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This paper presents a novel method of generating multiple Fresnel hologram watermarks of three-dimensional objects. Firstly, the original watermark signal is used as the layers of the virtual three-dimensional object, and the encrypted watermark signal is generated in the form of complex noise by using both the region multiplexing tomography and the Fresnel double random phase coding method. Then, the spectrum of the watermark signal is conjugate symmetrically arranged and inverse Fourier transform is performed to obtain the real-valued watermark. The spectrum of the watermark signal is set to be in a non-interested region of the host spectrum to reduce their influence on the digital reconstruction of the host hologram. Finally, the encoded watermark signal is superimposed on the host hologram with a certain intensity. The original host hologram is not required during watermark reconstruction, and blind extraction is achieved. The reconstructed quick response (QR) code from the host hologram can be scanned and identified. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme has good invisibility and robustness to various types of image attacking operations such as filtering, joint photographic experts group (JPEG) compression, Gaussian noise, cropping, and rotation. The proposed method has good digital reconstruction quality for both host hologram and watermark when suffering attacks, and the QR code in the reconstruction plane has good scan recognition. Diffraction interference problem among different watermark layers is solved by the controllable post-processing of the watermarks with adjustable reconstruction and no interference, and the watermark restruction quality is improved. Furthermore, the application of virtual optics enriches the watermarking signal design method and enhances the security of the algorithm.
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Keywords:
- digital hologram /
- Fresnel diffraction /
- multiple computer-generated hologram watermark /
- digital reconstruction
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[1] Cox I J, Kilian J, Leighton F T, Shamoon T 1996 Audio and Video 3 243
[2] Swanson M D, Zhu B, Tewfik A H, Boney L 1998 Signal Proc. 66 337
[3] Niu X Q, Yang Y X (in Chinese)[钮心忻, 杨义先 2000 计算机学报 23 21]
[4] Zhong H, Jiao L C (in Chinese)[钟桦, 焦李成 2002 计算机学报 25 1364]
[5] Zeng G R, Qiu Z D 2010 Acta Phys. Sin. 59 5870 (in Chinese)[曾高荣, 裘正定 2010 物理学报 59 5870]
[6] Chen J S, Chu D 2016 Appl. Opt. 55 127
[7] Tay S, Blanche P A, Voorakaranam R, Tunç A V, Lin W, Rokutanda S, Gu T, Flores D, Wang P, Li G, St Hilaire P, Thomas J, Norwood R A, Yamamoto M, Peyghambarian N 2008 Nature 451 694
[8] Li J, L X D, Ma M F, Qin Y 2015 Acta Photon. Sin. 44 167
[9] Zhang T, Yamaguchi I 1998 Opt. Lett. 23 1221
[10] Kishk S, Javidi B 2003 Opt. Express 11 874
[11] Tsang P W M, Poon T C, Chow Y T 2015 Opt. Commun. 341 188
[12] Chen J Z, Zheng Z H, Ye F, Lian G R, Xu L (in Chinese)[陈家祯, 郑子华, 叶锋, 连桂仁, 许力 2015 激光与光电子学进展 12 72]
[13] Situ G, Zhang J 2006 J. Opt. A:Pure Appl. Opt. 8 391
[14] Xu N, Chen X L, Yang G 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 084202 (in Chinese)[徐宁, 陈雪莲, 杨庚 2013 物理学报 62 084202]
[15] Shi Y S, Zhang J J (in Chinese)[史祎诗, 张静娟 2009 光学学报 29 2705]
[16] Li J C, Xiong B H 2011 Information Optics (Beijing:Science Press) p45 (in Chinese)[李俊昌, 熊秉衡 2011 信息光学教程(北京:科学出版社)第45页]
[17] Liu W W, Dai Y Q, Kang X, Yang F J, He X Y (in Chinese)[刘雯雯, 戴宜全, 康新, 杨福俊, 何小元 2008 光学学报 28 856]
[18] Shi Y, Situ G, Zhang J 2007 Opt. Lett. 32 1914
[19] Refregier P, Javidi B 1995 Opt. Lett. 20 767
[20] Situ G, Zhang J 2004 Opt. Lett. 29 1584
[21] Huang S J, Wang S Z, Yu Y J 2009 Acta Phys. Sin. 58 952 (in Chinese)[黄素娟, 王朔中, 于瀛洁 2009 物理学报 58 952]
[22] Chen J Z, Zheng Z H, Lian G R (in Chinese)[陈家祯, 郑子华, 连桂仁 2014 激光与光电子学进展 51 75]
[23] Li J C, Song Q H, Gui J B, Peng Z J, Lou Y L (in Chinese)[李俊昌, 宋庆和, 桂进斌, 彭祖杰, 楼宇丽 2011 光学学报 31 297]
[24] Wang H N, Zhong W, Wang J, Xia D S 2004 J. Image Graphics. 9 828 (in Chinese)[王鸿南, 钟文, 汪静, 夏德深 2004 中国图象图形学报 9 828]
[25] Xu Y, Carlinet E, Geraud T, Najman L 2017 IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intellig. 39 457
[26] Refregier P, Javidi B 1995 Opt. Lett. 20 767
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