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The flow properties of liquid in microchannel have received more attention for their wide applications in different fields. Up to now, little work has focused on the flow behaviors of liquid metals. Recently, liquid lithium (Li) has been considered as one of the candidate plasma-facing materials (PFMs) because of its excellent properties in fusion reactor applications. Considering an accident condition, liquid Li may contact Cu components and erode them, which may cause a serious disaster. The study of the flow properites of liquid Li in Cu microchannel is crucial for the safe application of liquid Li working as a PFM. With the method of non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations, in this paper we investigate the flow behavior of liquid Li flowing in Cu microchannels. The density and velocity distributions of Li atoms are obtained. The influence of the dimension of Cu microchannel on the flowing behavior of liquid Li is studied. Comparative analyses are made in three different fluid-solid interfaces, i.e., Li-Cu(100), Li-Cu(110) and Li-Cu(111), respectively. Results show that the density distributions of liquid Li near the interface present an orderly stratified structure. Affected by a larger surface density, a more obviously stratification is found when Li atoms are near the fluid-solid interfaces of Li-Cu(100) and Li-Cu(111) and a wider vacuum gap appears between Li atoms and Cu(111) interface. When Li atoms are near the Li-Cu(110) interface, a lower stratification can be found and an alloy layer appears at Li-Cu(110) interface. Because of its lower surface density, Li atoms spread into the bulk Cu more easily. However, the density distributions have little difference when Li atoms are close to the same fluid-solid interface but with different flow directions. The velocity of Li atoms in microchannel has a parabolic distribution. Because there exists a wider vacuum gap and stratified structure, the Li atoms closed to the Li-Cu (111) interface have the largest velocity. Closed to the Li-Cu (110) interface, Li atoms have the smallest velocity because of the alloy layer and the lower stratified structure. Owing to the diversity of the atomic configurations of Cu (110) face, the liquid Li atoms flow with diverse velocities in different directions on the Li-Cu (110) interface. It is also found that the magnitude of flowing velocity of liquid Li is proportional to the square of microchannel dimension and increases with it. When liquid Li is flowing on the Li-Cu(100) interface, the simulation result reveals that the relationship between microchannel dimension and the largest velocity of Li atoms is in good agreement with Navier-Stokes theory result. It is noteweathy that the present result is smaller than the theoretical result when a negative slip occurs at the Li-Cu(110) interface. In contrast, the result is greater than the theoretical result in the presence of a positive slip at Li-Cu(111) interface.
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Keywords:
- liquid lithium /
- microchannel /
- fluid-solid interface /
- molecular dynamics simulation
[1] Tang G H, Zhang Y H, Emerson D R 2008 Phys. Rev. E 77 046701
[2] Cracknell R F, Nicholson D, Quirke N 1995 Phys. Rev. Lett. 74 2463
[3] Tao R, Quan X B, Xu J Z 2001 J. Eng. Thermophys. 22 575 (in Chinese) [陶然, 权晓波, 徐建中 2001 工程热物理学报 22 575]
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[6] Travis K P, Todd B D, Evans D J 1997 Phys. Rev. E 55 4288
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[10] Nagayama G, Cheng P 2004 Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 47 501
[11] Desai T G 2010 Chem. Phys. Lett. 501 93
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[13] Cao B Y, Chen M, Guo Z Y 2006 Phys. Rev. E 74 066311
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[15] Canales M, Gouzlez L E, Padr J A 1994 Phys. Rev. E 50 3656
[16] Cui Z, Gao F, Cui Z, Qu J 2012 Model. Simul. Mater. Sci. 20 015014
[17] Wang Z H, Ni M J 2012 Heat Mass Transfer 48 253
[18] Allain J P, Coventry M D, Ruzic D N 2007 Phys. Rev. B 76 205434
[19] Deng B Q, Allain J P, Luo Z M, Peng L L, Yan J C 2007 Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 259 847
[20] Li C Y, Allain J P, Deng B Q 2007 Chin. Phys. B 16 3312
[21] Meng X C, Zuo G Z, Ren J, Sun Z, Xu W, Huang M, Li M H, Deng H Q, Hu J S, Hu W Y 2015 Acta Phys. Sin. 64 212801 (in Chinese) [孟献才, 左桂忠, 任君, 孙震, 徐伟, 黄明, 李美姮, 邓辉球, 胡建生, 胡望宇 2015 物理学报 64 212801]
