Research progress of plasmonic cathodoluminesecence characterization

Jiang Mei-Ling; Zheng Li-Heng; Chi Cheng; Zhu Xing; Fang Zhe-Yu

doi:10.7498/aps.66.144201

Abstract

Surface plasmons as the collective electrons oscillation at the interface of metal and dielectric materials, have induced tremendous applications for the nanoscale light focusing, waveguiding, coupling, and photodetection. As the development of the modern technology, cathodoluminescence (CL) has been successfully applied to describe the plasmon resonance within the nanoscale. Usually, the CL detection system is combined with a high resolution scanning electron microscope (SEM). The fabricated plasmonic nanostructure is directly excited by the electron beam, and detected by an ultra-sensitive spectrometer and photodetector. Under the high energy electron stimulation, all of the plasmon resonances of the metallic nanostructure can be excited. Because of the high spatial resolution of the SEM, the detected CL can be used to analyze the details of plasmon resonance modes. In this review, we first briefly introduced the physical mechanism for the CL generation, and then discussed the CL emission of single plasmonic nanostructures such as different nanowires, nanoantennas, nanodisks and nanocavities, where the CL only describes the individual plasmon resonance modes. Second, the plasmon coupling behavior for the ensemble measurement was compared and analyzed for the CL detection. Finally, the CL detection with other advanced technologies were concluded. We believe with the development of the nanophotonics community, CL detection as a unique technique with ultra-high energy and spatial resolution has potential applications for the future plasmonic structure design and characterization.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

1.
School of Physics, State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China

Corresponding author: Fang Zhe-Yu, zhyfang@pku.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant Nos. 2017YFA0205700, 2015CB932403, 2017YFA0206000), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 61422501, 11674012, 11374023, 61176120, 61378059, 61521004), the Natural Science Foundation of Beijing, China(Grant No. L140007), and the Foundation for the Author of National Excellent Doctoral Dissertation of PR China (FANEDD) (Grant No. 201420).

