Bismuth nanosheets based saturable-absorption passively <i>Q</i>-switching mid-infrared single-crystal fiber laser

Hao Qian-Qian; Zong Meng-Yu; Zhang Zhen; Huang Hao; Zhang Feng; Liu Jie; Liu Dan-Hua; Su Liang-Bi; Zhang Han

doi:10.7498/aps.69.20200337

Abstract

As a new two-dimensional material, bismuth nanosheet is an effective modulator for realizing a mid-infrared pulsed laser, which benefits from its suitable band gap, higher carrier mobility and better room temperature stability, as well as its excellent electrical and optical properties. The mid-infrared single-crystal fiber is a preferable gain medium for high-power laser because of its advantages of both crystal and fiber. In this paper, a bismuth nanosheet saturable absorber is successfully prepared by the ultrasonic method and used for the first time in a diode-pumped Er:CaF₂ single-crystal fiber mid-infrared passively Q-switching pulsed laser. A compact concave planar linear resonator is designed to study the Q-switching Er:CaF₂ single-crystal fiber laser with bismuth nanosheets serving as saturable absorbers. The pump source is a fiber-coupled semiconductor laser with a core diameter of 105 μm, a numerical aperture of 0.22, and a central emission wavelength of 976 nm. The pump light is focused onto the front end of the gain medium through a coupled collimating system with a coupling ratio of 1∶2. The gain medium is a 4 at.% Er³⁺:CaF₂ single-crystal fiber grown by the temperature gradient method, and this fiber has two polished but not coated ends, a diameter of 1.9 mm, and a length of 10 mm. To reduce the thermal effect, the single-crystal fiber is tightly wrapped with indium foil and mounted on a copper block with a constant temperature of 12 ℃. The input mirror has a high reflection coating at 2.7–2.95 μm and an antireflection coating at 974 nm, with a curvature radius of 100 mm. A group of partially transmitting plane mirrors are used as output couplers, respectively, with transmittances of 1%, 3%, and 5% at 2.7–2.95 μm. The total length of the resonant cavity is 26 mm. By inserting the bismuth nanosheet into the resonator and carefully adjusting its position and angle, a stable mid-infrared Q-switching laser is obtained. At the absorbed pump power of 1.52 W, a pulsed laser with an average output power of 190 mW is obtained for an output mirror with a transmittance of 3%. The shortest pulse width is 607 ns, the repetition frequency is 58.51 kHz, and the corresponding single pulse energy and peak power are 3.25 μJ and 5.35 W, respectively.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

1.
Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technical Center of Light Manipulations, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optics and Photonic Device, School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China
2.
Collaborative Innovation Center of Light Manipulations and Applications, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China
3.
CAS Key Laboratory of Transparent and Opto-Functional Inorganic Materials, Synthetic Single Crystal Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201899, China
4.
College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China

Corresponding author: Liu Jie, jieliu@sdnu.edu.cn ; Liu Dan-Hua, liudanhua@sdnu.edu.cn ;

Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11974220, 61635012, 61675135)

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References

[1]	Uehara H, Tokita S, Kawanaka J, Konishi D, Murakami M, Yasuhara R 2019 App. Phys. Express 12 022002 Google Scholar
[2]	Sun Y, Tu C, You Z, Liao J, Wang Y, Xu J 2018 Opt. Mater. Express 8 165
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[21]	Xu Y, Shi Z, Shi X, Zhang K, Zhang H 2019 Nanoscale 11 14491 Google Scholar
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[35]	Feng X, Hao Q, Lin Y, Yu X, Wu Q, Huang H, Zhang F, Liu J, Su L, Zhang H 2020 Opt. Laser Technol. 127 106152 Google Scholar
[36]	Wang Y, Wang S, Wang J, Zhang Z, Zhang Z, Liu R, Zu Y, Liu J, Su L 2020 Opt. Express 28 6684 Google Scholar
[37]	Li C, Liu J, Jiang S, Xu S, Ma W, Wang J, Xu X, Su L 2016 Opt. Mater. Express 6 1570 Google Scholar

Cited By

图 1 Er:CaF₂单晶光纤连续激光和Bi-NSs被动调Q激光装置图

Figure 1. Schematic of Er:CaF₂ single-crystal fiber continuous laser and Bi-NSs passively Q-switched laser.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 2 连续激光输出功率随吸收抽运功率的变化

Figure 2. Continuous-wave (CW) output power versus the absorbed pump power.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 3 Er:CaF₂单晶光纤连续激光光谱

Figure 3. Spectra of Er:CaF₂ single-crystal fiber continuous laser.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 4 调Q激光平均输出功率随吸收抽运功率的变化

