Test of weak equivalence principle of microscopic particles based on atom interferometers

Wang Jin; Zhan Ming-Sheng

doi:10.7498/aps.67.20180621

Abstract

The equivalence principle is one of the two basic assumptions of general relativity. It is the extension of weak equivalence principle. At present, a lot of experiments have tested the weak equivalence principle within a certain accuracy. However, the new theories that unify the gravity and the standard model require the weak equivalence principle to be broken, so the highly accurate test of the weak equivalence principle has important scientific significance. The test of the weak equivalence principle using microscopic particles complements and extends that using macroscopic objects. In this paper, the principle of the atomic interferometer is introduced, and the history and status quo of experimental study on weak equivalence principle of microscopic particles using atomic interferometer are reviewed. The precision of experiments using different-mass atoms is improved from 10-7 to 10-8, the precision of experiment using different spin-orientation atoms reaches the level of 10-7, and the precision of quantum test using superposition-state atoms reaches the level of 10-9. The key problems in the weak equivalence principle test using dual-species atom interferometers are summarized. Advances have been made in vibration noise suppression, frequency shift and phase noise suppression of Raman laser, four-wave double-diffraction Raman-transition atom interference, signal detection and data processing. The development of long-baseline atom interferometers for improving the free evolution time of atoms has progressed. The precision of demonstration experiment of weak equivalence principle test using atom interferometers in weightlessness reaches 10-4 level. The space plan for atom interferometer based weak equivalence principle test is also gradually implemented. The test precision of microparticles' weak equivalence principle using long-baseline atom interferometers or space atom interferometers is expected to reach the level of 10-15-10-17 in the future.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

1.
State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China;
2.
Center for Cold Atom Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China

Corresponding author: Wang Jin, wangjin@wipm.ac.cn

Funds: Project supported by the Major Research Plan of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 91536221, 91736311) and the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2016YFA0302002).

