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Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) precursor thin films were prepared on a flexible Mo foil substrate via ZnS/Cu2SnSx stacked structure using successive ionic layer absorption and reaction (SILAR) method; the precursor thin films were annealed at 550 ℃ in sulfur atmosphere to obtain CZTS absorber layers. The chemical composition,crystallinity and surface morphology were characterized by EDS, XRD, Raman and SEM, respectively, indicating that the annealed films are highly crystallin and have compact morphology. In order to analyse the optical and electrical properties of the films, same processes were implemented on the soda glasses. Results reveal that the band gaps of the annealed films are 1.49 eV, the absorption coefficients are higher than 104 cm-1, and the carrier concentration as well as the electrical resistivity is suitable for fabrication of thin film solar cells. Flexible solar cells with a structure of Mo foil/CZTS/CdS/i-ZnO/ZnO: Al/Ag were fabricated by the above CZTS absorber layers, which demonstrated an efficiency of, 2.42%, the record efficiency of flexible CZTS solar cells as far as we know.
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Keywords:
- fexible thin film solar cells /
- Cu2ZnSnS4 /
- successive ionic layer absorption and reaction /
- sulfurizing heat treatment
[1] Zhang L, He Q, Xu C M, Xue Y M, Li C J Sun Y 2008 Chin. Phys. B 17 3138
[2] Xu C M, Sun Y, Li F Y, Zhang L, Xue Y M, He Q, Liu H T 2007 Chin. Phys. 16 788
[3] Li W, Sun Y, Liu W, Li F Y Zhou L 2006 Chin. Phys. 15 878
[4] Chiril A, Buecheler S, Pianezzi F, Bloesch P, Gretener C, Uhl A R, Fella C, Kranz L, Perrenoud J, Seyrling S, Verma R, Nishiwaki S, Romanyuk Y E, Bilger G, Tiwari A N 2011 Nat. Mater 10 857
[5] Tao C S, Jiang J, Tao M 2011 Sol. Energ. Mat. Sol. C 95 3176
[6] Phipps G, Mikolajczak C, Guckes T 2008 Renewable Energy Focus 9 56
[7] Shin B, Gunawan O, Zhu Y, Bojarczuk N A, Chey S J, Guha S 2013 Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications 21 72
[8] Todorov T K, Tang J, Bag S, Gunawan O, Gokmen T, Zhu Y, Mitzi D B 2013 Adv Energy Mater 3 34
[9] Zhou Z, Wang Y, Xu D, Zhang Y 2010 Sol. Energ. Mat. Sol. C 94 2042
[10] Tian Q, Xu X, Han L, Tang M, Zou R, Chen Z, Yu M, Yang J, Hu J 2012 Cryst. Eng. Comm. 14 3847
[11] Katagiri H, Jimbo K, Yamada S, Kamimura T, Maw W S, Fukano T, Ito T, Motohiro T 2008 Appl. Phys. Express 1 041201
[12] Chawla V, Clemens B 2012 38th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC) Twxas, USA, June 3–8, 2012 p002990
[13] Zhang K, Liu F Y, Lai Y Q, Li Y, Yan C, Zhang Z A, Li J, Liu Y X 2011 Acta Phys. Sin. 60 790 (in Chinese) [张坤, 刘芳洋, 赖延清, 李轶, 颜畅, 张治安, 李劼, 刘业翔 2011 物理学报 60 790]
[14] Xie D T, Zhao K, Wang L F, Zhu F, Quan S W, Meng T J, Zhang B C, Chen J E 2002 Acta Phys. Sin. 51 1377 (in Chinese) [谢大弢, 赵夔, 王莉芳, 朱凤, 全胜文, 孟铁军, 张保澄, 陈佳洱2002 物理学报 51 1377]
