Recent progress in testing Newtonian inverse square law at short range

Tan Wen-Hai; Wang Jian-Bo; Shao Cheng-Gang; Tu Liang-Cheng; Yang Shan-Qing; Luo Peng-Shun; Luo Jun

doi:10.7498/aps.67.20180636

Abstract

Many theoretical speculations assume that the Newtonian inverse square law (ISL) needs to be modified in short range, such as the modifications due to gravitation propagating in extra dimensions and the hypothetical interactions mediated by bosons predicted by the physics beyond the standard model. High precision tests of the non-Newtonian gravitational forces are important for verifying the proposed models and help us to further understand gravity. Scientists have performed many tests in different interaction ranges by using different techniques and have not find any nonNewtonian gravitational force up to now. Adopting a gap modulation scheme, the experimental group in Huazhong University of Science and Technology had accomplished the tests of ISL in the millimeter and submillimeter range with torsional balance. The experiment in the millimeter range set the strongest constraints on the Yukawa-type violation from ISL. Recently, they have conducted two other tests in the submillimeter and micrometer range by modulating the density of the source attractor. In the submillimeter range, torsional balance is used to measure the torque acting on the pendulum by a rotating density modulated source attractor. The Newtonian gravitational torque at the frequency of interest is suppressed below the thermal noise of the pendulum by a dual compensation design, whereas the nonNewtonian gravitational torque is preserved if it exists, so that a “Null” test can be realized. The experimental system is verified by comparing the theoretical torque with the measured one when intentionally shifting the attractor away from the position for “Null” test. The strongest constraints on the Yukawa-type violation are achieved in a range of 70-300 μm in this experiment. In the micrometer range, an isoelectronic test of the non-Newtonian forces is performed by sensing the lateral force between a gold sphere and a density modulated source attractor by using a soft cantilever. The attractor is fabricated based on silicon-on-insulator wafer to make its surface isoelectronic and possess a density modulated structure underneath. Two-dimensional (2D) mapping of the force signal indicates that the experimental sensitivity is mainly limited by the electrostatic force arising from the surface patch charges. We analyze the 2D mapping data by using maximum likelihood estimation method and set constraints on the Yukawa-type non-Newtonian gravitational forces without subtracting the model-dependent Casimir force or electrostatic force background. Both experiments show no sign of the non-Newtonian gravitational force, and further experiments with high precision are required to explore the unconstrained parameter space.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

1.
MOE Key Laboratory of Fundamental Physical Quantities Measurements, Hubei Key Laboratory of Gravitation and Quantum Physics, School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China;
2.
TianQin Research Center for Gravitational Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China

Corresponding author: Yang Shan-Qing, ysq2011@hust.edu.cn;pluo2009@hust.edu.cn;junluo@hust.edu.cn ; Luo Peng-Shun, ysq2011@hust.edu.cn;pluo2009@hust.edu.cn;junluo@hust.edu.cn ; Luo Jun, ysq2011@hust.edu.cn;pluo2009@hust.edu.cn;junluo@hust.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the Major Research Plan of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 91436212, 91736312), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11705061, 11722542, 11275076), and the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2010CB832802).

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[43]	Shirata A, Shiromizu T, Yoshida N, Suto Y 2005 Phys. Rev. D 71 064030
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[46]	Long J C, Price J C 2003 Comptes Rendus Phys. 4 337
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[48]	Spero R, Hoskins J K, Newman R, Pellam J, Schultz J 1980 Phys. Rev. Lett. 44 1645
[49]	Long D R 1980 IL Nuovo Cimento B (1971-1996) 55 252
[50]	Yan H, Housworth E A, Meyer H O, Visser G, Weisman E, Long J C 2014 Class. Quantum Gravity 31 205007
[51]	Chiaverini J, Smullin S J, Geraci A A, Weld D M, Kapitulnik A 2003 Phys. Rev. Lett. 90 151101
[52]	Weld D, Xia J, Cabrera B, Kapitulnik A 2008 Phys. Rev. D 77 062006
[53]	Kim W J, Sushkov A O, Dalvit D A R, Lamoreaux S K 2009 Phys. Rev. Lett. 103 060401
[54]	Harris B W, Chen F, Mohideen U 2000 Phys. Rev. A 62 052109
[55]	Tan W H 2016 Ph. D. Dissertation (Wuhan:Huazhong University of Science and Technology) (in Chinese)[谭文海 2016 博士学位论文 (武汉:华中科技大学)]
[56]	Yin H, Bai Y Z, Hu M, Liu L, Luo J, Tan D Y, Yeh H C, Zhou Z B 2014 Phys. Rev. D 90 122001
[57]	Saulson P R 1990 Phys. Rev. D 42 2437
[58]	Pollack S, Schlamminger S, Gundlach J H 2008 Phys. Rev. Lett. 101 071101
[59]	Behunin R O, Dalvit D A R, Decca R S, Speake C C 2014 Phys. Rev. D 89 051301
[60]	Klimchitskaya G L, Mohideen U, Mostepanenko V M 2009 Rev. Mod. Phys. 81 1827
[61]	Wang J B 2017 Ph. D. Dissertation (Wuhan:Huazhong University of Science and Technology) (in Chinese)[王建波 2017 博士学位论文 (武汉:华中科技大学)]
[62]	Hoogenboom B W, Frederix P L T M, Yang J L, Martin S, Pellmont Y, Steinacher M, Zäch S, Langenbach E, Heimbeck H J, Engel A, Hug H J 2005 Appl. Phys. Lett. 86 074101