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Cited By

[1]	Christen J, Grundmann M, Bimberg D 1991 J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 9 2358
[2]	Schieber J, Krinsley D, Riciputi L 2000 Nature 406 981
[3]	Pratesi G, Lo Giudice A, Vishnevsky S, Manfredotti C, Cipriani C 2003 Am. Mineral 88 1778
[4]	Pennycook S J 2008 Scanning 30 287
[5]	Yacobi B, Holt D 1986 J. Appl. Phys. 59 R1
[6]	Shubina T, Ivanov S, Jmerik V, Solnyshkov D, Vekshin V, Kop'ev P, Vasson A, Leymarie J, Kavokin A, Amano H 2004 Phys. Rev. Lett. 92 117407
[7]	Niioka H, Furukawa T, Ichimiya M, Ashida M, Araki T, Hashimoto M 2011 Appl. Phys. Express 4 112402
[8]	Barnett W, Wise M, Jones E 1975 J. Microsc. 105 299
[9]	Vesseur E J R, Aizpurua J, Coenen T, Reyes-Coronado A, Batson P E, Polman A 2012 MRS Bull. 37 752
[10]	Vesseur E J R, de Waele R, Kuttge M, Polman A 2007 Nano Lett. 7 2843
[11]	Kuttge M, Garca de Abajo F J, Polman A 2009 Nano Lett. 10 1537
[12]	Hofmann C E, Vesseur E J R, Sweatlock L A, Lezec H J, Garca de Abajo F J, Polman A, Atwater H A 2007 Nano Lett. 7 3612
[13]	Barnard E S, Coenen T, Vesseur E J R, Polman A, Brongersma M L 2011 Nano Lett. 11 4265
[14]	Bischak C G, Hetherington C L, Wang Z, Precht J T, Kaz D M, Schlom D G, Ginsberg N S 2015 Nano Lett. 15 3383
[15]	Maity A, Maiti A, Das P, Senapati D, Kumar Chini T 2014 ACS Photon. 1 1290
[16]	Atre A C, Brenny B J, Coenen T, Garca-Etxarri A, Polman A, Dionne J A 2015 Nature Nanotech. 10 429
[17]	Fang Y, Verre R, Shao L, Nordlander P, Kall M 2016 Nano Lett. 16 5183
[18]	Zu S, Bao Y, Fang Z 2016 Nanoscale 8 3900
[19]	van Wijngaarden J 2005 Citeseer
[20]	Zhang W, Fang Z, Zhu X 2017 Chem. Rev. 117 5095
[21]	Li Y, Li Z, Chi C, Shan H, Zheng L, Fang Z 2017 Adv. Sci. 10.1002/advs.201600430
[22]	Fang Z, Zhu X 2013 Adv. Mater. 25 3840
[23]	de Abajo F G 2010 Rev. Mod. Phys. 82 209
[24]	Li Z, Xiao Y, Gong Y, Wang Z, Kang Y, Zu S, Ajayan P M, Nordlander P, Fang Z 2015 ACS Nano 9 10158
[25]	Chaturvedi P, Hsu K H, Kumar A, Fung K H, Mabon J C, Fang N X 2009 ACS Nano 3 2965
[26]	Coenen T, Vesseur E J R, Polman A, Koenderink A F 2011 Nano Lett. 11 3779
[27]	Maier S A, Kik P G, Atwater H A, Meltzer S, Harel E, Koel B E, Requicha A A 2003 Nature Mater. 2 229
[28]	Oulton R F, Sorger V J, Zentgraf T, Ma R M, Gladden C, Dai L, Bartal G, Zhang X 2009 Nature 461 629
[29]	Bozhevolnyi S I, Volkov V S, Devaux E, Laluet J Y, Ebbesen T W 2006 Nature 440 508
[30]	Li Z, Li Y, Han T, Wang X, Yu Y, Tay B K, Liu Z, Fang Z 2017 ACS Nano 11 1165
[31]	Lal S, Link S, Halas N J 2007 Nature Photon. 1 641
[32]	Sorger V J, Oulton R F, Yao J, Bartal G, Zhang X 2009 Nano Lett. 9 3489
[33]	Bashevoy M, Jonsson F, MacDonald K, Chen Y, Zheludev N 2007 Opt. Express 15 11313
[34]	Barnes W L, Dereux A, Ebbesen T W 2003 Nature 424 824
[35]	Aoki T, Dayan B, Wilcut E, Bowen W P, Parkins A S, Kippenberg T, Vahala K, Kimble H 2006 Nature 443 671
[36]	Reithmaier J, Sęk G, Lffler A, Hofmann C, Kuhn S, Reitzenstein S, Keldysh L, Kulakovskii V, Reinecke T, Forchel A 2004 Nature 432 197
[37]	Vahala K J 2003 Nature 424 839
[38]	Nelayah J, Kociak M, Stphan O, de Abajo F J G, Tenc M, Henrard L, Taverna D, Pastoriza-Santos I, Liz-Marzn L M, Colliex C 2007 Nature Phys. 3 348
[39]	Shuford K L, Ratner M A, Schatz G C 2005 J. Chem. Phys. 123 114713
[40]	Sherry L J, Jin R, Mirkin C A, Schatz G C, van Duyne R P 2006 Nano Lett. 6 2060
[41]	Das P, Chini T K, Pond J 2012 J. Phys. Chem. C 116 15610
[42]	Knight M W, Wu Y, Lassiter J B, Nordlander P, Halas N J 2009 Nano Lett. 9 2188
[43]	Zhang S, Bao K, Halas N J, Xu H, Nordlander P 2011 Nano Lett. 11 1657
[44]	Wu Y, Nordlander P 2009 J. Phys. Chem. C 114 7302
[45]	Das P, Kedia A, Kumar P S, Large N, Chini T K 2013 Nanotechnology 24 405704
[46]	Lovera A, Gallinet B, Nordlander P, Martin O J 2013 ACS Nano 7 4527
[47]	Lassiter J B, Sobhani H, Knight M W, Mielczarek W S, Nordlander P, Halas N J 2012 Nano Lett. 12 1058
[48]	Frimmer M, Coenen T, Koenderink A F 2012 Phys. Rev. Lett. 108 077404
[49]	Day J K, Large N, Nordlander P, Halas N J 2015 Nano Lett. 15 1324
[50]	Segal E, Weissman A, Gachet D, Salomon A 2016 Nanoscale 8 15296
[51]	Coenen T, Vesseur E J R, Polman A 2011 Appl. Phys. Lett. 99 203904
[52]	Zhang X, Rich D H, Kobayashi J T, Kobayashi N P, Dapkus P D 1998 Appl. Phys. Lett. 73 1430
[53]	Coenen T, Vesseur E J R, Polman A 2012 ACS Nano 6 1742
[54]	Coenen T, Arango F B, Koenderink A F, Polman A 2014 Nat. Commun. 5 3250
[55]	Coenen T, Polman A 2014 ACS Nano 8 7350
[56]	Mohtashami A, Coenen T, Antoncecchi A, Polman A, Koenderink A F 2014 ACS Photon. 1 1134
[57]	Osorio C I, Coenen T, Brenny B J, Polman A, Koenderink A F 2015 ACS Photon. 3 147
[58]	Estrin Y, Rich D H, Kretinin A V, Shtrikman H 2013 Nano Lett. 13 1602
[59]	Leithuser G E 1904 Ann. Phys. 320 283
[60]	Losquin A, Zagonel L F, Myroshnychenko V, Rodrguez-Gonzlez B, Tenc M, Scarabelli L, Forstner J, Liz-Marzn L M, Garca de Abajo F J, Stphan O 2015 Nano Lett. 15 1229
[61]	Myroshnychenko V, Nelayah J, Adamo G, Geuquet N, Rodrguez-Fernandez J, Pastoriza-Santos I, MacDonald K F, Henrard L, Liz-Mrzan L M, Zheludev N I 2012 Nano Lett. 12 4172
[62]	Coenen T, Schoen D T, Mann S A, Rodriguez S R, Brenny B J, Polman A, Brongersma M L 2015 Nano Lett. 15 7666
[63]	Kawasaki N, Meuret S, Weil R, Loureno-Martins H, Stphan O, Kociak M 2016 ACS Photon. 3 1654
[64]	Knight M W, Liu L, Wang Y, Brown L, Mukherjee S, King N S, Everitt H O, Nordlander P, Halas N J 2012 Nano Lett. 12 6000
[65]	Knight M W, Coenen T, Yang Y, Brenny B J, Losurdo M, Brown A S, Everitt H O, Polman A 2015 ACS Nano 9 2049
[66]	Lee S M, Choi K C, Kim D H, Jeon D Y 2011 Opt. Express 19 13209

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