholar
[66]	Liu Y, Xia X, Fondell J D, Yen P M 2006 Mol. Endocrinol. 20 483 Google Scholar
[67]	Shang Y, Hu X, DiRenzo J, Lazar M A, Brown M 2000 Cell 103 843 Google Scholar
[68]	Becker M, Baumann C, John S, Walker D A, Vigneron M, McNally J G, Hager G L 2002 EMBO Rep. 3 1188 Google Scholar
[69]	Darzacq X, Shav-Tal Y, de Turris V, Brody Y, Shenoy S M, Phair R D, Singer R H 2007 Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 14 796 Google Scholar
[70]	Johnson T A, Elbi C, Parekh B S, Hager G L, John S 2008 Mol. Biol. Cell 19 3308 Google Scholar
[71]	Catez F, Ueda T, Bustin M 2006 Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 13 305 Google Scholar
[72]	Bosisio D, Marazzi I, Agresti A, Shimizu N, Bianchi M E, Natoli G 2006 EMBO J. 25 798 Google Scholar
[73]	Reid G, Hubner M R, Métivier R, Brand H, Denger S, Manu D, Beaudouin J, Ellenberg J, Gannon F 2003 Mol. Cell 11 695 Google Scholar
[74]	Hager G L, McNally J G, Misteli T 2009 Mol. Cell 35 741 Google Scholar
[75]	Reid G, Gallais R, Métivier R 2009 Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 41 155 Google Scholar
[76]	Wang Y, Liu F, Li J, Wang W 2014 J. R. Soc. Interface 11 20140253 Google Scholar
[77]	Lemaire V, Lee C F, Lei J, Métivier R, Glass L 2006 Phys. Rev. Lett. 96 198102 Google Scholar
[78]	Krasnov A N, Mazina M Y, Nikolenko J V, Vorobyeva N E 2016 Cell Biosci. 6 15 Google Scholar
[79]	Gourse R L, Landick R 2012 Cell 148 635 Google Scholar
[80]	Lenstra T L, Rodriguez J, Chen H, Larson D R 2016 Annu. Rev. Biophys. 45 25 Google Scholar
[81]	Raj A, van Oudenaarden A 2008 Cell 135 216 Google Scholar
[82]	Hocine S, Raymond P, Zenklusen D, Chao J A, Singer R H 2013 Nat. Methods 10 119 Google Scholar
[83]	Lim F, Peabody D S 2002 Nucleic Acids Res. 30 4138 Google Scholar
[84]	Chubb J R, Trcek T, Shenoy S M, Singer R H 2006 Curr. Biol. 16 1018 Google Scholar
[85]	Bertrand E, Chartrand P, Schaefer M, Shenoy S M, Singer R H, Long R M 1998 Mol. Cell 2 437 Google Scholar
[86]	Tantale K, Mueller F, Kozulic-Pirher A, Lesne A, Victor J M, Robert M C, Capozi S, Chouaib R, Backer V, Mateos-Langerak J, Darzacq X, Zimmer C, Basyuk E, Bertrand E 2016 Nat. Commun. 7 12248 Google Scholar
[87]	Fukaya T, Lim B, Levine M 2016 Cell 166 358 Google Scholar
[88]	Corrigan A M, Tunnacliffe E, Cannon D, Chubb J R 2016 eLife 5 e13051 Google Scholar
[89]	Chong S, Chen C, Ge H, Xie X S 2014 Cell 158 314 Google Scholar
[90]	Suter D M, Molina N, Gatfield D, Schneider K, Schibler U, Naef F 2011 Science 332 472 Google Scholar
[91]	Tripathi T, Chowdhury D 2008 EPL 84 68004 Google Scholar
[92]	Golding I, Paulsson J, Zawilski S M, Cox E C 2005 Cell 123 1025 Google Scholar
[93]	Raj A, Peskin C S, Tranchina D, Vargas D Y, Tyagi S 2006 PLoS Biol. 4 e309 Google Scholar
[94]	Sanchez A, Golding I 2013 Science 342 1188 Google Scholar
[95]	Wang Y, Ni T, Wang W, Liu F 2019 Biol. Rev. 94 248 Google Scholar
[96]	Tunnacliffe E, Chubb J R 2020 Trends Genet. 36 288 Google Scholar
[97]	Yao J 2017 J. Mol. Biol. 429 14 Google Scholar
[98]	Nicolas D, Phillips N E, Naef F 2017 Mol. Biosyst. 13 1280 Google Scholar
[99]	Hnisz D, Shrinivas K, Young R A, Chakraborty A K, Sharp P A 2017 Cell 169 13 Google Scholar
[100]	Chubb J R 2017 Wiley Interdiscip. Rev.-Dev. Biol. 6 e284 Google Scholar
[101]	Bressloff P C 2017 J. Phys. A-Math. Theor. 50 133001 Google Scholar
[102]	Reinius B, Sandberg R 2015 Nat. Rev. Genet. 16 653 Google Scholar
[103]	Munsky B, Neuert G 2015 Phys. Biol. 12 045004 Google Scholar
[104]	Munsky B, Fox Z, Neuert G 2015 Methods 85 12 Google Scholar
[105]	Boeger H, Shelansky R, Patel H, Brown C R 2015 Genes 6 469 Google Scholar
[106]	Skupsky R, Burnett J C, Foley J E, Schaffer D V, Arkin A P 2010 PLoS Comput. Biol. 6 e1000952 Google Scholar
[107]	Dar R D, Razooky B S, Singh A, Trimeloni T V, McCollum J M, Cox C D, Simpson M L, Weinberger L S 2012 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 109 17454 Google Scholar
[108]	Molina N, Suter D M, Cannavo R, Zoller B, Gotic I, Naef F 2013 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 110 20563 Google Scholar
[109]	Corrigan A M, Chubb J R 2014 Curr. Biol. 24 205 Google Scholar
[110]	Giri R, Papadopoulos D K, Posadas D M, Potluri H K, Tomancak P, Mani M, Carthew R W 2020 eLife 9 e53638 Google Scholar
[111]	Lammers N C, Galstyan V, Reimer A, Medin S A, Wiggins C H, Garcia H G 2020 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 117 836 Google Scholar
[112]	Tian X, Huang B, Zhang X P, Lu M, Liu F, Onuchic J N, Wang W 2017 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 114 5337 Google Scholar
[113]	Ko M S 1992 Bioessays 14 341 Google Scholar
[114]	Sanchez A, Choubey S, Kondev J 2013 Methods 62 13 Google Scholar
[115]	Peccoud J, Ycart B 1995 Theor. Popul. 48 222 Google Scholar
[116]	Pedraza J M, Paulsson J 2008 Science 319 339 Google Scholar
[117]	Freeman B C, Yamamoto K R 2002 Science 296 2232 Google Scholar
[118]	Stavreva D A, Muller W G, Hager G L, Smith C L, McNally J G 2004 Mol. Cell. Biol. 24 2682 Google Scholar
[119]	Wang Y, Qi J, Shao J, Tang X Q 2020 Biology 9 339 Google Scholar

