14-Gb/s physical random numbers generated in real time by using multi-bit quantization of chaotic laser

Wang Long-Sheng; Zhao Tong; Wang Da-Ming; Wu Dan-Yu; Zhou Lei; Wu Jin; Liu Xin-Yu; Wang An-Bang

doi:10.7498/aps.66.234205

Abstract

Real-time high-speed physical random numbers are crucial for a broad spectrum of applications in cryptography, communications as well as numerical computations and simulations.Chaotic laser is promising to construct high-speed physical random numbers in real time benefitting from its complex nonlinear dynamics.However,the real-time generation rate of physical random numbers by using single-bit extraction is confronted with a bottleneck because of the bandwidth limitation caused by laser relaxation,which dominates the laser chaos and then limits the effective bandwidth only to a few GHz.Although some bandwidth-enhanced methods have been proposed to increase the single-bit generation rate, the potential is very limited,and meanwhile the defects of system complexity will be introduced.An alternative method is to construct high-speed physical random numbers by using the multi-bit extraction.In this method,each sampling point is converted to N digital bits by using multi-bit analog-to-digital converter (ADC) and their M(M 6 N) least significant bits are retained as an output of random bits,where N and M are the numbers of ADC bits and retained bits,respectively.The generation rate of random numbers is thus equal to M times sampling rate and can be greatly increased.Whereas,in the multi-bit extraction demonstrations,the intensity output of chaotic laser is usually digitized by the commercial oscilloscope and then processed with least-significant-bit retention followed by other postprocessing methods such as derivative,exclusive-OR,and bit-order reversal.These followed post-processing operations have to be implemented off-line and thus cannot support the real-time generation of random numbers.Resultantly,it is still an ongoing challenge to develop high-speed generation schemes of physical random numbers with the capability of real-time output.In this paper,a real-time high-speed generation method of physical random numbers by using multi-bit quantization of chaotic laser is proposed and demonstrated experimentally.In the proposed generation scheme,an external-cavity feedback semiconductor laser is utilized as a source of chaotic laser.Through quantizing the chaotic laser with 6-bit ADC, which is triggered by a clock at a sampling rate of 7 GHz,a binary sequence with six significant bits can be achieved. After the selection of the two least-significant bits and self-delayed exclusive-OR operation in the field-programmable gate array (FPGA),a real-time 14-Gb/s binary stream is finally achieved.This binary stream has good uniformity and independence,and has passed the industry-standard statistical test suite provided by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST),showing a good statistical randomness.It is believed that this work provides an alternative method of generating the real-time high-speed random numbers and promotes its applications in the field of information security.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

1.
Key Laboratory of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China;
2.
Institute of Optoelectronic Engineering, College of Physics and Optoelectronics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China;
3.
Microwave Devices and Integrated Circuit Laboratory, Institute of Microelectronics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China

Corresponding author: Liu Xin-Yu, xyliu@ime.ac.cn;wanganbang@tyut.edu.cn ; Wang An-Bang, xyliu@ime.ac.cn;wanganbang@tyut.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 61475111, 61671316), the Natural Science Foundation for Excellent Young Scientists of Shanxi, China (Grant No. 2015021004), the International Science and Technology Cooperation Program of Shanxi Province, China (Grant No. 201603D421008), and the International Science and Technology Cooperation Program of China (Grant No. 2014DFA50870).

