Building vertical gold nanorod arrays to enhance upconversion luminescence of β-NaYF4: Yb3+/Er3+ nanocrystals

Gao Wei; Wang Bo-Yang; Han Qing-Yan; Han Shan-Shan; Cheng Xiao-Tong; Zhang Chen-Xue; Sun Ze-Yu; Liu Lin; Yan Xue-Wen; Wang Yong-Kai; Dong Jun

doi:10.7498/aps.69.20200575

Abstract

The plasmon resonance effect is one of the effective ways to enhance the upconversion (UC) luminescence, which is realized by enhancing the electromagnetic field from incident light interacting with free electrons of AuNRs surface. In this work, a series of GVA@SiO₂@NaYF₄:Yb³⁺/Er³⁺ composite structures with different thickness values of SiO₂ isolation layer is successfully built from self-assembled gold nanorods, steamed SiO₂, and spin-coating rare-earth nanocrystals. The results of the SEM indicate that the size of gold-nanorods is approximately 22 nm in diameter and 65 nm in length. The X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscope results demonstrate that the NaYF₄:Yb³⁺/Er³⁺ nanocrystals possess hexagonal-phase structure with a size of about 20 nm. Under 980 nm near-infrared (NIR) excitation, the UC emission characteristics of GVA@SiO₂@NaYF₄:Yb³⁺/Er³⁺ composite structure are studied by using a confocal microscope spectroscopic test system, and regulated by changing the thickness of SiO₂ isolation layer. The results indicate that the UC emission intensity of NaYF₄:20%Yb³⁺/2%Er³⁺ nanocrystals is enhanced by about 8.8 times, and the enhancement factor of red UC emission intensity is about 16.2. In order to further prove the enhancement effect of the red UC emission, the GVA@SiO₂@NaYF₄:40%Yb³⁺/20%Er³⁺composite structure with red UC emission is constructed in the same way. It can be found that the UC emission intensity of NaYF₄:40%Yb³⁺/20%Er³⁺ nanocrystals is enhanced by 8.7 times and the red UC emission intensity is raised by about 9.7 times under the 980 nm NIR excitation. The corresponding excitation enhancement mechanism is simulated according to the power excitation dependence. And it is found that the rate of UC emission decreases and the R/G ratio also decreases with the excitation pump power increasing. The analysis of the above results shows that the excitation enhancement plays a leading role and is accompanied by emission enhancement. Meanwhile, the study of Er³⁺ ion dynamic process indicates that the Er³⁺ ion transition rate is accelerated due to the coupling from UC emission peaks and gold nanorod absorption peaks in GVA@SiO₂@NaYF₄:40%Yb³⁺/20%Er³⁺composite structure. The enhancement mechanism of UC emission is also simulated, which further proves that the excitation enhancement is dominant. This kind of composite structure can not only help us to further understand the physics mechanism of the plasmon-enhanced UC luminescence but also promote the applications of rare-earth materials in medical imaging and fingerprint recognition.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

School of Electronic Engineering, Xi’an University of Posts and Telecommunications, Xi’an 710121, China

Corresponding author: Gao Wei, gaowei@xupt.edu.cn ; Dong Jun, dongjun@xupt.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the Shaanxi Provincial Research Plan for Young Scientific and Technological New Stars, China (Grant No. 2019KJXX-058), the Shaanxi Province International Cooperation and Exchange Program, China (Grant No. 2019KW-027), the Research Plan of Xi’an University of Posts and Telecommunications, China (Grant No. CXJJLA2018009), the Natural Science Basic Research Plan in Shaanxi Province of China (Grant No. 2019JQ-864), and the Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Provincial Department of Education, China (Grant No. 19JK0797)

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References

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[5]	Gong G, Song Y, Tan H H, Xie S W, Zhang C F, Xu L J, Xu J X, Zheng J 2019 Compos. Part B-Eng. 179 107504 Google Scholar
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[7]	何恩节, 郑海荣, 高伟, 等 2013 物理学报 62 237803 Google Scholar He E J, Zheng H R, Gao W, et al. 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 237803 Google Scholar
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Cited By

图 1 (a) GVA@SiO₂@NaYF₄:Yb³⁺/Er³⁺复合发光体系构建的示意图; (b) GVA大规模SEM图; (c) GVA@SiO₂ (8 nm)的SEM图, 右上角的插图为旋涂NaYF₄:Yb³⁺/Er³⁺纳米晶体后的SEM截面图; (d) GNRs的吸收谱, 插图为相应的SEM图; (e)和(f)分别为NaYF₄:20%Yb³⁺/2%Er³⁺和NaYF₄:40%Yb³⁺/2%Er³⁺纳米晶体的TEM图; (g)为NaYF₄:20%Yb³⁺/2%Er³⁺和NaYF₄:40%Yb³⁺/2%Er³⁺纳米晶体的的XRD图

