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Second harmonic generation (SHG) is used to get continuous wave laser with a lot of applications, it is a major way to provide pump power for generating nonclassical states, especially for squeezed states and entanglement states. High-efficiency SHG resonant on atoms lines also provides laser sources for atomic entanglement generation, light-atom interaction and high-speed quantum memory. For the frequency-doubling process at 426 nm, the major challenge of increasing the conversion efficiency is the thermal effect caused by the absorption in crystal. The degradation of mode-match efficiency induced by the severely thermal effect limits the conversion efficiency of the second harmonic generator. Furthermore, the blue light induced infrared absorption (BLIIRA) in the nonlinear crystal intensifies the thermal effect, it makes the conversion efficiency of the frequency-doubling cavity and the stability of the output blue laser worse, and it is more serious at high input power. Based on the theoretical analysis of thermal lens, we find that the thermal lens should not be placed at the center of the crystal, the location of the equivalently thermals lens has a deviation from the center of the crystal. Follow the theoretical analysis of thermal lens, we design a ring cavity with a 10 mm-long periodically poled potassium titanyle phosphate (PPKTP) crystal to reduce the thermal lens effect induced mode-mismatch. The location of nonlinear crystal is adjusted precisely to reduce the mode-mismatch caused by the thermal lens under our theoretical analysis. Finally, we realized a high conversion efficiency blue laser at 426 nm with the conversion efficiency up to 83.1% with an output power of 428 mW after the adjustment of the crystal location, corresponding to our theoretical analysis well. The measured beam quality factors (M2 value) of the generated blue laser are
$ M^2(x) = 1.05 $ and$ M^2(y) = 1.02 $ , respectively. The measured power stability of Generated Blue laser in 15 mins is 1.25%. The output power of the SHG is strong enough to provide pump power for the generation of the continuous variable squeezed vacuum state at 852 nm and the long-term stability of the output blue laser is also measured to be fine. To the best of our knowledge, the conversion efficiency is the highest-reported one at this wavelength. We believe that such high-performance frequency doubling system is a fundamental building block for quantum information science based non-classical states.-
Keywords:
- frequency doubling /
- cesium atom /
- periodically poled potassium titanyle phosphate /
- thermal lens effect
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图 1 模式匹配率随着基频光功率变化关系. 实线为将晶体移动位置优化后的模式匹配率随着基频光功率变化关系; 虚线为将晶体放置在腔两个凹面镜中心时考虑热透镜效应后模式匹配率随着基频光功率变化关系
Figure 1. Mode-matching efficiency as function of the input power. Solid line: after the optimization; Dashed line: before the optimization.
图 2 实验装置示意图
Figure 2. Schematic of experimental setup.
图 3 倍频转换效率随着基频光功率变化关系图
Figure 3. Normalized blue laser power as function of temperature tuning. The input fundamental power is 180, 280 and 370 mW, respectively.
图 4 倍频效率随着注入基频光功率变化关系图
Figure 4. Conversion efficiency as a function of input power.
图 5 实验制备426 nm蓝光光束的M2因子测量结果
Figure 5. The measured beam quality factors (M2 value) of the generated blue laser.
图 6 扫描倍频腔的透射强度(插图)及倍频腔自由运转10 mins内的透射峰漂移值
Figure 6. Transmission intensity of scanning Fabry-Perot cavity (inset) and drift value of transmission peak within 10 mins.
图 7 倍频腔输出蓝光的功率稳定性
Figure 7. Measured power stability of blue laser.