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Cited By

[1]	Metropolis N, Ulam S 1949 J. Amer. Stat. Assoc. 44 335
[2]	Zhao Q C, Yin H X 2013 Optik 124 2161
[3]	Petrie C S, Connelly J A 2000 IEEE Trans. Circ. Syst. I:Fundam. Theory Appl. 47 615
[4]	Bucci M, Germani L, Luzzi R, Trifiletti A, Varanonuovo M 2003 IEEE Trans. Comput. 52 403
[5]	Uchida A, Amano K, Inoue M, Hirano K, Naito S, Someya H, Oowada I, Kurashige T, Shiki M, Yoshimori S, Yoshimura K, Davis P 2008 Nat. Photon. 2 728
[6]	Harayama T, Sunada S, Yoshimura K, Davis P, Tsuzuki K, Uchida A 2011 Phys. Rev. A 83 031803
[7]	Wang A B, Li P, Zhang J G, Zhang J Z, Li L, Wang Y C 2013 Opt. Express 21 20452
[8]	Zhao D L, Li P, Liu X L, Guo X M, Guo Y Q, Zhang J G, Wang Y C 2017 Acta Phys. Sin. 66 050501 (in Chinese)[赵东亮, 李璞, 刘香莲, 郭晓敏, 郭龑强, 张建国, 王云才 2017 物理学报 66 050501]
[9]	Wang A B, Wang Y C, He H C 2008 IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 20 1633
[10]	Wang A B, Wang Y C, Wang J F 2009 Opt. Lett. 34 1144
[11]	Uchida A, Heil T, Liu Y, Davis P, Aida T 2003 IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 39 1462
[12]	Zhang M J, Liu T G, Li P, Wang A B, Zhang J Z, Wang Y C 2011 IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 23 1872
[13]	Hong Y H, Spencer P S, Shore K A 2012 J. Opt. Soc. Amer. B 29 415
[14]	Wang A B, Wang Y C, Yang Y B, Zhang M J, Xu H, Wang B J 2013 Appl. Phys. Lett. 102 031112
[15]	Reidler I, Aviad Y, Rosenbluh M, Kanter I 2009 Phys. Rev. Lett. 103 024102
[16]	Tang X, Wu J G, Xia G Q, Wu Z M 2011 Acta Phys. Sin. 60 110509 (in Chinese)[唐曦, 吴加贵, 夏光琼, 吴正茂 2011 物理学报 60 110509]
[17]	Kanter I, Aviad Y, Reidler I, Cohen E, Rosenbluh M 2010 Nat. Photon. 4 58
[18]	Li N Q, Kim B, Chizhevsky V N, Locquet A, Bloch M, Citrin D S, Pan W 2014 Opt. Express 22 6634
[19]	Yang H B, Wu Z M, Tang X, Wu J G, Xia G Q 2015 Acta Phys. Sin. 64 084204 (in Chinese)[杨海波, 吴正茂, 唐曦, 吴加贵, 夏光琼 2015 物理学报 64 084204]
[20]	Akizawa Y, Yamazaki T, Uchida A, Harayama T, Sunada S, Araiet K, Yoshimura K, Davis P 2012 IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 24 1042
[21]	Oliver N, Soriano M, Sukow D, Fischer I 2013 IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 49 910
[22]	Li X Z, Li S S, Zhuang J P, Chan S C 2015 Opt. Lett. 40 3970
[23]	Tang X, Wu Z M, Wu J G, Deng T, Chen J J, Fan L, Zhong Z Q, Xia G Q 2015 Opt. Express 23 33130
[24]	Sun Y Y, Li P, Guo Y Q, Guo X M, Liu X L, Zhang J G, Sang L X, Wang Y C 2017 Acta Phys. Sin. 66 030503 (in Chinese)[孙媛媛, 李璞, 郭龑强, 郭晓敏, 刘香莲, 张建国, 桑鲁骁, 王云才 2017 物理学报 66 030503]
[25]	Wang A B, Wang L S, Li P, Wang Y C 2017 Opt. Express 25 3153
[26]	Wu D Y, Zhou L, Huang Y K, Wang P, Wu J, Jin Z, Liu X Y 2016 Bipolar/BiCMOS Circuits and Technology Meeting New Jersey, America, September 25-27 2016 p90
[27]	Lin F Y, Liu J M 2003 Opt. Commun. 221 173
[28]	Rontani D, Locquet A, Sciamanna M, Citrin D S, Ortin S 2009 IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 45 879
[29]	Sciamanna M, Shore K A 2015 Nat. Photon. 9 151
[30]	Wang L S, Zhao T, Wang D M, Wu D Y, Zhou L, Wu J, Liu X Y, Wang Y C, Wang A B 2017 IEEE Photon. J. 9 7201412

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Vol. 66, Issue 23 - 2017-12-05

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