Figure 1. (a) Construction scheme of the preparation process of GVA@SiO₂@NaYF₄:Yb³⁺/Er³⁺; (b) the typical SEM images of the large-scale and corresponding small-scale GVA; (c) the SEM images of the GVA@SiO₂ (8 nm), and the cross-sectional view of the spin-coated NaYF₄:Yb³⁺/Er³⁺ nanocrystals; (d) the ultraviolet-visible absorption spectrum of GNRs; TEM images of (e) NaYF₄:20%Yb³⁺/2%Er³⁺ and (f) NaYF₄: 40%Yb³⁺/2%Er³⁺ nanocrystals; (g) XRD patterns of NaYF₄:20%Yb³⁺/2%Er³⁺ and NaYF₄: 40%Yb³⁺/2%Er³⁺ nanocrystals.

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图 2 共聚焦显微测试系统的示意图

Figure 2. Schematic explanation of confocal microscopy setup.

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图 3 在980 nm激光激发下, (a)不同衬底的NaYF₄:20%Yb³⁺/2%Er³⁺纳米晶体上转换发射光谱图; (b)对应的荧光增强因子; (c)和(d)随着衬底变化Er³⁺离子的发射峰面积及对应的R/G比值(RE1: NaYF₄:20%Yb³⁺/2%Er³⁺; M-RE1, M-RE14和M-RE18: GVA@SiO₂(0, 4, 8 nm)@NaYF₄: 20%Yb³⁺/2%Er³⁺)

Figure 3. (a) and (b) Upconversion emission spectra and enhancement factor of different systems under 980 nm excitation; (c) and (d) the peak area of the green and red emission intensity and corresponding R/G ratio of the NaYF₄:20%Yb³⁺/2%Er³⁺ with wafer and different thicknesses of isolation layer about from 0 to 8 nm (RE1: NaYF₄: 20%Yb³⁺/2%Er³⁺; M-RE1, M-RE14 and M-RE18: GVA@SiO₂ (0, 4, 8 nm)@NaYF₄: 20%Yb³⁺/2%Er³⁺).

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图 4 在980 nm激光激发下, (a)不同衬底的NaYF₄:40%Yb³⁺/2%Er³⁺纳米晶体上转换发光光谱图; (b)对应的发光增强倍数; (c)和(d)随着衬底变化Er³⁺离子的发射峰面积及对应的R/G比值(RE2: NaYF₄:40%Yb³⁺/2%Er³⁺; M-RE2, M-RE24和M-RE28: GVA@SiO₂(0, 4, 8 nm)@NaYF₄:40%Yb³⁺/2%Er³⁺)

Figure 4. (a) and (b) Upconversion emission spectra and enhancement factor of different systems under 980 nm excitation; (c) and (d) the peak area of the green and red emission intensity and corresponding R/G ratio of the NaYF₄:40%Yb³⁺/2%Er³⁺ with wafer and different thicknesses of isolation layer about from 0 to 8 nm (RE2: NaYF₄:40%Yb³⁺/2%Er³⁺; M-RE2, M-RE24, and M-RE28: GVA@SiO₂ (0, 4, 8 nm)@NaYF₄:40%Yb³⁺/2%Er³⁺).

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图 5 Er³⁺与Yb³⁺离子相应的能级跃迁图及等离激元可能的增强机理

Figure 5. Energy level transition diagram and enhancement mechanism of LSPR.

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图 6 在980 nm激发光下, (a) GVA@SiO₂ (8 nm)@NaYF₄:40%Yb³⁺/2%Er³⁺纳米体系上转换发光光谱图; (b), (c) GVA@SiO₂ (8 nm)@NaYF₄:40%Yb³⁺/2%Er³⁺上转换发射强度和光谱的红绿比与其激发功率之间的关系

Figure 6. (a) Upconversion emission spectra of GVA@SiO₂ (8 nm)@NaYF₄:40%Yb³⁺/2%Er³⁺ nanocrystals; (b) and (c) are graphs corresponding to the emission intensity and the red-green ratio as a function of the 980 nm laser excitation power from 40 mW to 160 mW.