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[1] Neergaard-Nielsen J S, Nielsen B M, Hettich C, Molmer K, Polzik E S 2006 Phys. Rev. Lett. 97 083604
Google Scholar
[2] Vahlbruch H, Mehmet M, Danzmann K, Schnabel R 2016 Phys. Rev. Lett. 117 110801
Google Scholar
[3] 程梦尧, 王兆华, 何会军, 王羡之, 朱江峰, 魏志义 2019 物理学报 68 124205
Google Scholar
Cheng M Y, Wang Z H, He H J, Wang X Z, Zhu J F, Wei Z Y 2019 Acta Phys. Sin. 68 124205
Google Scholar
[4] Burks S, Ortalo J, Chiummo A, Jia X J, Villa F, Bramati A, Laurat J, Giacobino E 2009 Opt. Express 17 3777
Google Scholar
[5] Yang W, Shi S, Wang Y, Ma W, Zheng Y, Peng K 2017 Opt. Lett. 42 4553
Google Scholar
[6] Sun X, Wang Y, Tian L, Shi S, Zheng Y, Peng K 2019 Opt. Lett. 44 1789
Google Scholar
[7] Eberle T, Handchen V, Schnabel R 2013 Opt. Expres 21 11546
Google Scholar
[8] Ast S, Ast M, Mehmet M, Schnabel R 2016 Opt. Lett. 41 5094
Google Scholar
[9] Bao X H, Qian Y, Yang J, Zhang H, Chen Z B, Yang T, Pan J W 2008 Phys. Rev. Lett. 101 190501
Google Scholar
[10] 霍美如, 秦际良, 孙颖榕, 成家霖, 闫智辉, 贾晓军 2018 量子光学学报 24 134
Huo M R, Qin J L, Su Y R, Cheng J L, Yan Z H, Jia X J 2018 J. Quantum Opt. 24 134
[11] 李莹, 罗玉, 潘庆, 彭堃墀 2006 物理学报 55 5030
Google Scholar
Li Y, Luo Y, Pan Q, Peng K C 2006 Acta Phys. Sin. 55 5030
Google Scholar
[12] Kimble H J 2008 Nature 453 1023
Google Scholar
[13] Yan Z, Wu L, Jia X, Liu Y, Deng R J, Li S J, Wang H, Xie C D, Peng K C 2017 Nat. Commun. 8 718
Google Scholar
[14] Jensen K, Wasilewski W, Krauter H, Fernholz T, Nielsen B M, Owari M, Plenio, M B, Serafini A, Wolf M M, Polzik E S 2010 Nat. Phys. 7 13
[15] Yang T S, Zhou Z Q, Hua Y L, Liu X, Li Z F, Li P Y, Ma Y, Liu C, Liang P J, Li X, Xiao Y X, Hu J, Li C F, Guo G C 2018 Nat. Commun. 9 3407
Google Scholar
[16] Reim K F, Nunn J, Lorenz V O, Sussman B J, Lee K C, Langford N K, Jaksch D, Walmsley I A 2010 Nat. Photon. 4 218
Google Scholar
[17] Hald J, Sørensen J L, Schori C, Polzik E S 1999 Phys. Rev. Lett. 83 1319
Google Scholar
[18] Krauter H, Salart D, Muschik C A, Petersen J M, Shen H, Fernholz T, Polzik E S 2013 Nat. Phys. 9 400
Google Scholar
[19] Zhdanov B V, Lu Y, Shaffer M K, Miller W, Wright D, Knize R J 2008 Opt. Express 16 17585
Google Scholar
[20] Zhang Y, Liu J, Wu J, Ma R, Wang D, Zhang J 2016 Opt. Express 24 19769
Google Scholar
[21] Zuo X J, Yan Z H, Jia X J 2019 Appl. Phys. Express 12 032010
Google Scholar
[22] Polzik E S, Kimble H J 1991 Opt. Lett. 16 1400
Google Scholar
[23] Villa F, Chiummo A, Giacobino E, Bramati A 2007 J. Opt. Soc. Am. B: Opt. Phys. 24 576
Google Scholar
[24] Tian J, Yang C, Xue J, Zhang Y, Li G, Zhang T 2016 J. Opt. 18 055506
Google Scholar
[25] Le Targat R, Zondy J J, Lemonde P 2005 Opt. Commun. 247 471
Google Scholar
[26] Cui X Y, Shen Q, Yan M C, Zeng C, Yuan T, Zhang W Z, Yao X C, Peng C Z, Jiang X, Chen Y A, Pan J W 2018 Opt. Lett. 43 1666
Google Scholar
[27] Ashkin A, Boyd G, Dziedzic J 1966 IEEE J. Quantum Electron. QE 2 109
[28] Boyd G D, Kleinman D A 1968 J. Appl. Phys. 39 3597
Google Scholar
[29] Innocenzi M E, Yura H T, Fincher C L, Fields R A 1990 Appl. Phys. Lett. 56 1831
Google Scholar
[30] Uehara N, Gustafson E K, Fejer M M, Byer R L1997 Proceedings of the SPIE - the Interantional Society for Optical Engineerin(V2989) San Jose, CA, USA, Feb. 12–13, 1997 p57
[31] Yang W H, Wang Y J, Zheng Y H, Lu H D 2015 Opt. Express 23 19624
Google Scholar
[32] Chen C Y, Shi S P, Zheng Y H 2017 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 88 103101
Google Scholar
[33] Li Z X, Ma W G, Yang W H, Wang Y J, Zheng Y H 2016 Opt. Lett. 41 3331
Google Scholar
[34] Wang S, Pasiskevicius V, Laurell F, J 2004 J. Appl. Phys. 96 2023
Google Scholar
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