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Cited By

[1]	Clifford M W 2006 Living Rev. Relat. 9 3
[2]	Luo J, Nie Y X, Zhang Y Z, Zhou Z B 2002 Phys. Rev. D 65 042005
[3]	Zhou Z B, Luo J, Yan Q, Wu Z G, Zhang Y Z, Nie Y X 2002 Phys. Rev. D 66 022002
[4]	Dittus H, Greger R, Lochmann S, Vodel W, Koch H, Nietzsche S, Glyscinski J Z, Mehls C, Mazilu P 1996 Class. Quantum Grav. 13 A43
[5]	Wagner T A, Schlamminger S, Gundlach J H, Adelberger E G 2012 Class. Quantum Grav. 29 184002
[6]	Williams J G, Turyshev S G, Boggs D H 2012 Class. Quantum Grav. 29 184004
[7]	Touboul P, Métris G, Rodrigues M, et al. 2017 Phys. Rev. Lett. 119 231101
[8]	Koester L 1976 Phys. Rev. D 14 907
[9]	Bertolami O, Nunes F M 2003 Class. Quantum Grav. 20 L61
[10]	Kasevich M A, Chu S 1991 Phys. Rev. Lett. 67 181
[11]	Cronin A D, Schmiedmayer J, Pritchard D E 2009 Rev. Mod. Phys. 81 1051
[12]	Wang J, Zhou L, Li R B, Liu M, Zhan M S 2009 Front. Phys. China 4 179
[13]	Wang J 2015 Chin. Phys. B 24 053702
[14]	Peters A, Chung K Y, Chu S 1999 Nature 400 849
[15]	Peters A, Chung K Y, Chu S 2001 Metrologia 38 25
[16]	Zhou L, Xiong Z Y, Yang W, Tang B A, Peng W C, Wang Y B, Xu P, Wang J, Zhan M S 2011 Chin. Phys. Lett. 28 013701
[17]	Hu Z K, Sun B L, Duan X C, Zhou M K, Chen L L, Zhan S, Zhang Q Z, Luo J 2013 Phys. Rev. A 88 043610
[18]	Bidel Y, Carraz O, Charriere R, Cadoret M, Zahzam N, Bresson A 2013 Appl. Phys. Lett. 102 144107
[19]	Snadden M J, McGuirk J M, Bouyer P, Haritos K G, Kasevich M A 1998 Phys. Rev. Lett. 81 971
[20]	Sorrentino F, Bodart Q, Cacciapuoti L, Lien Y H, Prevedelli M, Rosi G, Salvi L, Tino G M 2014 Phys. Rev. A 89 023607
[21]	Bertoldi A, Lamporesi G, Cacciapuoti L, de Angelis M, Fattori M, Petelski T, Peters A, Prevedelli M, Stuhler J, Tino G M 2006 Eur. Phys. J. D 40 271
[22]	Fixler J B, Foster G T, McGuirk J M, Kasevich M A 2007 Science 315 74
[23]	Lamporesi G, Bertoldi A, Cacciapuoti L, Prevedelli M, Tino G M 2008 Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 050801
[24]	Rosi G, Sorrentino F, Cacciapuoti L, Prevedelli M, Tino G M 2014 Nature 510 518
[25]	Weiss D S, Young B C, Chu S 1994 Appl. Phys. B 59 217
[26]	Bouchendira R, Clade P, Guellati-Khelifa S, Nez F, Biraben F 2011 Phys. Rev. Lett. 106 080801
[27]	Parker R H, Yu C H, Zhong W C, Estey B, Mller H 2018 Science 360 191
[28]	Lenef A, Hammond T D, Smith E T, Chapman M S 1997 Phys. Rev. Lett. 78 760
[29]	Gustavson T L, Landragin A, Kasevich M A 2000 Class. Quantum Grav. 17 2385
[30]	Canuel B, Leduc F, Holleville D, Gauguet A, Fils J, Virdis A, Clairon A, Dimarcq N, Borde C J, Landragin A, Bouyer P 2006 Phys. Rev. Lett. 97 010402
[31]	Durfee D S, Shaham Y K, Kasevich M A 2006 Phys. Rev. Lett. 97 240801
[32]	Muller T, Gilowski M, Zaiser M, Berg P, Schubert C, Wendrich T, Ertmer W, Rasel E M 2009 Eur. Phys. J. D 53 273
[33]	Dickerson S M, Hogan J M, Sugarbaker A, Johnson D M S, Kasevich M A 2013 Phys. Rev. Lett. 111 083001
[34]	Yao Z W, Lu S B, Li R B, Luo J, Wang J, Zhan M S 2018 Phys. Rev. A 97 013620
[35]	Lepoutre S, Lonij V P A, Jelassi H, Trenec G, Buchner M, Cronin A D, Vigue J 2011 Eur. Phys. J. D 62 309
[36]	Parazzoli L P, Hankin A M, Biedermann G W 2012 Phys. Rev. Lett. 109 230401
[37]	Mller H, Peters A, Chu S 2010 Nature 463 926
[38]	Mller H, Chiow S W, Herrmann S, Chu S, Chung K Y 2008 Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 031101
[39]	Merlet S, Bodart Q, Malossi N, Landragin A, Pereira Dos Santos F, Gitlein O, Timmen L 2010 Metrologia 47 L9
[40]	Fray S, Diez C A, Hänsch T W, Weitz M 2004 Phys. Rev. Lett. 93 240404
[41]	Bonnin A, Zahzam N, Bidel Y, Bresson A 2013 Phys. Rev. A 88 043615
[42]	Schlippert D, Hartwig J, Albers H, Richardson L L, Schubert C, Roura A, Schleich W P, Ertmer W, Rasel E M 2014 Phys. Rev. Lett. 112 203002
[43]	Tarallo M G, Mazzoni T, Poli N, Sutyrin D V, Zhang X, Tino G M 2014 Phys. Rev. Lett. 113 023005
[44]	Zhou L, Long S T, Tang B, Chen X, Gao F, Peng W C, Duan W T, Zhong J Q, Xiong Z Y, Wang J, Zhang Y Z, Zhan M S 2015 Phys. Rev. Lett. 115 013004
[45]	Barrett B, Antoni-Micollier L, Chichet L, Battelier B, Lévèque T, Landragin A, Bouyer P 2016 Nat. Commun. 7 13786
[46]	Duan X C, Zhou M K, Deng X B, Yao H B, Shao C G, Luo J, Hu Z K 2016 Phys. Rev. Lett. 117 023001
[47]	Rosi G, D'Amico G, Cacciapuoti L, Sorrentino F, Prevedelli M, Zych M, Brukner Č, Tino G M 2017 Nat. Commun. 8 15529
[48]	Tang B, Zhou L, Xiong Z Y, Wang J, Zhan M S 2014 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 85 093109
[49]	Peng W C, Zhou L, Long S T, Wang J, Zhan M S 2014 Opt. Lett. 39 2998
[50]	Yim S H, Lee S B, Kwon T Y, Park S E 2014 Appl. Phys. B 115 491
[51]	Weitz M, Young B C, Chu S 1994 Phys. Rev. A 50 2438
[52]	Li R B, Zhou L, Wang J, Zhan M S 2009 Opt. Commun. 282 1340
[53]	Wang K, Yao Z W, Li R B, Lu S B, Chen X, Wang J, Zhan M S 2016 Appl. Opt. 55 989
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[55]	Schkolnik V, Leykauf B, Hauth M, Freier C, Peters A 2015 Appl. Phys. B 120 311
[56]	Zhou M K, Luo Q, Chen L L, Duan X X, Hu Z K 2016 Phys. Rev. A 93 043610
[57]	Hu J G, Chen X, Fang J, Zhou L, Zhong J G, Wang J, Zhan M S 2017 Phys. Rev. A 96 023618
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[60]	Rocco E, Palmer R N, Valenzuela T, Boyer V, Freise A, Bongs K 2014 New J. Phys. 16 093046
[61]	Biedermann G W, Wu X, Deslauriers L, Takase K, Kasevich M A 2009 Opt. Lett. 34 347
[62]	Biedermann G W 2007 Ph. D. Dissertation (California: Stanford University)
[63]	Song H W, Zhong J Q, Chen X, Zhu L, Wang Y P, Wang J, Zhan M S 2016 Opt. Express 24 28392
[64]	McGuirk J M 2001 Ph. D. Dissertation (California: Stanford University)
[65]	Foster G T, Fixler J B, McGuirk J M, Kasevich M A 2002 Opt. Lett. 27 951
[66]	Stockton J K, Wu X, Kasevich M A 2007 Phys. Rev. A 76 033613
[67]	Rosi G, Cacciapuoti L, Sorrentino F, Menchetti M, Prevedelli M, Tino G M 2015 Phys. Rev. Lett. 114 013001
[68]	Barrett B, Antoni-Micollier L, Chichet L, Battelier B, Gominet P A, Bertoldi A, Bouyer P, Landragin A 2015 New J. Phys. 17 085010
[69]	Pereira Dos Santos F 2015 Phys. Rev. A 91 063615
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[73]	Hu J G, Chen X, Fang J, Zhou L, Zhong J Q, Wang J, Zhan M S 2017 Phys. Rev. A 96 023618
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[75]	Dimopoulos S, Graham P W, Hogan J M, Kasevich M A 2007 Phys. Rev. Lett. 98 111102
[76]	Dimopoulos S, Graham P W, Hogan J M, Kasevich M A 2008 Phys. Rev. D 78 042003
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Vol. 67, Issue 16 - 2018-08-20

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