施引文献

图 1 转录机器的基本架构和信号转导

Fig. 1. Configuration and signaling of the transcriptional apparatus.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 媒介子工作原理的两大模型　(a) 相分离模型; (b) 变构模型

Fig. 2. Two models of how the Mediator complex operates: (a) The Mediator acts to nucleate the flexible CTDs of Pol IIs, with the efficiency of Pol II assembly elevated; (b) an enhancer-bound activator induces allostery in the Mediator, resulting in a facilitated circumstance for transcription initiation.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 3 增强子工作原理的两种模型　(a) 液滴模型; (b) 分工协作模型

Fig. 3. Two models of how the enhancers function: (a) In the phase separation model, enhancers recruit transcriptional activators that further recruit various coactivators and the transcriptional apparatus via low-affinity disordered regions; (b) every enhancer plays a unique role and different enhancers cooperate to orchestrate transcription regulation. Shown is an example of regulatory mode at the glnAp2 promoter.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 4 人pS 2基因启动子的“转录钟”

Fig. 4. Transcriptional clock of the human pS 2 promoter.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 5 转录爆发^[95]

Fig. 5. Transcriptional burst^[95].

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 6 转录机器的理想化模型^[44]

Fig. 6. Ideal model for how the transcriptional apparatus operates^[44].

