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Coincident study on the intensity change of the ground cosmic rays during thunderstorms is very important for understanding the acceleration mechanism of secondary charged particles caused by atmospheric electric field. It is found that the strength of the near earth thunderstorm electric field can be up to 1000 V/cm or even higher from ARGO-YBJ (where YBJ stands for Yangbajing, 4300 m a.s.l., Tibet, China) data in 2012. In this paper, Monte Carlo simulations are performed by using CORSIKA program to study the correlations between the intensity of the ground cosmic rays and the near earth thunderstorm electric field at YBJ. When the atmospheric electric field strength is higher than the threshold field strength (ERB) for the development of a runaway breakdown process, the total number of electrons and positrons is exponentially increases. At an electric field strength of 1500 V/cm, the number increases exponentially and reaches a maximum value at an atmospheric depth of ～520 g/cm2, where the electric field is slightly stronger than the threshold field strength. These results are consistent with the theoretical results of relativistic runaway electron avalanche (RREA) which was proposed by Gurevich et al. (Gurevich A V, Milikh G M, Roussel-Dupre R 1992 Phys. Lett. A 165 463) and also supports Dwyer's theory. The total number of electrons and positrons increases with the strength of the field in the negative field or in the positive field greater than 600 V/cm, while a certain degree of decline occurs in the positive field less than 400 V/cm. In the range 400-600 V/cm, the energy of the primary proton should be taken into account. For the primary energy that is lower than 80 GeV, the total number of electrons and positrons increases. And it does not change obviously when the energy is between 80 GeV and 120 GeV. For the primary energy exceeds 120 GeV, the number drops off, and the decrease is of ～4%. During thunderstorms, a short duration occurs in which the single particle counting rate increases as energy lowers, while a decrease happens with energy becoming higher than that from ARGO-YBJ data. Our preliminary results can give reasonable explanations to the experimental observations of ARGO-YBJ.
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Keywords:
- near earth thunderstorms electric field /
- cosmic rays /
- Monte Carlo simulations /
- YBJ
[1] Wilson C T R 1924 Proc. Phys. Soc. London 37 32D
[2] Gurevich A V, Milikh G M, Roussel-Dupre R 1992 Phys. Lett. A 165 463
[3] Cramer E S, Dwyer J R, Arabshahi S, Vodopiyanov I B, Liu N, Rassoul H K 2014 J. Geophy. Res. Space Phys. 119 7794
[4] Alexeenko V V, Chernyaev A B, Chudakov A E, Khaerdinov N S, Ozrokov S K, Sborshikov V G 1985 Proceedings of the 19th International Cosmic Ray Conference La Jolla, USA, August 11-23, 1985 p352
[5] Vernetto S 2001 Proceedings of the 27th International Cosmic Ray Conference Hamburg, Germany, August 7-15, 2001 p4165
[6] Tsuchiya H, Enoto T, Torii T, Nakazawa K, Yuasa T, Torii S, Fukuyama T, Yamaguchi T, Kato H, Okano M, Takita M, Makishima K 2009 Phys. Rev. Lett. 102 255003
[7] Chilingarian A, Daryan A, Arakelyan K, Hovhannisyan A, Mailyan B, Melkumyan L, Hovsepyan G, Chilingaryan S, Reymers A, Vanyan L 2010 Phys. R. D 82 043009
[8] Chilingarian A, Hovsepyan G, Hovhannisyan A 2011 Phys. R. D 83 062001
[9] Wang J F, Qie X S, Lu H, Zhang J L, Yu X X, Shi F 2012 Acta Phys. Sin. 61 159202 (in Chinese) [王俊芳, 郄秀书, 卢红, 张吉龙, 于晓霞, 石峰 2012 物理学报 61 159202]
[10] Alexeenko V V, Khaerdinov N S, Lidvansky A S, Petkov V B 2002 Phys. Lett. A 301 299
[11] Xu B, Bie Y G, Zou D 2012 Chin. J. Space Sci. 32 501 (in Chinese) [徐斌, 别业广, 邹丹 2012 空间科学学报 32 501
[12] Zhou X M ,Ye N, Zhu F R, Jia H Y 2011 Proceedings of the 32th International Cosmic Ray Conferenc Beijing, China, August 11-18, 2011 p287