Figure 4. Q-switched output power versus the absorbed pump power.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 5 Er:CaF₂单晶光纤Bi-NSs被动调Q激光(a)脉冲宽度、(b)重复频率、(c)单脉冲能量、(d)峰值功率随吸收抽运光的变化

Figure 5. (a) Pulse duration, (b) repetition rate, (c) single pulse energy, and (d) peak power versus the absorbed pump power.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 6 Er:CaF₂单晶光纤Bi-NSs被动调Q激光脉冲序列

Figure 6. Bi-NSs Q-switched pulse trains of Er:CaF₂ single-crystal fiber laser.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

表 1 吸收抽运功率1.52 W时, 不同透过率下的调Q激光特性

Table 1. Q-switched laser characteristics at the absorption pump power of 1.52 W

透过率	最大输出功率/mW	脉冲宽度/ns	重复频率/kHz	单脉冲能量/μJ	峰值功率/W
1%	120	650	55.36	2.16	3.33
3%	190	607	58.51	3.25	5.35
5%	81	878	36.54	2.22	2.53

DownLoad: CSV

表 2 掺铒氟化物中红外被动调Q激光特性比较

Table 2. Comparison of Er-doped mid-infrared passively Q-switched laser

增益介质	吸收体	脉冲宽度/ns	最大输出功率/mW	重复频率/kHz	文献
Er:CaF₂晶体	Graphene	1324	172	62.7	[37]
Er:CaF₂晶体	Black phosphorus	954.8	178	41.93	[22]
Er:CaF₂-SrF₂晶体	Ti₃C₂T_x	814	286	45.3	[29]
Er:SrF₂晶体	Bi-NSs	980	226	56.20	[34]
Er:CaF₂单晶光纤	Bi-NSs	607	190	58.51	本文工作

