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Photo-acoustic technology based on a low power blue diode laser for measuring the ppb level NO2 is presented in this paper. A low-cost NO2 measurement system based on traditional photo-acoustic technology is established. The 405 nm blue diode laser with an external modulation is used as a light source. The central wavelength of the laser is 403.56 nm, the half-peak full width is 0.84 nm, and the power is 65.3 mW. The effective absorption cross section of NO2 is obtained, and the interference of the water vapor and other trace gasisinvestigated. The resonant frequency is tested to be 1.35 kHz by frequency scanning fitting. An internally polished and coated poly tetra fluoroethylene aluminum cylindrical cavity is used as a photo-acoustic resonator (the inner diameter is 8 mm and the length is 120 mm). The influence factors caused by cavity parameters, optical windows and power supply are studied. The system is optimized to reduce background noise and improve signal-to-noise ratio. Then the noise signal is dropped to 0.02
${\text{μV}}$ . An additional buffer chamber is integrated on the original buffer chamber to form a two-level buffer. The two-stage buffer structure significantly suppresses the effects of airflow noise and improves the system stability. The slope of the calibration curve of the system after linear fitting is 0.016${\text{μV/ppb}}$ , and R2 is 0.998. The NO2 detection limit of system is 2 ppb (3$\sigma$ ) with an average time of 60 s. To verify the results of the system, a diode laser cavity ring-down spectroscopy system (CRDS system, using a 409 nm the diode laser, with a system detection limit of 6.6 × 10–1) is used to measure ambient NO2 simultaneouslyon Lake Dong-Pu in western Hefei, Anhui Province, China. During the experiment, the measured NO2 concentration ranges from 8 to 30 ppb, with an average concentration of 20.8 ppb. The results of two systems have good consistency:alinear fitting slope of 0.94 ± 0.009, an intercept of 1.89 ± 0.18 and acorrelation coefficient of 0.87. The experimental results show that the system can realize the low-cost on-line detection of the ppb level NO2, and it can also be used for the real-time detection of NO2 concentration field.-
Keywords:
- photo-acoustic spectroscopy /
- trace gas detection /
- low power blue diode laser /
- two-stage buffer
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[6] Meena G S, Jadhav D B 2007 Atmósfera 20 271
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Hu R Z, Wang D, Xie P H, Chen H, Ling L Y 2016 Acta Opt. Sin. 36 312
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[15] Duan J, Qin M, Ouyang B, Fang W, Li X, Lu K D, Tang K, Liang S X, Meng F H, Hu Z K, Xie P H, Liu W Q, Häsler R 2018 Atmosph. Measur. Tech. 11 4531
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[18] Lewicki R, Doty J H, Curl R F, Tittel F K, Wysocki G 2009 Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci. USA 106 12587
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图 1 NO2-PAS系统示意图
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of NO2-PAS system
图 2 NO2和H2O的吸收截面以及蓝光二极管激光光谱
Figure 2. Cross sections of NO2, H2O and diode laser spectrum
图 3 光声池的频率响应
Figure 3. Frequency response of the photo-acoustic cell
图 4 表面处理影响分析及性能优化研究
Figure 4. Impact analysis of surface treatment and study of performance optimization
图 5 单缓冲和两级缓冲对本底噪声的对比研究
Figure 5. Comparative study of background noise between one buffer and two buffer
图 6 系统性能评估
Figure 6. Performance evaluationof the system
图 7 Allan方差分析图
Figure 7. Analysis diagram of Allan variance
图 8 环境大气NO2的进气系统
Figure 8. Air intake system of atmospheric NO2 concentrations
图 9 (a) PAS系统和CRDS系统测得的环境大气NO2浓度; (b)PAS系统和CRDS系统NO2测量结果对比
Figure 9. (a) Simultaneous measurement of atmospheric NO2 concentrations by PAS and CRDS systems; (b) correlation between the atmospheric NO2 concentrations measured by PAS and CRDS systems
表 1 测试结果比较
Table 1. Comparison of test results.