Cited By

[1]	LIGO Scientific Collaboration and Virgo Collaboration 2016 Phys. Rev. Lett. 116 061102
[2]	Touboul P, Métris G, Rodrigues M, André Y, Baghi Q, Bergé J, Boulanger D, Bremer S, Carle P, Chhun R, Christophe B, Cipolla V, Damour T, Danto P, Dittus H, Fayet P, Foulon B, Gageant C, Guidotti P Y, Hagedorn D, Hardy E, Huynh P A, Inchauspe H, Kayser P, Lala S, Lämmerzahl C, Lebat V, Leseur P, Liorzou F, List M, Löffler F, Panet I, Pouilloux B, Prieur P, Rebray A, Reynaud S, Rievers B, Robert A, Selig H, Serron L, Sumner T, Tanguy N, Visser P 2017 Phys. Rev. Lett. 119 231101
[3]	Arkani-Hamed N, Dimopoulos S, Dvali G 1998 Phys. Lett. B 429 263
[4]	Arkani-Hamed N, Dimopoulos S, Dvali G 1999 Phys. Rev. D 59 086004
[5]	Adelberger E G, Heckel B R, Nelson A E 2003 Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 53 77
[6]	Beane S R 1997 Gen. Relativ. Gravit. 29 945
[7]	Riess A G, Filippenko A V, Challis P, Clocchiatti A, Diercks A, Garnavich P M, Gilliland R L, Hogan C J, Jha S, Kirshner R P, Leibundgut B, Phillips M M, Reiss D, Schmidt B P, Schommer R A, Smith R C, Spyromilio J, Stubbs C, Suntzeff N B, Tonry J 1998 Astron. J. 116 1009
[8]	Antoniadis I, Arkani-Hamed N, Dimopoulos S, Dvali G 1998 Phys. Lett. B 436 257
[9]	Hoyle C D, Kapner D J, Heckel B R, Adelberger E G, Gundlach J H, Schmidt U, Swanson H E 2004 Phys. Rev. D 70 042004
[10]	Dimopoulos S, Giudice G F 1996 Phys. Lett. B 379 105
[11]	Kaplan D B, Wise M B 2000 J. High Energy Phys. 2000 037
[12]	Antoniadis I, Dimopoulos S, Dvali G 1998 Nucl. Phys. B 516 70
[13]	Moody J E, Wilczek F 1984 Phys. Rev. D 30 130
[14]	Mackenzie A S 1895 Phys. Rev. Ser. I 2 321
[15]	Long D R 1974 Phys. Rev. D 9 850
[16]	Long D R 1976 Nature 260 417
[17]	Chen Y T, Cook A H, Metherell A J F 1984 Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Math. Phys. Sci. 394 47
[18]	Spero R, Hoskins J K, Newman R, Pellam J, Schultz J 1980 Phys. Rev. Lett. 44 1645
[19]	Hoskins J K, Newman R D, Spero R, Schultz J 1985 Phys. Rev. D 32 3084
[20]	Kapner D J, Cook T S, Adelberger E G, Gundlach J H, Heckel B R, Hoyle C D, Swanson H E 2007 Phys. Rev. Lett. 98 021101
[21]	Tu L C, Guan S G, Luo J, Shao C G, Liu L X 2007 Phys. Rev. Lett. 98 201101
[22]	Yang S Q, Zhan B F, Wang Q L, Shao C G, Tu L C, Tan W H, Luo J 2012 Phys. Rev. Lett. 108 081101
[23]	Tan W H, Yang S Q, Shao C G, Li J, Du A B, Zhan B F, Wang Q L, Luo P S, Tu L C, Luo J 2016 Phys. Rev. Lett. 116 131101
[24]	Long J C, Chan H W, Churnside A B, Gulbis E A, Varney M C M, Price J C 2003 Nature 421 922
[25]	Bordag M, Mohideen U, Mostepanenko V M 2001 Phys. Rep. 353 1
[26]	Decca R S, López D, Chan H B, Fischbach E, Krause D E, Jamell C R 2005 Phys. Rev. Lett. 94 240401
[27]	Geraci A A, Smullin S J, Weld D M, Chiaverini J, Kapitulnik A 2008 Phys. Rev. D 78 022002
[28]	Decca R S, López D, Fischbach E, Klimchitskaya G L, Krause D E, Mostepanenko V M 2007 Phys. Rev. D 75 077101
[29]	Chen Y J, Tham W K, Krause D E, López D, Fischbach E, Decca R S 2016 Phys. Rev. Lett. 116 221102