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

[1]	Brivanlou A H, Darnell Jr J E 2002 Science 295 813 Google Scholar
[2]	Blake W J, Kaern M, Cantor C R, Collins J J 2003 Nature 422 633 Google Scholar
[3]	Gregor T, Tank D W, Wieschaus E F, Bialek W 2007 Cell 130 153 Google Scholar
[4]	Weake V M, Workman J L 2010 Nat. Rev. Genet. 11 426 Google Scholar
[5]	Fuda N J, Ardehali M B, Lis J T 2009 Nature 461 186 Google Scholar
[6]	Senecal A, Munsky B, Proux F, Ly N, Braye F E, Zimmer C, Mueller F, Darzacq X 2014 Cell Rep. 8 75 Google Scholar
[7]	Koonin E V 2015 Biol. Direct. 10 52 Google Scholar
[8]	Bussard A E 2005 EMBO Rep. 6 691 Google Scholar
[9]	Crick F 1970 Nature 227 561 Google Scholar
[10]	Crick F H 1958 Symp. Soc. Exp. Biol. 12 138
[11]	Hurwitz J 2005 J. Biol. Chem. 280 42477 Google Scholar
[12]	Young R A 1991 Annu. Rev. Biochem. 60 689 Google Scholar
[13]	Lis J T 2019 Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 26 777 Google Scholar
[14]	Krishnamurthy S, Hampsey M 2009 Curr. Biol. 19 R153 Google Scholar
[15]	Kornberg R D 2007 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104 12955 Google Scholar
[16]	Wang D, Bushnell D A, Westover K D, Kaplan C D, Kornberg R D 2006 Cell 127 941 Google Scholar
[17]	Westover K D, Bushnell D A, Kornberg R D 2004 Science 303 1014 Google Scholar
[18]	Hahn S 2004 Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 11 394 Google Scholar
[19]	Thomas M C, Chiang C M 2006 Crit. Rev. Biochem. Mol. Biol. 41 105 Google Scholar
[20]	Cramer P, Bushnell D A, Kornberg R D 2001 Science 292 1863 Google Scholar
[21]	Cramer P, Bushnell D A, Fu J, Gnatt A L, Maier-Davis B, Thompson N E, Burgess R R, Edwards A M, David P R, Kornberg R D 2000 Science 288 640 Google Scholar
[22]	Fu J, Gnatt A L, Bushnell D A, Jensen G J, Thompson N E, Burgess R R, David P R, Kornberg R D 1999 Cell 98 799 Google Scholar
[23]	Meredith G D, Chang W H, Li Y, Bushnell D A, Darst S A, Kornberg R D 1996 J. Mol. Biol. 258 413 Google Scholar
[24]	Murakami K, Tsai K L, Kalisman N, Bushnell D A, Asturias F J, Kornberg R D 2015 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 112 13543 Google Scholar
[25]	Fazal F M, Meng C A, Murakami K, Kornberg R D, Block S M 2015 Nature 525 274 Google Scholar
[26]	Schweikhard V, Meng C, Murakami K, Kaplan C D, Kornberg R D, Block S M 2014 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 111 6642 Google Scholar
[27]	Murakami K, Elmlund H, Kalisman N, Bushnell D A, Adams C M, Azubel M, Elmlund D, Levi-Kalisman Y, Liu X, Gibbons B J, Levitt M, Kornberg R D 2013 Science 342 1238724 Google Scholar
[28]	Liu X, Bushnell D A, Kornberg R D 2013 Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1829 2 Google Scholar
[29]	Liu X, Bushnell D A, Wang D, Calero G, Kornberg R D 2010 Science 327 206 Google Scholar
[30]	Kelleher R J, 3 rd, Flanagan P M, Kornberg R D 1990 Cell 61 1209 Google Scholar