[13] Bielajew A F 1988 Electron Transport in \bm E and \bm B Fields, in Monte Carlo Transport of Electrons and Photons (New York: Plenum Press) pp421-434
[14] Dwyer J R, Uman M A 2014 Physics Reports 534 147
[15] Schellart P, Trinh T N G, Buitink S 2015 Phys. Rev. Lett. 114 165001
[16] Liu D X, Qie X S, Wang Z C, Wu X K, Pan L X 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 219201 (in Chinese) [刘冬霞, 郄秀书, 王志超, 吴学珂, 潘伦湘 2013 物理学报 62 219201]
[17] Stolzenburg M, Marshall T C, Rust W D, Bruning E, MacGorman D R, Hamlin T 2007 Geophys. Res. Lett. 34 L04804
[18] Marshall T C, Stolzenburg M, Maggio C R, Coleman L M, Krehbiel P R, Hamlin T, Thomas R J, Rison W 2005 Geophys. Res. Lett. 32 L03813
[19] Xu B, He H, Yang X Y, Bie Y G, Lü Q H 2012 Acta Phys. Sin. 61 175203 (in Chinese) [徐斌, 贺华, 杨晓艳, 别业广, 吕清花 2012 物理学报 61 175203]
[20] Dwyer J R 2003 Geophys. Res. Lett. 30 2055
[21] Symbalisty E M D, Roussel-Dupre R, Yukhimuk V A 1998 IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 26 1575
[22] Buitink S, Huege T, Falcke H, Heck D, Kuijpers J 2010 Astropart. Phys. 33 1
[23] Bethe H A 1930 Annalen der Physik 397 325
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[1] Wilson C T R 1924 Proc. Phys. Soc. London 37 32D
[2] Gurevich A V, Milikh G M, Roussel-Dupre R 1992 Phys. Lett. A 165 463
[3] Cramer E S, Dwyer J R, Arabshahi S, Vodopiyanov I B, Liu N, Rassoul H K 2014 J. Geophy. Res. Space Phys. 119 7794
[4] Alexeenko V V, Chernyaev A B, Chudakov A E, Khaerdinov N S, Ozrokov S K, Sborshikov V G 1985 Proceedings of the 19th International Cosmic Ray Conference La Jolla, USA, August 11-23, 1985 p352
[5] Vernetto S 2001 Proceedings of the 27th International Cosmic Ray Conference Hamburg, Germany, August 7-15, 2001 p4165
[6] Tsuchiya H, Enoto T, Torii T, Nakazawa K, Yuasa T, Torii S, Fukuyama T, Yamaguchi T, Kato H, Okano M, Takita M, Makishima K 2009 Phys. Rev. Lett. 102 255003
[7] Chilingarian A, Daryan A, Arakelyan K, Hovhannisyan A, Mailyan B, Melkumyan L, Hovsepyan G, Chilingaryan S, Reymers A, Vanyan L 2010 Phys. R. D 82 043009
[8] Chilingarian A, Hovsepyan G, Hovhannisyan A 2011 Phys. R. D 83 062001
[9] Wang J F, Qie X S, Lu H, Zhang J L, Yu X X, Shi F 2012 Acta Phys. Sin. 61 159202 (in Chinese) [王俊芳, 郄秀书, 卢红, 张吉龙, 于晓霞, 石峰 2012 物理学报 61 159202]
[10] Alexeenko V V, Khaerdinov N S, Lidvansky A S, Petkov V B 2002 Phys. Lett. A 301 299
[11] Xu B, Bie Y G, Zou D 2012 Chin. J. Space Sci. 32 501 (in Chinese) [徐斌, 别业广, 邹丹 2012 空间科学学报 32 501
[12] Zhou X M ,Ye N, Zhu F R, Jia H Y 2011 Proceedings of the 32th International Cosmic Ray Conferenc Beijing, China, August 11-18, 2011 p287
[13] Bielajew A F 1988 Electron Transport in \bm E and \bm B Fields, in Monte Carlo Transport of Electrons and Photons (New York: Plenum Press) pp421-434
[14] Dwyer J R, Uman M A 2014 Physics Reports 534 147
[15] Schellart P, Trinh T N G, Buitink S 2015 Phys. Rev. Lett. 114 165001
[16] Liu D X, Qie X S, Wang Z C, Wu X K, Pan L X 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 219201 (in Chinese) [刘冬霞, 郄秀书, 王志超, 吴学珂, 潘伦湘 2013 物理学报 62 219201]
[17] Stolzenburg M, Marshall T C, Rust W D, Bruning E, MacGorman D R, Hamlin T 2007 Geophys. Res. Lett. 34 L04804
[18] Marshall T C, Stolzenburg M, Maggio C R, Coleman L M, Krehbiel P R, Hamlin T, Thomas R J, Rison W 2005 Geophys. Res. Lett. 32 L03813
[19] Xu B, He H, Yang X Y, Bie Y G, Lü Q H 2012 Acta Phys. Sin. 61 175203 (in Chinese) [徐斌, 贺华, 杨晓艳, 别业广, 吕清花 2012 物理学报 61 175203]
[20] Dwyer J R 2003 Geophys. Res. Lett. 30 2055
[21] Symbalisty E M D, Roussel-Dupre R, Yukhimuk V A 1998 IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 26 1575
[22] Buitink S, Huege T, Falcke H, Heck D, Kuijpers J 2010 Astropart. Phys. 33 1
[23] Bethe H A 1930 Annalen der Physik 397 325
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