[22] Li R Q, Tong L L, Cao X W 2013 Nuclear Fusion and Plasma Physics 33 175 (in Chinese) [李若晴, 佟立丽, 曹学武 2013 核聚变与等离子体物理 33 175]
[23] Topilski L N, Masson X, Porfiri M T, Pinna T, Sponton L L, Andersen J, Takase K, Kurihara R, Sardain P, Girard C 2001 Fusion Eng. Des. 54 627
[24] Zhang B W, Hu W Y, Shu X L 2003 Theory of Embedded Atom Method and Its Application to Materials Science-Atomic Scale Materials Design Theory (Changsha: Hunan University Press) p245 (in Chinese) [张邦维, 胡望宇, 舒小林 2003 嵌入原子方法理论及其在材料科学中的应用-原子尺度材料设计理论 (长沙: 湖南大学出版社) 第245页]
[25] Plimpton S 1995 J. Comput. Phys. 117 1
[26] Zhang J M, Huang Y H, Xu K W, Vincent J 2007 Chin. Phys. B 16 0210
[27] Gan X L, Xiao S F, Deng H Q, Sun X G, Li X F, Hu W Y 2014 Fusion Eng. Des. 89 2894
[28] Tang J, Yang J 2015 J. Nanopart. Res. 17 299
[29] Nos S 1984 J. Chem. Phys. 81 511
[30] Hoover W G 1985 Phys. Rev. A 31 1695
[31] Thompson P A, Robbins M O 1990 Phys. Rev. A 41 6830
[32] Granick S 1991 Science 253 1374
[33] Cao B Y, Chen M, Guo Z Y 2006 Int. J. Eng. Sci. 44 927
[34] Chen X, Sun X G, Deng H Q, Xiao S F, Hu W Y 2015 (submitted to Comput. Mater. Sci. for publication)
[35] Travis K P, Gubbins K E 2000 J. Chem. Phys. 112 1984
[36] Cao B Y, Chen M, Guo Z Y 2006 Int. J. Eng. Sci. 44 927
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[1] Tang G H, Zhang Y H, Emerson D R 2008 Phys. Rev. E 77 046701
[2] Cracknell R F, Nicholson D, Quirke N 1995 Phys. Rev. Lett. 74 2463
[3] Tao R, Quan X B, Xu J Z 2001 J. Eng. Thermophys. 22 575 (in Chinese) [陶然, 权晓波, 徐建中 2001 工程热物理学报 22 575]
[4] Bitsanis I, Magda J J, Tirrell M, Davis H T 1987 J. Chem. Phys. 87 1733
[5] Cao B Y, Chen M, Guo Z Y 2006 Acta Phys. Sin. 55 5305 (in Chinese) [曹炳阳, 陈民, 过增元 2006 物理学报 55 5305]
[6] Travis K P, Todd B D, Evans D J 1997 Phys. Rev. E 55 4288
[7] Akhmatskaya E, Todd B D, Daivis P J, Evans D J, Gubbins K E, Pozhar L A 1997 J. Chem. Phys. 106 4684
[8] Pozhar L A, Gubbins K E 1993 J. Chem. Phys. 99 8970
[9] Bitsanis I, Somers S A, Davis H T, Tirrell M 1990 J. Chem. Phys. 93 3427
[10] Nagayama G, Cheng P 2004 Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 47 501
[11] Desai T G 2010 Chem. Phys. Lett. 501 93
[12] Zhang C B, Xu Z L, Chen Y P 2014 Acta Phys. Sin. 63 214706 (in Chinese) [张程宾, 许兆林, 陈永平 2014 物理学报 63 214706]
[13] Cao B Y, Chen M, Guo Z Y 2006 Phys. Rev. E 74 066311
[14] Canles M, Padr J A, Gonzalez L E, Gir A 1993 J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 5 3095
[15] Canales M, Gouzlez L E, Padr J A 1994 Phys. Rev. E 50 3656
[16] Cui Z, Gao F, Cui Z, Qu J 2012 Model. Simul. Mater. Sci. 20 015014
[17] Wang Z H, Ni M J 2012 Heat Mass Transfer 48 253
[18] Allain J P, Coventry M D, Ruzic D N 2007 Phys. Rev. B 76 205434
[19] Deng B Q, Allain J P, Luo Z M, Peng L L, Yan J C 2007 Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 259 847
[20] Li C Y, Allain J P, Deng B Q 2007 Chin. Phys. B 16 3312
[21] Meng X C, Zuo G Z, Ren J, Sun Z, Xu W, Huang M, Li M H, Deng H Q, Hu J S, Hu W Y 2015 Acta Phys. Sin. 64 212801 (in Chinese) [孟献才, 左桂忠, 任君, 孙震, 徐伟, 黄明, 李美姮, 邓辉球, 胡建生, 胡望宇 2015 物理学报 64 212801]
[22] Li R Q, Tong L L, Cao X W 2013 Nuclear Fusion and Plasma Physics 33 175 (in Chinese) [李若晴, 佟立丽, 曹学武 2013 核聚变与等离子体物理 33 175]
[23] Topilski L N, Masson X, Porfiri M T, Pinna T, Sponton L L, Andersen J, Takase K, Kurihara R, Sardain P, Girard C 2001 Fusion Eng. Des. 54 627
[24] Zhang B W, Hu W Y, Shu X L 2003 Theory of Embedded Atom Method and Its Application to Materials Science-Atomic Scale Materials Design Theory (Changsha: Hunan University Press) p245 (in Chinese) [张邦维, 胡望宇, 舒小林 2003 嵌入原子方法理论及其在材料科学中的应用-原子尺度材料设计理论 (长沙: 湖南大学出版社) 第245页]
[25] Plimpton S 1995 J. Comput. Phys. 117 1
[26] Zhang J M, Huang Y H, Xu K W, Vincent J 2007 Chin. Phys. B 16 0210
[27] Gan X L, Xiao S F, Deng H Q, Sun X G, Li X F, Hu W Y 2014 Fusion Eng. Des. 89 2894
[28] Tang J, Yang J 2015 J. Nanopart. Res. 17 299
[29] Nos S 1984 J. Chem. Phys. 81 511
[30] Hoover W G 1985 Phys. Rev. A 31 1695
[31] Thompson P A, Robbins M O 1990 Phys. Rev. A 41 6830
[32] Granick S 1991 Science 253 1374
[33] Cao B Y, Chen M, Guo Z Y 2006 Int. J. Eng. Sci. 44 927
[34] Chen X, Sun X G, Deng H Q, Xiao S F, Hu W Y 2015 (submitted to Comput. Mater. Sci. for publication)
[35] Travis K P, Gubbins K E 2000 J. Chem. Phys. 112 1984
[36] Cao B Y, Chen M, Guo Z Y 2006 Int. J. Eng. Sci. 44 927
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