[31]	Flanagan P M, Kelleher R J, 3 rd, Sayre M H, Tschochner H, Kornberg R D 1991 Nature 350 436 Google Scholar
[32]	Kim Y J, Bjorklund S, Li Y, Sayre M H, Kornberg R D 1994 Cell 77 599 Google Scholar
[33]	Kim T K, Shiekhattar R 2015 Cell 162 948 Google Scholar
[34]	Haberle V, Lenhard B 2016 Semin. Cell Dev. Biol. 57 11 Google Scholar
[35]	Robinson P J, Trnka M J, Bushnell D A, Davis R E, Mattei P J, Burlingame A L, Kornberg R D 2016 Cell 166 1411 Google Scholar
[36]	Robinson P J, Trnka M J, Pellarin R, Greenberg C H, Bushnell D A, Davis R, Burlingame A L, Sali A, Kornberg R D 2015 eLife 4 e08719 Google Scholar
[37]	Plaschka C, Lariviere L, Wenzeck L, Seizl M, Hemann M, Tegunov D, Petrotchenko E V, Borchers C H, Baumeister W, Herzog F, Villa E, Cramer P 2015 Nature 518 376 Google Scholar
[38]	Poss Z C, Ebmeier C C, Taatjes D J 2013 Crit. Rev. Biochem. Mol. Biol. 48 575 Google Scholar
[39]	Casamassimi A, Napoli C 2007 Biochimie 89 1439 Google Scholar
[40]	Takagi Y, Kornberg R D 2006 J. Biol. Chem. 281 80 Google Scholar
[41]	Kornberg R D 2005 Trends Biochem. Sci. 30 235 Google Scholar
[42]	Kornberg R D 2005 Trends Biochem. Sci. 30 221 Google Scholar
[43]	Guo Y E, Manteiga J C, Henninger J E, Sabari B R, Dall’Agnese A, Hannett N M, Spille J H, Afeyan L K, Zamudio A V, Shrinivas K, Abraham B J, Boija A, Decker T M, Rimel J K, Fant C B, Lee T I, Cisse I I, Sharp P A, Taatjes D J, Young R A 2019 Nature 572 543 Google Scholar
[44]	Wang Y, Liu F, Wang W 2012 Sci. Rep. 2 422 Google Scholar
[45]	Meyer K D, Lin S C, Bernecky C, Gao Y, Taatjes D J 2010 Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 17 753 Google Scholar
[46]	Natoli G, Saccani S, Bosisio D, Marazzi I 2005 Nat. Immunol. 6 439 Google Scholar
[47]	Levine M, Cattoglio C, Tjian R 2014 Cell 157 13 Google Scholar
[48]	Wang Y M, Austin R H, Cox E C 2006 Phys. Rev. Lett. 97 048302 Google Scholar
[49]	Elf J, Li G W, Xie X S 2007 Science 316 1191 Google Scholar
[50]	Whyte W A, Orlando D A, Hnisz D, Abraham B J, Lin C Y, Kagey M H, Rahl P B, Lee T I, Young R A 2013 Cell 153 307 Google Scholar
[51]	Spitz F, Furlong E E M 2012 Nat. Rev. Genet. 13 613 Google Scholar
[52]	Hahn S 2018 Cell 175 1723 Google Scholar
[53]	Boija A, Klein I A, Sabari B R, Dall’Agnese A, Coffey E L, Zamudio A V, Li C H, Shrinivas K, Manteiga J C, Hannett N M, Abraham B J, Afeyan L K, Guo Y E, Rimel J K, Fant C B, Schuijers J, Lee T I, Taatjes D J, Young R A 2018 Cell 175 1842 Google Scholar
[54]	Sabari B R, Dall’Agnese A, Boija A, Klein I A, Coffey E L, Shrinivas K, Abraham B J, Hannett N M, Zamudio A V, Manteiga J C, Li C H, Guo Y E, Day D S, Schuijers J, Vasile E, Malik S, Hnisz D, Lee T I, Cisse I I, Roeder R G, Sharp P A, Chakraborty A K, Young R A 2018 Science 361 eaar3958 Google Scholar
[55]	Rippe K 2000 Biochemistry 39 2131 Google Scholar
[56]	Atkinson M R, Pattaramanon N, Ninfa A J 2002 Mol. Microbiol. 46 1247 Google Scholar
[57]	Lilja A E, Jenssen J R, Kahn J D 2004 J. Mol. Biol. 342 467 Google Scholar
