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Optical microresonators supporting whispering-gallery modes have been intensively studied in past decades due to their practical applications ranging from fundamental science to engineering physics. Among such microresonators, microsphere resonators have been demonstrated to possess ultra-high quality (Q) factor, however, their shapes usually become non-standard spherical body, leading to irregular resonant spectra. Microring resonators have unique potential in integraibility on chip, but the fabrication imperfection limits their Q-factor only to 106. In addition, the free spectral range (FSR) just depends on their radius. Due to the advantages of high Q-factor, standard shape, slender mode field distribution, the microbottle resonators are demonstrated to possess excellent performance in cavity quantum dynamics, nonlinear optics, high-sensitivity sensing, and micro-laser. In this paper, we carry out a systematic study on the spectral characteristics of prolate microbottle resonator theoretically and experimentally. First, theoretically, the field distribution theory of the microbottle resonator is studied in detail based on Helmholtz equation. Experimentally, prolate microbottle resonators are fabriated via arc discharge technology. Second, the radial modes and axial modes of the microbottles are efficiently excited with the help of a coupled tapered fiber waveguide. By adjusting the coupling gap between the microbottle and the waveguide, The controlling of three cupling states i.e. undercoupling, critical coupling and overcoupling are realized. In our experiment, the whispering-gallery modes excited are identifiable and recognizable. The resonant mode with an ultra-high Q-factor of up to 1.78 × 108 is achieved. The characteristic of ultra-high Q-factor makes the microbottle hold great potential in biochemical sensing, nonlinear optics, and micro-laser. The tuning stability is enhanced by keeping the waveguide in touch with the microbottle. We investigate the selective excitation of whispering-gallery modes by adjusting different coupling points. As a result, clean spectra with robust coupling are observed. The stable device is suitable for improving the sensing performance. Finally, Fano resonance effect is obtained by choosing the diameter of the tapered fiber waveguide. The results presented in this paper will be of great significance for enhancing the sensing, nonlinear optics and cavity quantum dynamics. -
Keywords:
- optical microresonator /
- microbottle resonator /
- whispering-gallery modes /
- mode selection /
- Fano resonance
[1] Vahala K J 2003 Nature 424 839
Google Scholar
[2] Wang P, Ding M, Murugan G S, Bo L, Guang C, Semenova Y, Wu Q, Farrell G, Brambilla G 2014 Opt. Lett. 39 5208
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[3] 王涛, 杨旭, 刘晓斐, 雷府川, 高铭, 胡蕴琪, 龙桂鲁 2015 物理学报 64 164212
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[4] Wang M, Jin X, Li F, Cai B, Yang Y, Zeng S, Wang K 2019 Mater. Lett. 244 211
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[5] Lin G, Coikket A, Chembo Y K 2017 Adv. Opt. Photonics 9 828
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[6] Shen Z, Zhou Z, Zhou C, Sun F, Guo G, Dong C, Guo G 2015 Photonics Res. 3 243
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[7] Yang S, Wang Y, Sun H 2015 Adv. Opt. Mater. 3 1136
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[8] Bogaerts W, Heyn P D, Vaerenbergh T V, et al. 2012 Laser Photonics Rev. 6 47
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[10] Gu G, Chen L, Fu H, Che K, Cai Z, Xu H 2013 Chin. Opt. Lett. 11 101401
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[11] Sumetsky M 2004 Opt. Lett. 29 8
Google Scholar
[12] Louyer Y, Meschede D, Rauschenbeutel A 2005 Phys. Rev. A 72 031801
Google Scholar
[13] Sumetsky M 2019 Prog. Quantum Electron. 64 1
Google Scholar
[14] Pöllinger M, O'Shea D, Warken F, Rauschenbeutel A 2009 Phys. Rev. Lett. 103 053901