[15] Kishore Kumar Y B, Suresh Babu G, Uday Bhaskar P, Sundara Raja V 2009 Sol Energ. Mat. Sol. C 93 1230
[16] Guo Q, Ford G M, Yang W C, Walker B C, Stach E A, Hillhouse H W, Agrawal R 2010 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132 17384
[17] Cao Y, Denny M S, Caspar J V, Farneth W E, Guo Q, Ionkin A S, Johnson L K, Lu M, Malajovich I, Radu D, Rosenfeld H D, Choudhury K R, Wu W 2012 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134 15644
[18] Ahmed S, Reuter K B, Gunawan O, Guo L, Romankiw L T, Deligianni H 2012 Adv. Energy Mater 2 253
[19] Tanaka K, Fukui Y, Moritake N, Uchiki H 2011 Sol. Energ Mat. Sol. C 95 838
[20] Li W, Ao J P, He Q, Liu F F, Li F Y, Li C J, Sun Y 2007 Acta. Phys. Sin. 56 5009 (in Chinese) [李 微, 敖建平, 何 青, 刘芳芳, 李凤岩, 李长健, 孙 云 2007 物理学报 56 5009]
[21] Ki W, Hillhouse H W 2011 Adv. Energy Mater 1 732
[22] Chen Q M, Li Z Q, Ni Y, Cheng S Y, Dou X M 2012 Chin. Phys. B 21 038401
[23] Y.F N 1985 Appl. Surf. Sci. 22-23 Part 2 1061
[24] Mali S S, Shinde P S, Betty C A, Bhosale P N, Oh Y W, Patil P S 2012 J. Phys. Chem. Solids 73 735
[25] Shinde N M, Dubal D P, Dhawale D S, Lokhande C D, Kim J H, Moon J H 2012 Mater Res. Bull 47 302
[26] Mali S S, Patil B M, Betty C A, Bhosale P N, Oh Y W, Jadkar S R, Devan R S, Ma Y R, Patil P S 2012 Electrochim. Acta 66 216
[27] Jimbo K, Kimura R, Kamimura T, Yamada S, Maw W S, Araki H, Oishi K, Katagiri H 2007 Thin Solid Films 515 5997
[28] Katagiri H 2005 Thin Solid Films 480-481 426
[29] Paier J, Asahi R, Nagoya A, Kresse G 2009 Phys. Rev. B 79 115126
[30] Chen S, Gong X G, Walsh A, Su-Huai W 2010 Appl. Phys. Lett. 96 021902
[31] Redinger A, Berg D M, Dale P J, Siebentritt S 2011 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133 3320
[32] Lai Y Q, Kuang S S, Liu F Y, Zhang Z A, Liu J, Liu Y X 2010 Acta Phys. Sin. 59 1196 (in Chinese) [赖延清, 匡三双, 刘芳洋, 张治安, 刘军, 李劼, 刘业翔 2010 物理学报 59 1196]
[33] Ito K, Nakazawa T 1988 Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 27 2094
[34] Zhang J, Shao L 2009 Science in China Series E: Technological Sciences 52 269
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[1] Zhang L, He Q, Xu C M, Xue Y M, Li C J Sun Y 2008 Chin. Phys. B 17 3138
[2] Xu C M, Sun Y, Li F Y, Zhang L, Xue Y M, He Q, Liu H T 2007 Chin. Phys. 16 788
[3] Li W, Sun Y, Liu W, Li F Y Zhou L 2006 Chin. Phys. 15 878
[4] Chiril A, Buecheler S, Pianezzi F, Bloesch P, Gretener C, Uhl A R, Fella C, Kranz L, Perrenoud J, Seyrling S, Verma R, Nishiwaki S, Romanyuk Y E, Bilger G, Tiwari A N 2011 Nat. Mater 10 857
[5] Tao C S, Jiang J, Tao M 2011 Sol. Energ. Mat. Sol. C 95 3176
[6] Phipps G, Mikolajczak C, Guckes T 2008 Renewable Energy Focus 9 56
[7] Shin B, Gunawan O, Zhu Y, Bojarczuk N A, Chey S J, Guha S 2013 Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications 21 72
[8] Todorov T K, Tang J, Bag S, Gunawan O, Gokmen T, Zhu Y, Mitzi D B 2013 Adv Energy Mater 3 34