[58]	Huo Y X, Tian Z X, Rappas M, Wen J, Chen Y C, You C H, Zhang X, Buck M, Wang Y P, Kolb A 2006 Mol. Microbiol. 59 168 Google Scholar
[59]	Wang Y, Liu F, Wang W 2016 Nucleic Acids Res. 44 10530 Google Scholar
[60]	Elison G L, Xue Y, Song R, Acar M 2018 Cell Rep. 25 737 Google Scholar
[61]	Donovan B T, Huynh A, Ball D A, Patel H P, Poirier M G, Larson D R, Ferguson M L, Lenstra T L 2019 EMBO J. 38 e100809 Google Scholar
[62]	Karpova T S, Kim M J, Spriet C, Nalley K, Stasevich T J, Kherrouche Z, Heliot L, McNally J G 2008 Science 319 466 Google Scholar
[63]	Métivier R, Reid G, Gannon F 2006 EMBO Rep. 7 161 Google Scholar
[64]	Métivier R, Penot G, Hubner M R, Reid G, Brand H, Kos M, Gannon F 2003 Cell 115 751 Google Scholar
[65]	Kang Z, Pirskanen A, Janne O A, Palvimo J J 2002 J. Biol. Chem. 277 48366 Google Scholar
[66]	Liu Y, Xia X, Fondell J D, Yen P M 2006 Mol. Endocrinol. 20 483 Google Scholar
[67]	Shang Y, Hu X, DiRenzo J, Lazar M A, Brown M 2000 Cell 103 843 Google Scholar
[68]	Becker M, Baumann C, John S, Walker D A, Vigneron M, McNally J G, Hager G L 2002 EMBO Rep. 3 1188 Google Scholar
[69]	Darzacq X, Shav-Tal Y, de Turris V, Brody Y, Shenoy S M, Phair R D, Singer R H 2007 Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 14 796 Google Scholar
[70]	Johnson T A, Elbi C, Parekh B S, Hager G L, John S 2008 Mol. Biol. Cell 19 3308 Google Scholar
[71]	Catez F, Ueda T, Bustin M 2006 Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 13 305 Google Scholar
[72]	Bosisio D, Marazzi I, Agresti A, Shimizu N, Bianchi M E, Natoli G 2006 EMBO J. 25 798 Google Scholar
[73]	Reid G, Hubner M R, Métivier R, Brand H, Denger S, Manu D, Beaudouin J, Ellenberg J, Gannon F 2003 Mol. Cell 11 695 Google Scholar
[74]	Hager G L, McNally J G, Misteli T 2009 Mol. Cell 35 741 Google Scholar
[75]	Reid G, Gallais R, Métivier R 2009 Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 41 155 Google Scholar
[76]	Wang Y, Liu F, Li J, Wang W 2014 J. R. Soc. Interface 11 20140253 Google Scholar
[77]	Lemaire V, Lee C F, Lei J, Métivier R, Glass L 2006 Phys. Rev. Lett. 96 198102 Google Scholar
[78]	Krasnov A N, Mazina M Y, Nikolenko J V, Vorobyeva N E 2016 Cell Biosci. 6 15 Google Scholar
[79]	Gourse R L, Landick R 2012 Cell 148 635 Google Scholar
[80]	Lenstra T L, Rodriguez J, Chen H, Larson D R 2016 Annu. Rev. Biophys. 45 25 Google Scholar
[81]	Raj A, van Oudenaarden A 2008 Cell 135 216 Google Scholar
[82]	Hocine S, Raymond P, Zenklusen D, Chao J A, Singer R H 2013 Nat. Methods 10 119 Google Scholar
[83]	Lim F, Peabody D S 2002 Nucleic Acids Res. 30 4138 Google Scholar
[84]	Chubb J R, Trcek T, Shenoy S M, Singer R H 2006 Curr. Biol. 16 1018 Google Scholar
[85]	Bertrand E, Chartrand P, Schaefer M, Shenoy S M, Singer R H, Long R M 1998 Mol. Cell 2 437 Google Scholar
[86]	Tantale K, Mueller F, Kozulic-Pirher A, Lesne A, Victor J M, Robert M C, Capozi S, Chouaib R, Backer V, Mateos-Langerak J, Darzacq X, Zimmer C, Basyuk E, Bertrand E 2016 Nat. Commun. 7 12248 Google Scholar
