超导量子干涉器件

郑东宁

doi:10.7498/aps.70.20202131

摘要

超导现象是一种宏观量子现象. 磁通量子化和约瑟夫森效应是两个最能体现这种宏观量子特性的物理现象. 超导量子干涉器件(superconducting quantum interference device, SQUID)是利用这两个特性而形成的超导器件. SQUID器件在磁信号灵敏探测方面具有广泛的应用. 本文简要介绍低温超导和高温超导SQUID器件的相关背景和发展现状以及应用领域.

关键词:

Superconductivity is a macroscopic quantum phenomenon. Flux quantization and the Josephson effect are two physical phenomena which can best reflect the macroscopic quantum properties. Superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) is one type of superconducting devices which uses these two characteristics. SQUID devices are widely used in the sensitive detection of magnetic signals. This paper briefly introduces the background and recent developments of low temperature superconductor and high temperature superconductor SQUID devices.

Keywords:

superconducting devices /
Josephson effect /
superconducting quantum interference device

作者及机构信息

郑东宁^1,2,3

1.
中国科学院物理研究所, 北京凝聚态物理国家研究中心, 北京　100190

2.
中国科学院大学, 物理科学学院, 北京　100049

3.
松山湖材料实验室, 东莞　523808

通信作者: 郑东宁, dzheng@iphy.ac.cn

基金项目: 国家重点基础研究发展计划(批准号: 2016YFA0300600, 2017YFA0304300)和中国科学院战略性科技先导专项(批准号: XDB28000000)资助的课题

Authors and contacts

Zheng Dong-Ning^1,2,3

1.
Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China

2.
School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

3.
Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan 523808, China

Corresponding author: Zheng Dong-Ning, dzheng@iphy.ac.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant Nos. 2016YFA0300600, 2017YFA0304300) and the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China (Grant No. XDB28000000)

文章全文 : translate this paragraph

参考文献

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施引文献

图 1 DC-SQUID示意图^[7]

Fig. 1. Schematic drawing of the DC-SQUID configuration^[7].

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 不同屏蔽参数β_L对应的磁通对DC-SQUID器件临界电流调制的情况^[7]

Fig. 2. Critical current of the DC-SQUID vs. applied flux for 3 values of the screening parameter β_L. Junction parameters are assumed to be identical^[7].

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图 3 DC-SQUID　(a)等效电路示意图; (b)磁通分别为整数个和半整数个Φ₀时的I-V曲线; (c)电压-磁通曲线^[7]

Fig. 3. The DC-SQUID: (a) Schematic electric circuit; (b) current-voltage characteristics at integer and half-integer values of applied flux; the operation point is set by the bias current I_b; (c) voltage vs. flux Φ_a/Φ₀ for constant bias current^[7].

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图 4 DC-SQUID的直接读出FLL读出电路(左)和磁通调制的FFL读出电路(右)^[17]

Fig. 4. DC-SQUID readout FLL circuit. Basic FLL circuit with direct readout (left) and with flux modulation (right)^[17].

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图 5 RF-SQUID和用于读出的谐振电路以及前置放大器的等效电路示意图^[7]

Fig. 5. Schematic representation of the RF-SQUID, with tank circuit and preamplifier^[7].

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图 6 几种常见的高温超导约瑟夫森结　(a)双晶结; (b)台阶结; (c)台阶SNS结; (d)斜边结^[22]

Fig. 6. Schematic drawing of four types of HTS Josephson junctions used in SQUIDs: (a)^[21]

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图 7 MgO衬底上45°台阶上生长的YBCO薄膜的扫描电镜(SEM)图像(左图)和高分辨透射电镜HRTEM图像(中图). 右图: 一个16 mm大小、采用台阶结的高温超导DC-SQUID磁强计在超导屏蔽环境下测量的噪声谱^[20]

Fig. 7. SEM image (left) and HRTEM image (middle) of an YBCO film deposited on a double-layer-buffered 45° step on an MgO substrate. A 45° [100]-tilted GB is clearly shown. Right: Noise spectral density of a 16 mm high-Tc DC-SQUID magnetometer with step-edge junctions measured in a superconducting shield^[20].

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图 8 (a)一个方形线圈DC-SQUID器件的显微镜照片, 上有15圈输入线圈(即磁通变换器); (b) 狭缝左侧末端的放大图. 从图中可以看见结区和并联电阻^[7]

Fig. 8. (a) Square-washer DC-SQUID with overlaid 15-turn input coil; (b) expanded view of the left-hand end of the slit showing the junction on each side of the slit, and the resistive shunts^[7].

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图 9 左图: 利用MEG信号进行双稳视觉感知研究. 右图: 一个SQUID脑磁测量系统^[11]

Fig. 9. Left: MEG study of bistable visual perception using a frequency-tagged stimulus; Right:A SQUID MEG system^[11].

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图 10 (a) 在MEG-MRI集成实验系统上测量的以及(b)同样刺激在最先进的MEG系统上得到的视觉诱发反应产生的等效偶极和磁场分布; (c)用另一个MEG-MRI集成实验系统在96 μT磁场下得到的超低磁场MRI切片图和记录的听觉反应脑磁信号对应的偶极子; (d)常规3 T磁场下同一个样本的切片图^[11]

Fig. 10. Equivalent dipoles and field patterns of the visually evoked responses using (a) the MEG–MRI system and (b) state-of-the-art MEG with the same stimulus protocol. MRI slices (c) at 96 μT, with the registered equivalent dipole of the auditory response overlaid, and (d) from an uncoregistered 3 T image acquired separately from the same subject^[11].

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图 11 超导瞬变电磁探矿系统(左图), 与野外探测结果(右图)

Fig. 11. SQUID TEM system (left) and field detection results (right).

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图 12 左图: 针尖Nano-SQUID探测Pb薄膜的磁通的示意图; 右图: 测量的Pb薄膜中静态和运动状态磁通线的图像^[60]

Fig. 12. Left: Pb thin film sample and the experimental set-up; Right: Magnetic imaging of stationary and fast moving vortices in Pb film at 4.2 K^[60].

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