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Laser has been widely applied in the scientific and engineering areas including communications, medical treatment, industry, and military due to its extremely strict monochromaticity, high coherence and high energy density. Organic laser based on solution processable polymer gain media has attracted considerable attention in various applications due to its easy fabrication, compact system and flexibility. At present, the chemosensors based on organic semiconductor laser have been widely developed. It has been reported to achieve solution monitoring by organic DFB (distributed feedback) laser. Although the method has its own advantages, there are still many operability and craftsmanship problems to be resolved. In this paper we introduce a new type of the real-time monitoring for various solution. The monitor is realized by using amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) from optically pumped organic semiconductor gain media. The gain media comprising blends of poly(9, 9-dioctylfluorene-co-benzothiadiazole) (F8BT) and poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) at a ratio of 15:85 wt.% is dissolved into toluene (25 mg/mL). Thin films (90 nm thickness) of P3HT/F8BT are obtained by spin coating (2000 rpm) from solution onto pre-cleaned quartz substrates. The P3HT/F8BT film demonstrates the absorption peak at 471 nm, the PL peak at 622 nm, and the ASE peak at 661 nm with FWHM (full-width-at-half-maximum) linewidth of ～ 10 nm under the stripe laser pumping. The thin films are, then, covered by droplet of solution to form planar waveguide structure with variable effective refractive index. Upon analyte binding, a change in refractive index at the P3HT/F8BT film surface results in a change in the effective refractive index of the planar waveguide and in turn induces shift of the ASE mode wavelength and variation of ASE threshold of the organic gain media. The changes in ASE wavelength and threshold can be monitored for sensing. The red shift of 4.5 nm in the ASE spectrum is from 661 to 665.5 nm and the threshold increases from 0.579 J/pulse to 1.447 J/pulse which can be detected with the concentration of sodium chloride increasing from 0 to 25 wt.% in pure water. Our experimental results show that this method is easy to detect the concentration grads of 1 wt.% sodium chloride solution. The measurement sensitivity of solution reaches 97.8 nm/RIU (refractive index unit), and accuracy reaches 141.9 nm/RIU. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the chemosensor could be used for detecting different kinds of solution in the same concentration. The ASE peak position and threshold display clearly different when the droplet 10 wt.% sodium, chloride solution and hydromel solution onto P3HT/F8BT film. Our study suggests that the organic gain media films have potentiality to be developed as a high sensitivity and high accuracy chemosensor to detect solution due to the high sensitivity of the ASE peak position and threshold to the refractive index of the solution.
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Keywords:
- organic semiconductor lasers /
- amplified spontaneous emission /
- polymer films /
- refractive index
[1] Kristensen M, Kruger A, Groothoff N, Garcia-Ruperez J, Toccafondo V, Garca-Castell J, Bauls M, Peransi-Llopis S, Maquieira A 2011 OSA Optical Sensors SWB1
[2] Shamah S M, Cunningham B T 2011 Analyst 136 1090
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[4] Baaske M, Vollmer F 2012 Chem. Phys. Chem. 2 427
[5] Cunningham B, Qiu J, Li P, Lin B 2002 Sens. Actuators B: Chem. 87 365
[6] Zhao M R, Wu Z M, Deng T, Zhou Z L, Xia G Q 2015 Chin. Phys. Sin. 24 054207
[7] Zhang Q, Zeng W J, Xia R D 2015 Acta Phys. Sin. 64 094202 (in Chinese) [张琪, 曾文进, 夏瑞东 2015 物理学报 64 094202]
[8] Volmer F, Arnold S 2008 Nat. Methods 7 591