[87]	Fukaya T, Lim B, Levine M 2016 Cell 166 358 Google Scholar
[88]	Corrigan A M, Tunnacliffe E, Cannon D, Chubb J R 2016 eLife 5 e13051 Google Scholar
[89]	Chong S, Chen C, Ge H, Xie X S 2014 Cell 158 314 Google Scholar
[90]	Suter D M, Molina N, Gatfield D, Schneider K, Schibler U, Naef F 2011 Science 332 472 Google Scholar
[91]	Tripathi T, Chowdhury D 2008 EPL 84 68004 Google Scholar
[92]	Golding I, Paulsson J, Zawilski S M, Cox E C 2005 Cell 123 1025 Google Scholar
[93]	Raj A, Peskin C S, Tranchina D, Vargas D Y, Tyagi S 2006 PLoS Biol. 4 e309 Google Scholar
[94]	Sanchez A, Golding I 2013 Science 342 1188 Google Scholar
[95]	Wang Y, Ni T, Wang W, Liu F 2019 Biol. Rev. 94 248 Google Scholar
[96]	Tunnacliffe E, Chubb J R 2020 Trends Genet. 36 288 Google Scholar
[97]	Yao J 2017 J. Mol. Biol. 429 14 Google Scholar
[98]	Nicolas D, Phillips N E, Naef F 2017 Mol. Biosyst. 13 1280 Google Scholar
[99]	Hnisz D, Shrinivas K, Young R A, Chakraborty A K, Sharp P A 2017 Cell 169 13 Google Scholar
[100]	Chubb J R 2017 Wiley Interdiscip. Rev.-Dev. Biol. 6 e284 Google Scholar
[101]	Bressloff P C 2017 J. Phys. A-Math. Theor. 50 133001 Google Scholar
[102]	Reinius B, Sandberg R 2015 Nat. Rev. Genet. 16 653 Google Scholar
[103]	Munsky B, Neuert G 2015 Phys. Biol. 12 045004 Google Scholar
[104]	Munsky B, Fox Z, Neuert G 2015 Methods 85 12 Google Scholar
[105]	Boeger H, Shelansky R, Patel H, Brown C R 2015 Genes 6 469 Google Scholar
[106]	Skupsky R, Burnett J C, Foley J E, Schaffer D V, Arkin A P 2010 PLoS Comput. Biol. 6 e1000952 Google Scholar
[107]	Dar R D, Razooky B S, Singh A, Trimeloni T V, McCollum J M, Cox C D, Simpson M L, Weinberger L S 2012 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 109 17454 Google Scholar
[108]	Molina N, Suter D M, Cannavo R, Zoller B, Gotic I, Naef F 2013 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 110 20563 Google Scholar
[109]	Corrigan A M, Chubb J R 2014 Curr. Biol. 24 205 Google Scholar
[110]	Giri R, Papadopoulos D K, Posadas D M, Potluri H K, Tomancak P, Mani M, Carthew R W 2020 eLife 9 e53638 Google Scholar
[111]	Lammers N C, Galstyan V, Reimer A, Medin S A, Wiggins C H, Garcia H G 2020 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 117 836 Google Scholar
[112]	Tian X, Huang B, Zhang X P, Lu M, Liu F, Onuchic J N, Wang W 2017 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 114 5337 Google Scholar
[113]	Ko M S 1992 Bioessays 14 341 Google Scholar
[114]	Sanchez A, Choubey S, Kondev J 2013 Methods 62 13 Google Scholar
[115]	Peccoud J, Ycart B 1995 Theor. Popul. 48 222 Google Scholar
[116]	Pedraza J M, Paulsson J 2008 Science 319 339 Google Scholar
[117]	Freeman B C, Yamamoto K R 2002 Science 296 2232 Google Scholar
[118]	Stavreva D A, Muller W G, Hager G L, Smith C L, McNally J G 2004 Mol. Cell. Biol. 24 2682 Google Scholar
[119]	Wang Y, Qi J, Shao J, Tang X Q 2020 Biology 9 339 Google Scholar