[9] Zhou Z, Wang Y, Xu D, Zhang Y 2010 Sol. Energ. Mat. Sol. C 94 2042
[10] Tian Q, Xu X, Han L, Tang M, Zou R, Chen Z, Yu M, Yang J, Hu J 2012 Cryst. Eng. Comm. 14 3847
[11] Katagiri H, Jimbo K, Yamada S, Kamimura T, Maw W S, Fukano T, Ito T, Motohiro T 2008 Appl. Phys. Express 1 041201
[12] Chawla V, Clemens B 2012 38th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC) Twxas, USA, June 3–8, 2012 p002990
[13] Zhang K, Liu F Y, Lai Y Q, Li Y, Yan C, Zhang Z A, Li J, Liu Y X 2011 Acta Phys. Sin. 60 790 (in Chinese) [张坤, 刘芳洋, 赖延清, 李轶, 颜畅, 张治安, 李劼, 刘业翔 2011 物理学报 60 790]
[14] Xie D T, Zhao K, Wang L F, Zhu F, Quan S W, Meng T J, Zhang B C, Chen J E 2002 Acta Phys. Sin. 51 1377 (in Chinese) [谢大弢, 赵夔, 王莉芳, 朱凤, 全胜文, 孟铁军, 张保澄, 陈佳洱2002 物理学报 51 1377]
[15] Kishore Kumar Y B, Suresh Babu G, Uday Bhaskar P, Sundara Raja V 2009 Sol Energ. Mat. Sol. C 93 1230
[16] Guo Q, Ford G M, Yang W C, Walker B C, Stach E A, Hillhouse H W, Agrawal R 2010 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132 17384
[17] Cao Y, Denny M S, Caspar J V, Farneth W E, Guo Q, Ionkin A S, Johnson L K, Lu M, Malajovich I, Radu D, Rosenfeld H D, Choudhury K R, Wu W 2012 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134 15644
[18] Ahmed S, Reuter K B, Gunawan O, Guo L, Romankiw L T, Deligianni H 2012 Adv. Energy Mater 2 253
[19] Tanaka K, Fukui Y, Moritake N, Uchiki H 2011 Sol. Energ Mat. Sol. C 95 838
[20] Li W, Ao J P, He Q, Liu F F, Li F Y, Li C J, Sun Y 2007 Acta. Phys. Sin. 56 5009 (in Chinese) [李 微, 敖建平, 何 青, 刘芳芳, 李凤岩, 李长健, 孙 云 2007 物理学报 56 5009]
[21] Ki W, Hillhouse H W 2011 Adv. Energy Mater 1 732
[22] Chen Q M, Li Z Q, Ni Y, Cheng S Y, Dou X M 2012 Chin. Phys. B 21 038401
[23] Y.F N 1985 Appl. Surf. Sci. 22-23 Part 2 1061
[24] Mali S S, Shinde P S, Betty C A, Bhosale P N, Oh Y W, Patil P S 2012 J. Phys. Chem. Solids 73 735
[25] Shinde N M, Dubal D P, Dhawale D S, Lokhande C D, Kim J H, Moon J H 2012 Mater Res. Bull 47 302
[26] Mali S S, Patil B M, Betty C A, Bhosale P N, Oh Y W, Jadkar S R, Devan R S, Ma Y R, Patil P S 2012 Electrochim. Acta 66 216
[27] Jimbo K, Kimura R, Kamimura T, Yamada S, Maw W S, Araki H, Oishi K, Katagiri H 2007 Thin Solid Films 515 5997
[28] Katagiri H 2005 Thin Solid Films 480-481 426
[29] Paier J, Asahi R, Nagoya A, Kresse G 2009 Phys. Rev. B 79 115126
[30] Chen S, Gong X G, Walsh A, Su-Huai W 2010 Appl. Phys. Lett. 96 021902
[31] Redinger A, Berg D M, Dale P J, Siebentritt S 2011 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133 3320
[32] Lai Y Q, Kuang S S, Liu F Y, Zhang Z A, Liu J, Liu Y X 2010 Acta Phys. Sin. 59 1196 (in Chinese) [赖延清, 匡三双, 刘芳洋, 张治安, 刘军, 李劼, 刘业翔 2010 物理学报 59 1196]
[33] Ito K, Nakazawa T 1988 Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 27 2094
[34] Zhang J, Shao L 2009 Science in China Series E: Technological Sciences 52 269
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