Google Scholar
[15] Murugan G S, Wilkinson J S, Zervas M N 2009 Opt. Express 17 11816
[16] Murugan G S, Wilkinson J S, Zervas M N 2010 Opt. Lett. 35 1893
Google Scholar
[17] Sumetsky M 2013 Phys. Rev. Lett. 111 163901
Google Scholar
[18] Dong Y, Jin X, Wang K 2015 App. Opt. 54 4016
Google Scholar
[19] Gu F, Xie F, Lin X, Linghu S, Fang W, Zeng H, Tong L, Zhuang S 2017 Light Sci. Appl. 6 e17061
Google Scholar
[20] Lu Q, Chen X, Xie S, Wu X 2018 Opt. Express 26 20183
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[21] Yin Y, Niu Y, Ren M, Wu W, Zhao W, Nan J, Zheng Z, Zhang Y, Ding M 2018 Opt. Lett. 19 4715
[22] Stoian R, Kavine B K, Rosenberger A T 2019 Talanta 194 585
Google Scholar
[23] Asano M, Takeuchi Y, Ozdemir S K, Rikizo I, Yang L, Imoto N, Yamamoto T 2016 Opt. Express 24 12082
Google Scholar
[24] Chen Y, Zhou Z, Zou C, Shen Z, Guo G, Dong C 2017 Opt. Express 25 16879
Google Scholar
[25] Yong Y, Ooka Y, Thompson R, Ward J, Chormaic S N 2018 Opt. Lett. 41 575
[26] Dong Y, Jin X, Wang K 2016 Opt. Commun. 372 106
Google Scholar
[27] 杨睿, 於文华, 鲍洋, 张远宪, 普小云 2008 物理学报 57 6412
Google Scholar
Yang R, Yu W H, Bao Y, Zhang Y X, Pu X Y 2008 Acta Phys. Sin. 57 6412
Google Scholar
[28] Zhang K, Wang Y, Wu Y 2017 Opt. Lett. 42 2956
Google Scholar
[29] Wang M, Zeng S, Meng L, Yang Y, Jin X, Dong Y, Zhang L, Xu W, Wang K 2019 IEEE Photonics J. 11 7105412
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Google Scholar
[31] Zhang Z, Ng G I, Hu T, Qiu H, Guo X, Wang W, Rouifed M S, Liu C, Wang H 2017 Appl. Phys. Lett. 11 081105
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图 1 扁长型微瓶腔制备过程图 (a) 对单根光纤放电; (b) 微球腔形成; (c) 第二根光纤对齐; (d) 微瓶腔形成
Figure 1. The fabrication process of prolate microbottle resonator: (a) The single fiber is heated via electrical arc discharge; (b) the microsphere is formed; (c) another fiber is placed to align the microsphere; (d) the microbottle resonator is formed.
图 2 微瓶腔几何形状示意图及其基本参数
Figure 2. Geometrical schematic and basic parameters of the microbottle resonator.
图 3 (a)几何轮廓拟合结果; (b)轴向模式(m = 420, p = 1, q = 4)场分布图
Figure 3. (a) Fitted result of geometric outline; (b) axial mode field distributions (m = 420, p = 1, q = 4).
图 4 (a) 相同轴向谐振模式下对应的角向FSR以及相同角向谐振模式下对应的轴向FSR; (b) z方向上前三阶(q = 0, q = 1, q = 2)轴向模式场分布图
Figure 4. (a) Angular free spectral range (FSR) with the same axial resonant mode and axial FSR with the same angular FSR; (b) the first three order axial mode field distributions (q = 0, q = 1, q = 2).
图 5 微瓶腔谐振光谱特性探测系统示意图, 插图为微瓶腔与光纤锥波导耦合系统的显微放大图
Figure 5. The detecting system diagram for the resonant spectra characteristic of the microbottle resonators; the illustration is the microscopy enlarged graph of the coupling system consisting of the microbottle resonator and the tapered fiber.
图 6 粗扫状态下得到的谐振光谱, 图中标记了一阶径向模式下的角向和轴向谐振模式及对应的角向模式FSR和轴向模式FSR
Figure 6. The resonance spectra of the microbottle resonator for different coupling gaps in coarse scanning, the angular and axial resonant mode in the first order radial mode, angular FSR (FSRq,i) and axial FSR (FSRm,i) are marked in the figure.
图 7 精扫状态下不同耦合间隙得到的谐振光谱 (a)实验操作示意图; (b)−(l)逐渐改变耦合间隙测得的谐振光谱图
Figure 7. The resonance spectra for different coupling gaps in fine scanning: (a) Schematic diagram of experimental operation; (b)−(l) the resonance spectra with the gradually changing gap.
图 8 选择微瓶腔不同耦合点得到的谐振光谱 (a)实验操作示意图; (b)−(l)逐渐改变微瓶腔耦合点测得的谐振光谱图
Figure 8. The resonance spectra by choosing different coupling points of the microbottle resonator: (a) Schematic diagram of experimental operation; (b)−(l) the resonance spectra with the gradually changing coupling points of the microbottle.
图 9 (a)−(d)选择不同光纤锥波导直径得到的谐振光谱, 图中标记了不对称的Fano谐振线型
Figure 9. (a)−(d) The resonance spectra by choosing different diameters of the tapered fiber waveguide, asymmetric Fano-like lineshapes are marked in the figure.
表 1 实验测得的FSR值与理论计算得到的FSR值比较
Table 1. Comparison of FSR value of experimental data and theoretical data.