明细 样气响应/${\text{μV}}$ 本底噪声/${\text{μV}}$ 腔体内表面处理前 94.33 ± 2.47 3.27 ± 0.34 腔体内表面处理后 110.27 ± 1.04 2.86 ± 0.33 光学窗片处理前 — 3.28 ± 0.34 光学窗片处理后 — 3.13 ± 0.14 线性电源 — 2.8 ± 0.16 
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[1] Tapia V, Carbajal L, Vasquez V, Espinoza R, Vasquez-Velasquez C, Steenland K, Gonzales G F 2018 Revista Peruana De Medicina Experimental Y Salud Publica 35 190
Google Scholar
[2] Vasilkov A P, Joiner J, Oreopoulos L, Gleason J F, Veefkind P, Bucsela E, Celarier E A, Spurr R J D, Platnick S 2009 Atmosph. Chem. Phys. 9 6389
Google Scholar
[3] Song W, Jia H F, Li Z L, Tang D L 2018 Sci. Total Environ. 631-632 688
Google Scholar
[4] Salome C M, Brown N J, Marks G B, Woolcock A J, Johnson G M, Nancarrow P C, Quigley S, Tiong J 1996 Eur. Respir. J. 9 910
Google Scholar
[5] Seo H, Jeong R H, Boo J H, Song J, Boo J H 2017 Appl. Sci. Converg. Technol. 26 218
[6] Meena G S, Jadhav D B 2007 Atmósfera 20 271
[7] United States Environmental Protection Agency Website. http://www.epa.gov[2019-3-8]
[8] Ryerson T B, Williams E J, Fehsenfeld F C 2000 J. Geophys. Res. 105 26447
Google Scholar
[9] Yang Y, Dong F Z, Ni Z B, Pang T, Zeng Z Y, Wu B, Zhang Z R 2014 Chin. Phys. B 23 040703
Google Scholar
[10] Karpf A, Rao G N 2009 Appl. Opt. 48 408
Google Scholar
[11] Dong L, Tittel F K, Li C G, Sanchez N P, Wu H P, Zheng C T, Yu Y J, Sampaolo A, Griffin R J 2016 Opt. Exp. 24 A528
Google Scholar
[12] 单昌功, 王薇, 刘诚, 徐兴伟, 孙友文, 田园, 刘文清 2017 物理学报 66 220204
Google Scholar
Shan C G, Wang W, Liu C, Xu X W, Sun Y W, Tian Y, Liu W Q 2017 Acta Phys. Sin. 66 220204
Google Scholar
[13] 胡仁志, 王丹, 谢品华, 陈浩, 凌六一 2016 光学学报 36 312
Hu R Z, Wang D, Xie P H, Chen H, Ling L Y 2016 Acta Opt. Sin. 36 312
[14] Fuchs H, Dube W P, Lerner B M, Wagner N L, Williams E J, Brown S S 2009 Environ. Sci. Technol. 43 7831
Google Scholar
[15] Duan J, Qin M, Ouyang B, Fang W, Li X, Lu K D, Tang K, Liang S X, Meng F H, Hu Z K, Xie P H, Liu W Q, Häsler R 2018 Atmosph. Measur. Tech. 11 4531
Google Scholar
[16] Ventrillard I, Gorrotxategi-Carbajo P, Romanini D 2017 Appl. Phys. B 123 180
[17] Liu K, Lewicki R, Tittel F K 2016 Sens. Actuat. B: Chemical 237 887
Google Scholar
[18] Lewicki R, Doty J H, Curl R F, Tittel F K, Wysocki G 2009 Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci. USA 106 12587
Google Scholar
[19] Volkamer R, Baidar S, Campos T L, Coburn S, DiGangi J P, Dix B, Koenig T K, Ortega I, Pierce B R, Reeves M, Sinreich R, Wang S, Zondlo M A, Romashkin P A 2015 Atmosph. Measur. Tech. 8 623
