Energy loss of surface plasmon polaritons on Ag nanowire waveguide

Wang Wen-Hui; Zhang Nao

doi:10.7498/aps.67.20182085

Abstract

Metal nanostructures can support surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) propagating beyond diffraction limit, which enables the miniaturizing of optical devices and the integrating of on-chip photonic and electronic circuits. Various surface plasmon based optical components have already been developed such as plasmonic routers, detectors, logic gates, etc. However, the high energy losses associated with SPPs' propagation have largely hampered their applications in nanophotonic devices and circuits. Developing the methods of effectively reducing energy loss is significant in this field. In this review, we mainly focus on the energy losses when SPPs propagate in Ag nanowires (NWs). Researches on energy loss mechanism, measurement approaches and methods of reducing energy loss have been reviewed. Owing to their good morphology and high crystallinity as well as low loss in visible spectrum, chemically synthesized Ag NWs are a promising candidate for plasmonic waveguides. The energy losses mainly arise from inherent Ohmic damping, scattering process, leaky radiation and absorption of substrate. These processes can be influenced by excitation wavelength, the geometry of NW and the dielectric environment, especially the effect of substrate, which is discussed in the review. Longer excitation wavelength and larger NW diameter can induce decreased mode confinements and smaller Ohmic loss. The experimental methods to measure the energy loss have been summarized. Researches on reducing energy loss have been reviewed including applying dielectric layer or graphene between NW and substrate, replacing commonly used substrate with a dielectric multilayer substrate, introducing gain materials, and forming hybrid waveguides by using the semiconductor or dielectric NW. Specifically, the leaky radiation can be prevented when an appropriate dielectric layer is placed between NW and substrate, and the mode confinement can be reduced which leads to decreased Ohmic loss. The gain materials can be used to compensate for the energy loss during propagation. Compared with metal waveguides, semiconductor or dielectric NWs suffer lower energy losses while decreased field confinement. Then the hybrid waveguides constructed by metal and dielectric NWs can combine their advantages, which possesses reduced propagation loss. In addition, the plasmon modes in NWs in a homogeneous medium and a substrate are briefly discussed respectively, followed by the introduction to fundamental properties of SPPs propagation. Finally, perspectives of the future development of reducing energy loss are given. The researches on reducing energy loss are crucial for designing and fabricating the nanophotonic devices and integrated optical circuits.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

School of Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China

References

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[61]	Meng X, Zhu W, Li H, Zhai C, Zhang W 2018 Opt. Commun. 423 152
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[66]	Li Y J, Yan Y, Zhang C, Zhao Y S, Yao J 2013 Adv. Mater. 25 2784
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Cited By