实验数据FSR/nm 理论数据FSR/nm 误差% 实验数据FSR/nm 理论数据FSR/nm 误差% FSRm,1 3.718 3.618 2.76 FSRq,1 1.232 1.204 2.33 FSRm,2 3.708 3.636 1.98 FSRq,2 1.241 1.206 2.59 FSRm,3 3.716 3.626 2.48 FSRq,3 1.239 1.208 2.57 FSRm,4 3.732 3.643 2.44 FSRq,4 1.238 1.210 2.31 FSRm,5 3.636 3.616 0.55 FSRq,5 1.237 1.212 2.06 FSRm,6 3.718 3.632 2.37 FSRq,6 1.239 1.214 2.06 
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[1] Vahala K J 2003 Nature 424 839
Google Scholar
[2] Wang P, Ding M, Murugan G S, Bo L, Guang C, Semenova Y, Wu Q, Farrell G, Brambilla G 2014 Opt. Lett. 39 5208
Google Scholar
[3] 王涛, 杨旭, 刘晓斐, 雷府川, 高铭, 胡蕴琪, 龙桂鲁 2015 物理学报 64 164212
Google Scholar
Wang T, Yang X, Liu X F, Lei F C, Gao M, Hu Y Q, Long G L 2015 Acta Phys. Sin. 64 164212
Google Scholar
[4] Wang M, Jin X, Li F, Cai B, Yang Y, Zeng S, Wang K 2019 Mater. Lett. 244 211
Google Scholar
[5] Lin G, Coikket A, Chembo Y K 2017 Adv. Opt. Photonics 9 828
Google Scholar
[6] Shen Z, Zhou Z, Zhou C, Sun F, Guo G, Dong C, Guo G 2015 Photonics Res. 3 243
Google Scholar
[7] Yang S, Wang Y, Sun H 2015 Adv. Opt. Mater. 3 1136
Google Scholar
[8] Bogaerts W, Heyn P D, Vaerenbergh T V, et al. 2012 Laser Photonics Rev. 6 47
[9] Wang T, He J, Lee C, Niu H 2012 Opt. Express 20 28119
Google Scholar
[10] Gu G, Chen L, Fu H, Che K, Cai Z, Xu H 2013 Chin. Opt. Lett. 11 101401
Google Scholar
[11] Sumetsky M 2004 Opt. Lett. 29 8
Google Scholar
[12] Louyer Y, Meschede D, Rauschenbeutel A 2005 Phys. Rev. A 72 031801
Google Scholar
[13] Sumetsky M 2019 Prog. Quantum Electron. 64 1
Google Scholar
[14] Pöllinger M, O'Shea D, Warken F, Rauschenbeutel A 2009 Phys. Rev. Lett. 103 053901
Google Scholar
[15] Murugan G S, Wilkinson J S, Zervas M N 2009 Opt. Express 17 11816
[16] Murugan G S, Wilkinson J S, Zervas M N 2010 Opt. Lett. 35 1893
Google Scholar
[17] Sumetsky M 2013 Phys. Rev. Lett. 111 163901
Google Scholar
[18] Dong Y, Jin X, Wang K 2015 App. Opt. 54 4016
Google Scholar
[19] Gu F, Xie F, Lin X, Linghu S, Fang W, Zeng H, Tong L, Zhuang S 2017 Light Sci. Appl. 6 e17061
Google Scholar
[20] Lu Q, Chen X, Xie S, Wu X 2018 Opt. Express 26 20183
Google Scholar
[21] Yin Y, Niu Y, Ren M, Wu W, Zhao W, Nan J, Zheng Z, Zhang Y, Ding M 2018 Opt. Lett. 19 4715
[22] Stoian R, Kavine B K, Rosenberger A T 2019 Talanta 194 585
Google Scholar
[23] Asano M, Takeuchi Y, Ozdemir S K, Rikizo I, Yang L, Imoto N, Yamamoto T 2016 Opt. Express 24 12082
Google Scholar
[24] Chen Y, Zhou Z, Zou C, Shen Z, Guo G, Dong C 2017 Opt. Express 25 16879
Google Scholar
[25] Yong Y, Ooka Y, Thompson R, Ward J, Chormaic S N 2018 Opt. Lett. 41 575
[26] Dong Y, Jin X, Wang K 2016 Opt. Commun. 372 106
Google Scholar
[27] 杨睿, 於文华, 鲍洋, 张远宪, 普小云 2008 物理学报 57 6412
Google Scholar
Yang R, Yu W H, Bao Y, Zhang Y X, Pu X Y 2008 Acta Phys. Sin. 57 6412
Google Scholar
[28] Zhang K, Wang Y, Wu Y 2017 Opt. Lett. 42 2956
Google Scholar
[29] Wang M, Zeng S, Meng L, Yang Y, Jin X, Dong Y, Zhang L, Xu W, Wang K 2019 IEEE Photonics J. 11 7105412
Google Scholar
[30] Liao J, Wu X, Liu L, Xu L 2016 Opt. Express 24 8574
Google Scholar
[31] Zhang Z, Ng G I, Hu T, Qiu H, Guo X, Wang W, Rouifed M S, Liu C, Wang H 2017 Appl. Phys. Lett. 11 081105
[32] Chiba A, Fujiwara K, Hanamura R, Matsumoto T 2005 Appl. Phys. Lett. 86 261106
Google Scholar
[33] Li B, Xiao Y, Zou C, Jiang X, Liu Y, Sun F, Li Y, Gong Q 2012 Appl. Phys. Lett. 100 021108
Google Scholar
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