[1]	李多多, 张嵩. 五氟吡啶激发态非绝热弛豫过程中的分子结构. 物理学报, 2024, 73(4): 043101. doi: 10.7498/aps.73.20231570
[2]	陈红梅, 李世伟, 李凯靖, 张智勇, 陈浩, 王婷婷. 向列相液晶分子结构与黏度关系研究及BPNN-QSAR模型建立. 物理学报, 2024, 73(6): 066101. doi: 10.7498/aps.73.20231763
[3]	郝丹辉, 孔凡杰, 蒋刚. PuNO分子结构与势能函数. 物理学报, 2015, 64(15): 153103. doi: 10.7498/aps.64.153103
[4]	焦尚彬, 任超, 黄伟超, 梁炎明. 稳定噪声环境下多频微弱信号检测的参数诱导随机共振现象. 物理学报, 2013, 62(21): 210501. doi: 10.7498/aps.62.210501
[5]	彭皓, 钟苏川, 屠浙, 马洪. 线性调频信号激励过阻尼双稳系统的随机共振现象研究. 物理学报, 2013, 62(8): 080501. doi: 10.7498/aps.62.080501
[6]	黄多辉, 王藩侯, 万明杰, 蒋刚. 外场下SnS分子结构及其特性. 物理学报, 2013, 62(1): 013104. doi: 10.7498/aps.62.013104
[7]	许永强, 彭伟成, 武华. YH,YD,YT分子基态的结构与势能函数. 物理学报, 2012, 61(4): 043105. doi: 10.7498/aps.61.043105
[8]	张茂平, 钟伟荣, 艾保全. 非对称双链分子结构的热整流效应. 物理学报, 2011, 60(6): 060511. doi: 10.7498/aps.60.060511
[9]	陈军, 蒙大桥, 杜际广, 蒋刚, 高涛, 朱正和. 钚氧化物的分子结构和分子光谱研究. 物理学报, 2010, 59(3): 1658-1664. doi: 10.7498/aps.59.1658
[10]	韩晓琴, 蒋利娟, 刘玉芳. MgB和MgB2(1A1)的结构与解析势能函数. 物理学报, 2010, 59(7): 4542-4546. doi: 10.7498/aps.59.4542
[11]	郑雨军, 张兆玉, 张西忠. 单分子体系动力学的高阶累积量相似性. 物理学报, 2009, 58(12): 8194-8198. doi: 10.7498/aps.58.8194
[12]	杨则金, 高清河, 郭云东, 程新路, 朱正和, 杨向东. SiOH和HSiO分子的结构与势能函数. 物理学报, 2008, 57(3): 1587-1591. doi: 10.7498/aps.57.1587
[13]	杨则金, 高清河, 郭云东, 程新路, 朱正和, 杨向东. AlOH(CS，X1A′)分子的结构与势能函数. 物理学报, 2008, 57(3): 1582-1586. doi: 10.7498/aps.57.1582
[14]	孔凡杰, 杜际广, 蒋刚. PdCO分子结构与势能函数. 物理学报, 2008, 57(1): 149-154. doi: 10.7498/aps.57.149
[15]	杨则金, 高清河, 郭云东, 程新路, 朱正和, 杨向东. LiO2(C2V，X2A2)分子的结构与势能函数. 物理学报, 2007, 56(10): 5723-5726. doi: 10.7498/aps.56.5723
[16]	徐梅, 汪荣凯, 令狐荣锋, 杨向东. BeH，BeD，BeT分子基态(X2Σ+)的结构与势能函数. 物理学报, 2007, 56(2): 769-773. doi: 10.7498/aps.56.769
[17]	阎世英. BH2的分子结构和势能函数. 物理学报, 2006, 55(7): 3408-3412. doi: 10.7498/aps.55.3408
[18]	熊必涛, 蒙大桥, 薛卫东, 朱正和, 蒋刚, 王红艳. 铀与水蒸气体系的热力学性质计算. 物理学报, 2003, 52(7): 1617-1623. doi: 10.7498/aps.52.1617
[19]	薛卫东, 王红艳, 朱正和, 张广丰, 邹乐西, 陈长安, 孙颖. CUO分子结构与势能函数. 物理学报, 2002, 51(11): 2480-2484. doi: 10.7498/aps.51.2480
[20]	罗德礼, 孙颖, 刘晓亚, 蒋刚, 蒙大桥, 朱正和. UH和UH2分子的结构与势能函数. 物理学报, 2001, 50(10): 1896-1901. doi: 10.7498/aps.50.1896

计量

文章访问数: 6460
PDF下载量: 181
被引次数: 0

姓名
邮箱
手机号码
标题
留言内容
验证码

搜索

留言板

转录机器: 绳上舞者