[1]	Barnes W L, Dereux A, Ebbesen T W 2003 Nature 424 824
[2]	Pacifici D, Lezec H J, Atwater H A 2007 Nat. Photon. 1 402
[3]	Zia R, Schuller J A, Chandran A, Brongersma M L 2006 Mater. Today 9 20
[4]	Gramotnev D K, Bozhevolnyi S I 2010 Nat. Photon. 4 83
[5]	Atwater H A, Maier S, Polman A, Dionne J A, Sweatlock L 2005 MRS Bull. 30 385
[6]	Economou E N 1969 Phys. Rev. 182 539
[7]	Burke J J, Stegeman G I, Tamir T 1986 Phys. Rev. B 33 5186
[8]	Maier S A, Friedman M D, Barclay P E, Painter O 2005 Appl. Phys. Lett. 86 071103
[9]	Qu D X, Grischkowsky D 2004 Phys. Rev. Lett. 93 196804
[10]	Lamprecht B, Krenn J R, Schider G, Ditlbacher H, Salerno M, Felidj N, Leitner A, Aussenegg F R, Weeber J C 2001 Appl. Phys. Lett. 79 51
[11]	Pile D F P, Gramotnev D K 2004 Opt. Lett. 29 1069
[12]	Bozhevolnyi S I, Volkov V S, Devaux E, Laluet J Y, Ebbesen T W 2006 Nature 440 508
[13]	Graff A, Wagner D, Ditlbacher H, Kreibig U 2005 Eur. Phys. J. D 34 263
[14]	Krenn J R, Weeber J C 2004 Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser. A 362 739
[15]	Sanders A W, Routenberg D A, Wiley B J, Xia Y, Dufresne E R, Reed M A 2006 Nano Lett. 6 1822
[16]	Wild B, Cao L, Sun Y, Khanal B P, Zubarev E R, Gray S K, Scherer N F, Pelton M 2012 ACS Nano 6 472
[17]	Li Z, Hao F, Huang Y, Fang Y, Nordlander P, Xu H 2009 Nano Lett. 9 4383
[18]	Li Z, Bao K, Fang Y, Huang Y, Nordlander P, Xu H 2010 Nano Lett. 10 1831
[19]	Zhang S, Wei H, Bao K, Hakanson U, Halas N J, Nordlander P, Xu H 2011 Phys. Rev. Lett. 107 096801
[20]	Wei H, Li Z, Tian X, Wang Z, Cong F, Liu N, Zhang S, Nordlander P, Halas N J, Xu H 2011 Nano Lett. 11 471
[21]	Wei H, Tian X, Pan D, Chen L, Jia Z, Xu H 2015 Nano Lett. 15 560
[22]	Fang Y, Li Z, Huang Y, Zhang S, Nordlander P, Halas N J, Xu H 2010 Nano Lett. 10 1950
[23]	Wei H, Wang Z, Tian X, Kall M, Xu H 2011 Nat. Commun. 2 387
[24]	Wu X, Xiao Y, Meng C, Zhang X, Yu S, Wang Y, Yang C, Guo X, Ning C Z, Tong L 2013 Nano Lett. 13 5654
[25]	Falk A L, Koppens F H L, Yu C L, Kang K, Snapp N d L, Akimov A V, Jo M H, Lukin M D, Park H 2009 Nat. Phys. 5 475
[26]	Goodfellow K M, Chakraborty C, Beams R, Novotny L, Vamiyakas A N 2015 Nano Lett. 15 5477
[27]	Wei H, Pan D, Zhang S, Li Z, Li Q, Liu N, Wang W, Xu H 2018 Chem. Rev. 118 2882
[28]	Chen W, Zhang S, Deng Q, Xu H 2018 Nat. Commun. 9 801
[29]	Wang Y, Ma Y, Guo X, Tong L 2012 Opt. Express 20 19006
[30]	Zhang S H, Jiang Z Y, Xie Z X, Xu X, Huang R B, Zheng L S 2005 J. Phys. Chem. B 109 9416
[31]	Staleva H, Skrabalak S E, Carey C R, Kosel T, Xia Y, Hartland G V 2009 Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 11 5889
[32]	Wiley B, Sun Y G, Mayers B, Xia Y N 2005 Chem. Eur. J 11 454
[33]	Xia Y, Xiong Y, Lim B, Skrabalak S E 2009 Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 48 60
[34]	Sun Y G, Xia Y N 2002 Adv. Mater. 14 833
[35]	Chang D E, Sorensen A S, Hemmer P R, Lukin M D 2007 Phys. Rev. B 76 035420
[36]	Pan D, Wei H, Jia Z, Xu H 2014 Sci. Rep. 4 4993
[37]	Pan D, Wei H, Gao L, Xu H 2016 Phys. Rev. Lett. 117 166803
[38]	Zou C L, Sun F W, Xiao Y F, Dong C H, Chen X D, Cui J M, Gong Q, Han Z F, Guo G C 2010 Appl. Phys. Lett. 97 183102
[39]	Li Z, Bao K, Fang Y, Guan Z, Halas N J, Nordlander P, Xu H 2010 Phys. Rev. B 82 241402
[40]	Zhang S, Xu H 2012 ACS Nano 6 8128
[41]	Wei H, Pan D, Xu H 2015 Nanoscale 7 19053
[42]	Oulton R F, Sorger V J, Genov D A, Pile D F P, Zhang X 2008 Nat. Photon. 2 496
[43]	Oulton R F, Bartal G, Pile D F P, Zhang X 2008 New J. Phys. 10 105018
[44]	Song Y, Yan M, Yang Q, Tong L M, Qiu M 2011 Opt. Commun. 284 480
[45]	Jia Z, Wei H, Pan D, Xu H 2016 Nanoscale 8 20118
[46]	Ma Y, Li X, Yu H, Tong L, Gu Y, Gong Q 2010 Opt. Lett. 35 1160
[47]	Hua J, Wu F, Fan F, Wang W, Xu Z, Li F 2016 J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 28 254005
[48]	Kusar P, Gruber C, Hohenau A, Krenn J R 2012 Nano Lett. 12 661
[49]	Wu F, Wang W, Hua J, Xu Z, Li F 2016 Sci. Rep. 6 37512
[50]	Hua J, Wu F, Xu Z, Wang W 2016 Sci. Rep. 6 34418
[51]	Hajati M, Hajati Y 2016 J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 33 2560
[52]	Liu N, Wei H, Li J, Wang Z, Tian X, Pan A, Xu H 2013 Sci. Rep. 3 1967
[53]	Wang W, Yang Q, Fan F, Xu H, Wang Z L 2011 Nano Lett. 11 1603
[54]	Ditlbacher H, Hohenau A, Wagner D, Kreibig U, Rogers M, Hofer F, Aussenegg F R, Krenn J R 2005 Phys. Rev. Lett. 95 257403
[55]	Wei H, Zhang S, Tian X, Xu H 2013 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 110 4494
[56]	Krenn J R, Lamprecht B, Ditlbacher H, Schider G, Salerno M, Leitner A, Aussenegg F R 2002 Europhys. Lett. 60 663
[57]	Jones A C, Olmon R L, Skrabalak S E, Wiley B J, Xia Y N, Raschke M B 2009 Nano Lett. 9 2553
[58]	Dorfmueller J, Vogelgesang R, Weitz R T, Rockstuhl C, Etrich C, Pertsch T, Lederer F, Kern K 2009 Nano Lett. 9 2372
[59]	Li X, Guo X, Wang D, Tong L 2014 Opt. Commun. 323 119
[60]	Wang W, Zhou W, Fu T, Wu F, Zhang N, Li Q, Xu Z, Liu W 2018 Nano Energy 48 197
[61]	Meng X, Zhu W, Li H, Zhai C, Zhang W 2018 Opt. Commun. 423 152
[62]	Zhang D, Xiang Y, Chen J, Cheng J, Zhu L, Wang R, Zou G, Wang P, Ming H, Rosenfeld M, Badugu R, Lakowicz J R 2018 Nano Lett. 18 1152
[63]	Paul A, Zhen Y R, Wang Y, Chang W S, Xia Y, Nordlander P, Link S 2014 Nano Lett. 14 3628
[64]	Li Y J, Xiong X, Zou C L, Ren X F, Zhao Y S 2015 Small 11 3728
[65]	Guo X, Qiu M, Bao J, Wiley B J, Yang Q, Zhang X, Ma Y, Yu H, Tong L 2009 Nano Lett. 9 4515
[66]	Li Y J, Yan Y, Zhang C, Zhao Y S, Yao J 2013 Adv. Mater. 25 2784
[67]	Yan Y, Zhang C, Zheng J Y, Yao J, Zhao Y S 2012 Adv. Mater. 24 5681

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