[9] Armani A M, Kulkarni R P, Fraser S E, Flagan R C, Valaha K J 2007 Science 317 783
[10] Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Xu W D, Li X C, Liu J G, Guo X R, Xia R D, Huang W 2015 Opt. Express 23 465
[11] Niu Q L, Zhang Q, Xu W D, Jiang Y, Xia R D, Bradley D D C, Li D, Wen X S 2015 Org. Electron 18 95
[12] Qian Y, Wei Q, Pozo G D, Mrz M M, Ler L, Casado S, Cabanillas-GonzalezJ, Zhang Q, Xie L, Xia R D, Huang W 2014 Adv. Mater. 26 2937
[13] Haughey A M, Guilhabert B, Kanibolotsky A L, Skabara P J, Burley G A, Dawson M D, Laurand N 2013 Sens. Actuators B: Chem. 185 132
[14] Tan Y, Ge C, Chu A, Lu M, Goldshlag W, Huang J, Pokriyal A, George S, Cunningham B T 2012 IEEE Sensors J. 12 1174
[15] Xia R D, Heliotis G, Stavrinou P N, BradleyD D C 2005 Appl. Phys. Lett. 87 031104
[16] Xia R D, Lai W Y, Levermore P A, Huang W, BradleyD D C 2009 Adv. Funct. Mater. 19 2844
[17] Vollmer F, Braun D, Libchaber A, Khoshsima M, Teraoka I, Arnold S 2002 Appl. Phys. Lett. 21 4057
[18] Shen X, Zou H, Zheng R L, Zheng J J, Wei W 2015 Acta Phys. Sin. 64 024210 (in Chinese) [沈骁, 邹辉, 郑锐林, 郑加金, 韦玮 2015 物理学报 64 024210]
[19] Haughey A M, McConnell G, Guilhabert B, Burley G A, Dawson M D, Laurand N 2016 IEEE J. Sel. Topics Quantum Electron. 22 1300109
[20] Xia R D, Stavrinou P N, Bradley D D C, Kin Y2012 J. Appl. Phys. 111 123107
[21] Xia R D, Heliotis G, Hou Y, Bradley D D C 2003 Org. Electron. 4 165
[22] Tong Z, Wei H, Wang M G, Wang Z, Jian S S 2002 Acta Opti. Sin. 22 1088 (in Chinese) [童治, 魏淮, 王目光, 王智, 简水生 2002 光学学报 22 1088]
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[1] Kristensen M, Kruger A, Groothoff N, Garcia-Ruperez J, Toccafondo V, Garca-Castell J, Bauls M, Peransi-Llopis S, Maquieira A 2011 OSA Optical Sensors SWB1
[2] Shamah S M, Cunningham B T 2011 Analyst 136 1090
[3] Koubov V, Brynda E, Karasov L, kvor J, Homola J,Dostlek J, Tobika P, Roick J 2001 Sens. Actuators B: Chem. 74 100
[4] Baaske M, Vollmer F 2012 Chem. Phys. Chem. 2 427
[5] Cunningham B, Qiu J, Li P, Lin B 2002 Sens. Actuators B: Chem. 87 365
[6] Zhao M R, Wu Z M, Deng T, Zhou Z L, Xia G Q 2015 Chin. Phys. Sin. 24 054207
[7] Zhang Q, Zeng W J, Xia R D 2015 Acta Phys. Sin. 64 094202 (in Chinese) [张琪, 曾文进, 夏瑞东 2015 物理学报 64 094202]
[8] Volmer F, Arnold S 2008 Nat. Methods 7 591
[9] Armani A M, Kulkarni R P, Fraser S E, Flagan R C, Valaha K J 2007 Science 317 783
[10] Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Xu W D, Li X C, Liu J G, Guo X R, Xia R D, Huang W 2015 Opt. Express 23 465
[11] Niu Q L, Zhang Q, Xu W D, Jiang Y, Xia R D, Bradley D D C, Li D, Wen X S 2015 Org. Electron 18 95
[12] Qian Y, Wei Q, Pozo G D, Mrz M M, Ler L, Casado S, Cabanillas-GonzalezJ, Zhang Q, Xie L, Xia R D, Huang W 2014 Adv. Mater. 26 2937
[13] Haughey A M, Guilhabert B, Kanibolotsky A L, Skabara P J, Burley G A, Dawson M D, Laurand N 2013 Sens. Actuators B: Chem. 185 132
[14] Tan Y, Ge C, Chu A, Lu M, Goldshlag W, Huang J, Pokriyal A, George S, Cunningham B T 2012 IEEE Sensors J. 12 1174
[15] Xia R D, Heliotis G, Stavrinou P N, BradleyD D C 2005 Appl. Phys. Lett. 87 031104
[16] Xia R D, Lai W Y, Levermore P A, Huang W, BradleyD D C 2009 Adv. Funct. Mater. 19 2844
[17] Vollmer F, Braun D, Libchaber A, Khoshsima M, Teraoka I, Arnold S 2002 Appl. Phys. Lett. 21 4057
[18] Shen X, Zou H, Zheng R L, Zheng J J, Wei W 2015 Acta Phys. Sin. 64 024210 (in Chinese) [沈骁, 邹辉, 郑锐林, 郑加金, 韦玮 2015 物理学报 64 024210]
[19] Haughey A M, McConnell G, Guilhabert B, Burley G A, Dawson M D, Laurand N 2016 IEEE J. Sel. Topics Quantum Electron. 22 1300109
[20] Xia R D, Stavrinou P N, Bradley D D C, Kin Y2012 J. Appl. Phys. 111 123107
[21] Xia R D, Heliotis G, Hou Y, Bradley D D C 2003 Org. Electron. 4 165
[22] Tong Z, Wei H, Wang M G, Wang Z, Jian S S 2002 Acta Opti. Sin. 22 1088 (in Chinese) [童治, 魏淮, 王目光, 王智, 简水生 2002 光学学报 22 1088]
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