[20] 郁敏捷, 刘铭晖, 董作人, 孙延光, 蔡海文, 魏芳 2015 中国激光 42 351
Yu M J, Liu M H, Dong Z R, Sun Y G, Cai H G, Wei F 2015 Chin. J. Lasers 42 351
[21] Lu X, Qin M, Xie P H, Duan J, Fang W, Ling L Y, Shen L L, Liu J G, Liu W Q 2016 Chin. Phys. B 25 024210
Google Scholar
[22] Li A, Xie P H, Liu C, Liu J G, Liu W Q 2007 Chin. Phys. Lett. 24 2859
Google Scholar
[23] Thornton J A, Wooldridge P J, Cohen R C 2000 Analyt. Chem. 72 528
Google Scholar
[24] D'Ottone L, Campuzano-Jost P, Bauer D, Hynes A J 2001 J. Phys.Chem. A 105 10538
Google Scholar
[25] Yin X K, Dong L, Wu H P, Zheng H D, Ma W G, Zhang L, Yin W B, Jia S T, Tittel F K 2017 Sens. Actuat. B: Chemical 247 329
Google Scholar
[26] Yi H M, Liu K, Chen W D, Tan T, Wang L, Gao X M 2011 Optics Letters 36 481
Google Scholar
[27] Dong L, Wu H P, Zheng H D, Liu Y Y, Liu X L, Jiang W Z, Zhang L, Ma W G, Ren W, Yin W B, Jia S T, Tittel F K 2014 Opt. Lett. 39 2479
Google Scholar
[28] Waclawek J P, Moser H, Lendl B 2016 Opt. Express 24 6559
Google Scholar
[29] Sampaolo A, Csutak S, Patimisco P, Giglio M, Menduni G, Passaro V, Tittel F K, Deffenbaugh M, Spagnolo V 2019 Sens. Actuat. B: Chemical 282 952
Google Scholar
[30] Wu H P, Dong L, Zheng H D, Liu X L, Yin X K, Ma W G, Zhang L, Yin W B, Jia S T, Tittel F K 2015 Sens. Actuat. B: Chemical 221 666
Google Scholar
[31] DeMille S, DeLaat R H, Tanner R M, Brooks R L, Westwood N P C 2002 Chem. Phys. Lett. 366 383
Google Scholar
[32] 张建锋, 潘孙强, 陈哲敏, 杨眉, 裘越 2017 光电子激光 28 194
Zhang J F, Pan S Q, Chen Z M, Yang M, Qiu Y 2017 J. Optoelectron. Laser 28 194
[33] Pourhashemi A, Farrell R M, Cohen D A, Speck J S, DenBaars S P, Nakamura S 2015 Appl. Phys. Lett. 106 160
[34] Pourhashemi A, Farrell R M, Cohen D A, Becerra D L, DenBaars S P, Nakamura S 2016 Electron. Lett. 52 2003
Google Scholar
[35] Mohery M, Abdallah A M, Ali A, Baz S S 2016 Chin. Phys. B 25 050701
Google Scholar
[36] 周彧, 曹渊, 朱公栋, 刘锟, 谈图, 王利军, 高晓明 2018 物理学报 67 084201
Google Scholar
Zhou Y, Cao Y, Zhu G D, Liu K, Tan T, Wang L J, Gao X M 2018 Acta Phys. Sin. 67 084201
Google Scholar
[37] 何应, 马欲飞, 佟瑶, 彭振芳, 于欣 2018 物理学报 67 020701
Google Scholar
He Y, Ma Y F, Tong Y, Peng Z F, Yu X 2018 Acta Phys. Sin. 67 020701
Google Scholar
[38] Voigt S, Orphal J, Burrows J P 2002 J. Photochem. Photobiol. A: Chemistry 149 1
Google Scholar
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