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图 7 在980 nm激发光激发下, NaYF₄:20%Yb³⁺/2%Er³⁺与GVA@SiO₂ (4 nm)@NaYF₄:20%Yb³⁺/2%Er³⁺绿光发射(⁴S_3/2能级)随隔离层厚度变化的辐射寿命衰减曲线图

Figure 7. Life decay of green (⁴S_3/2 level) upconversion emission of NaYF₄:20%Yb³⁺/2%Er³⁺ nanocrystal with the thickness of the isolation layer under 980 nm excitation.

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图 8 在980 nm激发光下, 模拟了GVA@SiO₂结构最小单元的局部电磁场分布　(a) x-y平面的局域电磁场分布图; (b) GVA@SiO₂ (2 nm)的x-z截面局域电磁场分布图; (c) SiO₂厚度的变化与其上表面由局域等离激元效应产生的局域电磁场热点强度变化图

Figure 8. Local electromagnetic field distribution of the smallest unit of the GVA@SiO₂ system is simulated under 980 nm excitation: (a) The local electromagnetic field distribution map of the x-y plane; (b) the GVA@SiO₂ (2 nm) of x-z cross-section local electromagnetic field distribution diagram was illustrated; (c) the intensity of the localized electromagnetic field hot spot produced by the LSPR with the SiO₂ thickness changed.

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表 1 980 nm脉冲激发光激发下GVA@SiO₂@NaYF₄:20%Yb³⁺/2%Er³⁺复合体系中Er³⁺离子的⁴S_3/2能级辐射寿命

Table 1. Luminescence lifetimes of ⁴S_3/2 energy level (540 nm) in GVA@SiO₂@NaYF₄: 20%Yb³⁺/2%Er³⁺ composite system under 980 nm pulse laser excitation.

Sample	Lifetime/μs (540 nm)
a: NaYF₄:20%Yb³⁺/2%Er³⁺	361.945 ± 1.681
b: AuNRs Array/NaYF₄:20%Yb³⁺/2%Er³⁺	358.005 ± 1.679
c: AuNRs array/4 nm SiO₂/NaYF₄:20%Yb³⁺/2%Er³⁺	342.060 ± 1.571
d: AuNRs array/8 nm SiO₂/NaYF₄:20%Yb³⁺/2%Er³⁺	212.075 ± 0.892