DownLoad: CSV

[1]	Uehara H, Tokita S, Kawanaka J, Konishi D, Murakami M, Yasuhara R 2019 App. Phys. Express 12 022002 Google Scholar
[2]	Sun Y, Tu C, You Z, Liao J, Wang Y, Xu J 2018 Opt. Mater. Express 8 165
[3]	Yang Y, Nie H, Zhang B, Yang K, Zhang P, Sun X, Yan B, Li G, Wang Y, Liu J, Shi B, Wang R, Hang Y, He J 2018 App. Phys. Express 11 112704 Google Scholar
[4]	Yan Z, Li T, Zhao S, Yang K, Li D, Li G, Zhang S, Gao Z 2018 Opt. Laser Technol. 100 261 Google Scholar
[5]	Guan X, Wang J, Zhang Y, Xu B, Luo Z, Xu H, Cai Z, Xu X, Zhang J, Xu J 2018 Photonics Res. 6 830 Google Scholar
[6]	Fan M, Li T, Zhao S, Li G, Ma H, Gao X, Kränkel C, Huber G 2016 Opt. Lett. 41 540 Google Scholar
[7]	Burrus C A, Stone J 1975 Appl. Phys. Lett. 26 318 Google Scholar
[8]	de Camargo A S S, Andreeta M R B, Hernandes A C, Nunes L A O 2006 Opt. Mater. 28 551 Google Scholar
[9]	Markovic V, Rohrbacher A, Hofmann P, Pallmann W, Pierrot S, Resan B 2015 Opt. Express 23 25883 Google Scholar
[10]	Li Y, Miller K, Johnson E G, Nie C D, Bera S, Harrington J A, Shori R 2016 Opt. Express 24 9751 Google Scholar
[11]	Wang S, Tang F, Liu J, Qian X, Wu Q, Wu A, Liu J, Mei B, Su L 2019 Opt. Mater. 95 109255 Google Scholar
[12]	Novoselov K S, Geim A K, Morozov S V, Jiang D, Zhang Y, Dubonos S V, Grigorieva I V, Firsov A A 2004 Science 306 666 Google Scholar
[13]	Sun Z, Martinez A, Wang F 2016 Nat. Photonics 10 227 Google Scholar
[14]	Wang J, Mu X, Sun M, Mu T 2019 Appl. Mater. Today 16 1 Google Scholar
[15]	孙锐, 陈晨, 令维军, 张亚妮, 康翠萍, 许强 2019 物理学报 68 104207 Google Scholar Sun R, Chen C, Ling W J, Zhang Y N, Kang C P, Xu Q 2019 Acta Phys. Sin. 68 104207 Google Scholar
[16]	Sun X, Zhang B, Li Y, Luo X, Li G, Chen Y, Zhang C, He J 2018 ACS Nano 12 11376 Google Scholar
[17]	Zhang Y, Yu H, Zhang R, Zhao G, Zhang H, Chen Y, Mei L, Tonelli M, Wang J 2017 Opt. Lett. 42 547 Google Scholar
[18]	Yan B, Zhang B, Nie H, Li G, Sun X, Wang Y, Liu J, Shi B, Liu S, He J 2018 Nanoscale 10 20171 Google Scholar
[19]	Hu Q, Zhang X, Liu Z, Li P, Li M, Cong Z, Qin Z, Chen X 2019 Opt. Laser Technol. 119 105639 Google Scholar
[20]	Zhang M, Wu Q, Zhang F, Chen L, Jin X, Hu Y, Zheng Z, Zhang H 2019 Adv. Opt. Mater. 7 1800224 Google Scholar
[21]	Xu Y, Shi Z, Shi X, Zhang K, Zhang H 2019 Nanoscale 11 14491 Google Scholar
[22]	Li C, Liu J, Guo Z, Zhang H, Ma W, Wang J, Xu X, Su L 2018 Opt. Commun. 406 158 Google Scholar
[23]	Liu J, Liu J, Guo Z, Zhang H, Ma W, Wang J, Su L 2016 Opt. Express 24 30289 Google Scholar
[24]	Liu X, Yang K, Zhao S, Li T, Qiao W, Zhang H, Zhang B, He J, Bian J, Zheng L, Su L, Xu J 2017 Photonics Res. 5 461 Google Scholar
[25]	Wang Y, Sung W, Su X, Zhao Y, Zhang B, Wu C, He G, Lin Y, Liu H, He J, Lee C 2018 IEEE Photonics J. 10 1504110 Google Scholar
[26]	王聪, 刘杰, 张晗 2019 物理学报 68 188101 Google Scholar Wang C, Liu J, Zhang H 2019 Acta Phys. Sin. 68 188101 Google Scholar
[27]	Li Z, Li R, Pang C, Dong N, Wang J, Yu H, Chen F 2019 Opt. Express 27 8727 Google Scholar
[28]	Liu W, Liu M, Chen X, Shen T, Lei M, Guo J, Deng H, Zhang W, Dai C, Zhang X, Wei Z 2020 Commun. Phys. 3 15 Google Scholar
[29]	Hao Q, Liu J, Zhang Z, Zhang B, Zhang F, Yang J, Liu J, Su L, Zhang H 2019 Appl. Phys. Express 12 085506 Google Scholar
[30]	Nie H, Zhang P, Zhang B, Yang K, Zhang L, Li T, Zhang S, Xu J, Hang Y, He J 2017 Opt. Lett. 42 699 Google Scholar
[31]	Yang Q, Zhang F, Zhang N, Zhang H 2019 Opt. Mater. Express 9 1795 Google Scholar
[32]	Feng X, Lin Y, Yu X, Wu Q, Huang H, Zhang F, Ning T, Liu J, Su L, Zhang H 2019 Appl. Opt. 58 6545 Google Scholar
[33]	Lu L, Liang Z, Wu L, Chen Y, Song Y, Dhanabalan S C, Ponraj J S, Dong B, Xiang Y, Xing F, Fan D, Zhang H 2018 Laser Photon. Rev. 12 1870012 Google Scholar
[34]	Liu J, Huang H, Zhang F, Zhang Z, Liu J, Zhang H, Su L 2018 Photonics Res. 6 762 Google Scholar
[35]	Feng X, Hao Q, Lin Y, Yu X, Wu Q, Huang H, Zhang F, Liu J, Su L, Zhang H 2020 Opt. Laser Technol. 127 106152 Google Scholar
[36]	Wang Y, Wang S, Wang J, Zhang Z, Zhang Z, Liu R, Zu Y, Liu J, Su L 2020 Opt. Express 28 6684 Google Scholar
[37]	Li C, Liu J, Jiang S, Xu S, Ma W, Wang J, Xu X, Su L 2016 Opt. Mater. Express 6 1570 Google Scholar

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Bismuth nanosheets based saturable-absorption passively Q-switching mid-infrared single-crystal fiber laser

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Authors and contacts

Corresponding author: Liu Jie, jieliu@sdnu.edu.cn ; Liu Dan-Hua, liudanhua@sdnu.edu.cn ;

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Bismuth nanosheets based saturable-absorption passively Q-switching mid-infrared single-crystal fiber laser

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Authors and contacts

Corresponding author: Liu Jie, jieliu@sdnu.edu.cn ; Liu Dan-Hua, liudanhua@sdnu.edu.cn ;

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