[30]	Wang J B, Guan S G, Chen K, Wu W J, Tian Z Y, Luo P S, Jin A Z, Yang S Q, Shao C G, Luo J 2016 Phys. Rev. D 94 122005
[31]	Sushkov A O, Kim W J, Dalvit D A R, Lamoreaux S K 2011 Phys. Rev. Lett. 107 171101
[32]	Masuda M, Sasaki M 2009 Phys. Rev. Lett. 102 171101
[33]	Kamiya Y, Itagaki K, Tani M, Kim G N, Komamiya S 2015 Phys. Rev. Lett. 114 161101
[34]	Nesvizhevsky V V, Protasov K V 2004 Class. Quantum Gravity 21 4557
[35]	Greene G L, Gudkov V 2007 Phys. Rev. C 75 015501
[36]	Pokotilovski Y N 2006 Phys. At. Nucl. 69 924
[37]	Nesvizhevsky V V, Pignol G, Protasov K V 2008 Phys. Rev. D 77 034020
[38]	Xu J, Li B A, Chen L W, Zheng H 2013 J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys. 40 035107
[39]	Moody M V, Paik H J 1993 Phys. Rev. Lett. 70 1195
[40]	Cornaz A, Hubler B, Kündig W 1994 Phys. Rev. Lett. 72 1152
[41]	Romaides A J, Sands R W, Fischbach E, Talmadge C L 1997 Phys. Rev. D 55 4532
[42]	Speake C C, Niebauer T M, McHugh M P, Keyser P T, Faller J E, Cruz J Y, Harrison J C, Mäkinen J, Beruff R B 1990 Phys. Rev. Lett. 65 1967
[43]	Shirata A, Shiromizu T, Yoshida N, Suto Y 2005 Phys. Rev. D 71 064030
[44]	Adelberger E G, Heckel B R, Nelson A E 2003 Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 53 77
[45]	Newman R D, Berg E C, Boynton P E 2009 Space Sci. Rev. 148 175
[46]	Long J C, Price J C 2003 Comptes Rendus Phys. 4 337
[47]	Adelberger E G, Gundlach J H, Heckel B R, Hoedl S, Schlamminger S 2009 Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 62 102
[48]	Spero R, Hoskins J K, Newman R, Pellam J, Schultz J 1980 Phys. Rev. Lett. 44 1645
[49]	Long D R 1980 IL Nuovo Cimento B (1971-1996) 55 252
[50]	Yan H, Housworth E A, Meyer H O, Visser G, Weisman E, Long J C 2014 Class. Quantum Gravity 31 205007
[51]	Chiaverini J, Smullin S J, Geraci A A, Weld D M, Kapitulnik A 2003 Phys. Rev. Lett. 90 151101
[52]	Weld D, Xia J, Cabrera B, Kapitulnik A 2008 Phys. Rev. D 77 062006
[53]	Kim W J, Sushkov A O, Dalvit D A R, Lamoreaux S K 2009 Phys. Rev. Lett. 103 060401
[54]	Harris B W, Chen F, Mohideen U 2000 Phys. Rev. A 62 052109
[55]	Tan W H 2016 Ph. D. Dissertation (Wuhan:Huazhong University of Science and Technology) (in Chinese)[谭文海 2016 博士学位论文 (武汉:华中科技大学)]
[56]	Yin H, Bai Y Z, Hu M, Liu L, Luo J, Tan D Y, Yeh H C, Zhou Z B 2014 Phys. Rev. D 90 122001
[57]	Saulson P R 1990 Phys. Rev. D 42 2437
[58]	Pollack S, Schlamminger S, Gundlach J H 2008 Phys. Rev. Lett. 101 071101
[59]	Behunin R O, Dalvit D A R, Decca R S, Speake C C 2014 Phys. Rev. D 89 051301
[60]	Klimchitskaya G L, Mohideen U, Mostepanenko V M 2009 Rev. Mod. Phys. 81 1827
[61]	Wang J B 2017 Ph. D. Dissertation (Wuhan:Huazhong University of Science and Technology) (in Chinese)[王建波 2017 博士学位论文 (武汉:华中科技大学)]
[62]	Hoogenboom B W, Frederix P L T M, Yang J L, Martin S, Pellmont Y, Steinacher M, Zäch S, Langenbach E, Heimbeck H J, Engel A, Hug H J 2005 Appl. Phys. Lett. 86 074101

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