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[1]	Runowski M, Stopikowska N, Szeremeta D, Goderski S, Skwierczyńska M, Lis S 2019 ACS. Appl. Mat. Inter. 11 13389 Google Scholar
[2]	Hassan A M, Wu X, Jarrett J W, et al. 2019 Biomed. Opt. Express 10 584 Google Scholar
[3]	Zhou B, Shi B Y, Jin D Y, Liu X G 2015 Nat. Nanotechnol. 10 924 Google Scholar
[4]	Wang M, Li M, Yu A, Wu J, Mao C 2015 ACS. Appl. Mat. Inter. 7 28110 Google Scholar
[5]	Gong G, Song Y, Tan H H, Xie S W, Zhang C F, Xu L J, Xu J X, Zheng J 2019 Compos. Part B-Eng. 179 107504 Google Scholar
[6]	Chen G Y, Damasco J, Qiu H L, et al. 2015 Nano. Lett. 15 7400 Google Scholar
[7]	何恩节, 郑海荣, 高伟, 等 2013 物理学报 62 237803 Google Scholar He E J, Zheng H R, Gao W, et al. 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 237803 Google Scholar
[8]	Dong J, Zhang J, Han Q, Zhao X, Yan X W, Liu J H, Ge H B, Gao W 2019 J. Lumin. 207 361 Google Scholar
[9]	Dong J, Gao W, Han Q, Wang Y K, Qia J X, Yan X W, Sun M T 2018 Rev. Math. Phys. 4 100026 Google Scholar
[10]	韩庆艳, 高伟, 祁建霞, 张成云, 赵星, 张正龙, 董军, 郑海荣 2018 中国科学: 物理学力学天文学 48 82 Google Scholar Han Q Y, Gao W, Qi J X, Zhang C Y, Zhao X, Zhang Z L, Dong J, Zheng H R 2018 Sci. Sin-Phys. Mech. Astron. 48 82 Google Scholar
[11]	Dong J, Zhang Z L, Zheng H R, Sun M T 2015 Nanophotonics-Berlin 4 472 Google Scholar
[12]	Park W, Lu D W, Ahn S 2015 Chem. Soc. Rev. 44 2940 Google Scholar
[13]	Feng W, Sun L D, Yan C H 2009 Chem. Commun. 29 4393 Google Scholar
[14]	Dong J, Zhao X, Cao E, et al. 2020 Mater. Today 9 100067 Google Scholar
[15]	Clarke C, Liu D, Wang F, e al. 2018 Nanoscale 10 6270 Google Scholar
[16]	Wang Q R, Zhang J, Sang X, Zhang D, Shi Q, Li S H, Wang W J 2018 J. Lumin. 204 284 Google Scholar
[17]	Zong H, Mu X J, Sun M T 2019 Appl. Mater. Today 15 43 Google Scholar
[18]	Das A, Mao C C, Cho S, Kim K, Park W 2018 Nat. Commun. 9 4828 Google Scholar
[19]	He E J, Yu J J, Wang C, Jiang Y, Zuo X Z, Xu B, Wen J, Qin Y F, Wang Z J 2020 Mater. Res. Bull. 121 110613 Google Scholar
[20]	Xu W, Chen X, Song H W 2017 Nano. Today 17 54 Google Scholar
[21]	Ji Y N, Xu W, Li D Y, Zhou D L, Chen X, Ding N, Li J, Wang N, Bai X, Song H W 2019 Nano. Energy 61 211 Google Scholar
[22]	Yin Z, Zhou D L, Xu W, Cui S B, Chen X, Wang H, Xu S H, Song H W 2016 ACS. Appl. Mat. Inter. 8 11667 Google Scholar
[23]	Kang F W, He J J, Sun T Y, Bao Z Y, Wang F, Lei D Y 2017 Adv. Funct. Mater. 27 1701842 Google Scholar
[24]	Gao W, Wang B Y, Han Q Y, Gao L, Wang Z J, Sun Z Y, Zhang B, Dong J 2020 J. Alloy. Compd. 818 152934 Google Scholar
[25]	Nikoobakht B, El-Sayed M A 2003 Chem. Mater. 15 1957 Google Scholar
[26]	Dong J, Zhao X, Gao W, Han Q Y, Qi J X, Wang Y K, Guo S D, Sun M T 2019 Nanoscale. Res. Lett. 14 118 Google Scholar
[27]	Man X K, D oi, M 2016 Phys Rev Lett, 116 066101 Google Scholar
[28]	Gao W, Kong X Q, Han Q Y, et al. 2018 J. Lumin. 196 187 Google Scholar
[29]	高伟, 董军 2017 物理学报 66 204206 Google Scholar Gao W, Dong J 2017 Acta Phys. Sin. 66 204206 Google Scholar
[30]	Liu X, Lei D Y 2015 Sci. Rep-Uk. 5 15235 Google Scholar
[31]	Rohani S, Quintanilla M, Tuccio S, et al. 2015 Adv. Opt. Mater. 3 1606 Google Scholar
[32]	Wang T, Siu C K, Yu H, et al. 2018 Inorg. Chem. 57 8200 Google Scholar
[33]	Saboktakin M, Ye X C, Oh S J, et al. 2012 ACS Nano 6 8758 Google Scholar
[34]	Feng A L, You M L, Tian L M, Singamaneni S, Lin M, Duan Z F, Lu T J, Xu F, Lin M 2015 Sci. Rep-Uk. 5 7779 Google Scholar
[35]	Green K, Wirth J, Lim S F 2016 Nanotechnology 27 135201 Google Scholar
[36]	严学文, 王朝晋, 王博扬, 等 2019 物理学报 68 174204 Google Scholar Yan X W, Wang Z J, Wang B Y, et al. 2019 Acta Phys. Sin. 68 174204 Google Scholar
[37]	Elrafei S A, Kandas I, Shehata N, Samir E, Okaz A, Rizk M 2018 J. Lumin. 204 581 Google Scholar
[38]	Schietinger S, Aichele T, Wang H Q, Nann T, Benson O 2009 Nano Lett. 10 134 Google Scholar
[39]	Saboktakin M, Ye X C, Chettiar U K, Engheta N, Murray C B, Kagan C R 2013 ACS Nano 7 7186 Google Scholar
[40]	Zhao X, Dong J, Cao E, Han Q Y, Gao W, Wang Y K, Qi J X, Sun M T 2019 Appl. Mater. Today 14 166 Google Scholar
[41]	Jung K 2019 B Korean Chem. Soc. 40 91 Google Scholar

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Vol. 69, Issue 18 - 2020-09-20

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Building vertical gold nanorod arrays to enhance upconversion luminescence of β-NaYF₄: Yb³⁺/Er³⁺ nanocrystals

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Corresponding author: Gao Wei, gaowei@xupt.edu.cn ; Dong Jun, dongjun@xupt.edu.cn

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