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Laser-based diagnostic techniques are critical nonintrusive methods of measuring the in-situ temperature in combustion flow fields. Developing temperature measurement techniques with high accuracy and precision is of great significance for studying the combustion. At present, nanosecond (ns) lasers are commonly used in these methods. However, the researches based on femtosecond (fs) lasers are relatively few. Here, we develop a thermometry technique for combustion fields based on fs laser-induced filament. When the fs laser propagates in an optical medium, a long uniformly distributed plasma channel (also named filament) will be generated. The clamped intensity inside the filament is high enough to generate excited atoms/molecules through fs laser-induced photochemical reactions. Subsequently, the excited atoms/molecules release fluorescence signals. The length of the filament can be measured by imaging the fluorescence signal with an ICCD camera, which is evaluated by the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the spatial distribution of the filament emission signal. Based on theoretical analysis, the experimental data of the filament length are fitted with a power function, and the result is satisfactory compared with the R-squared measure of goodness (R2) of 0.984. This indicates that the filament length is correlated well with the temperature of the combustion field. A monotonic quantitative relationship between the filament length and the temperature can be established by a calibration process, and then the temperature of the combustion field can be measured. When the temperature changes from 1630 to 2007 K, the length of the filament shortens by 38%. This indicates that the filament length is sensitive to the temperature of the flow field. When the temperature is 2007 K, the absolute uncertainty of the measurement is ±25 K, and the relative uncertainly is about 1.2%. The spatial resolution of the measurement system is 50 μm, which was determined by a USAF 1951 Target. Based on the spatial resolution, the measurement precision can arrive at 17 K. Although, at present, this temperature measurement technique based on femtosecond laser-induced filament is used only in laminar premixed flames, it has potential applications in temperature measurements ranging from room temperature to combustion temperatures.
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Keywords:
- femtosecond laser /
- filamentation /
- temperature
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图 1 实验所用装置及光路图
Figure 1. Diagram of experimental equipment and light path.
图 2 (a) 燃烧器实物图; (b) 甲烷/空气层流预混火焰
Figure 2. (a) Photo of the McKenna burner; (b) laminar premixed CH4/air flame.
图 3 燃烧场温度随燃空当量比的变化
Figure 3. Variation curves of temperature with equivalence ratio in the combustion field.
图 4 (a) 甲烷/空气预混火焰中飞秒激光诱导成丝单反相机拍摄照片; (b) ICCD成像图
Figure 4. (a) Digital camera photo and (b) ICCD camera image of femtosecond laser-induced filaments in a premixed CH4/air flame.
图 5 (a) 甲烷/空气预混火焰中燃尽区飞秒激光成丝的发射光谱成像; (b) 发射光谱
Figure 5. (a) Emission spectral image and (b) spectral curve of femtosecond laser-induced filament in the burned region of a premixed CH4/air flame.
图 6 甲烷/空气预混火焰中基于飞秒激光成丝现象测温效果
Figure 6. Temperature measurement based on femtosecond laser-induced filaments in premixed CH4/air flames.
图 7 不同温度下甲烷/空气预混火焰燃尽区信号空间分布曲线
Figure 7. Spatial distributions of filament in the burned region of premixed CH4/air flames with different temperatures
图 8 飞秒激光成丝长度与温度的关系
Figure 8. Relation between the length of femtosecond laser fila-ments and temperature.
表 1 不同气体非线性折射率n2
Table 1. Nonlinear refractive index n2 of different gases.
气体 非线性折射率/10–18 cm2·W–1 空气 1.2 甲烷 1.1 
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表 2 不同条件下燃烧场的温度信息
Table 2. Flame temperatures with different equivalence ratios.
燃空当量比 温度/K 0.8 1630 0.9 1724 1.0 1818 1.1 1913 1.2 2007
DownLoad: CSV
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[1] 冯玉霄, 黄群星, 梁军辉, 王飞, 严建华, 池涌 2012 物理学报 61 134702
Google Scholar
Feng Y X, Huang Q X, Liang J H, Wang F, Yan J H, Chi Y 2012 Acta Phys. Sin. 61 134702
Google Scholar
[2] Wei Z, Huang Q 2020 Food Hydrocolloids 98 105314
Google Scholar
[3] Pramanik S, Ravikrishna R V 2020 Exp. Therm. Fluid Sci. 110 109926
Google Scholar
[4] Xu Z, Tian X, Zhao H 2017 Proc. Combust. Inst. 36 4443
Google Scholar
[5] Krishnan S, Kumfer B M, Wu W, Li J C, Nehorai A, Axelbaum R L 2015 Energy Fuels 29 3446
Google Scholar
[6] Zeng H, Ou D, Chen L, Li F, Yu X 2018 Opt. Eng. 57 26106
Google Scholar
[7] 许振宇, 刘文清, 刘建国, 何俊峰, 姚路, 阮俊, 陈玖英, 李晗, 袁松, 耿辉, 阚瑞峰 2012 物理学报 61 234204
Google Scholar
Xu Z Y, Liu W Q, Liu J G, He J F, Yao L, Ruan J, Chen J Y, Li H, Yuan S, Geng H, Han R F 2012 Acta Phys. Sin. 61 234204
Google Scholar
[8] 宋俊玲, 洪延姬, 王广宇, 潘虎 2012 物理学报 61 240702
Google Scholar
Song J L, Hong Y J, Wang G Y, Pan H 2012 Acta Phys. Sin. 61 240702
Google Scholar
[9] Whiddon R, Zhou B, Borggren J, Alden M, Li Z S 2015 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 86 93107
Google Scholar
[10] Malmqvist E, Borggren J, Alden M, Bood J 2019 Appl. Opt. 58 1128
Google Scholar
[11] 瞿谱波, 关小伟, 张振荣, 王晟, 李国华, 叶景峰, 胡志云 2015 物理学报 64 123301
Google Scholar
Qu P B, Guan X W, Zhang Z R, Wang S, Li G H, Ye J F, Hu Z Y 2015 Acta Phys. Sin. 64 123301
Google Scholar
[12] Luers A, Salhlberg A, Hochgreb S, Ewart P 2018 Appl. Phys. B-Lasers O. 124 1
Google Scholar
[13] Yuen F T C, Gülder Ö L 2009 Proc. Combust. Inst. 32 1747
Google Scholar
[14] Butterworth T D, Amyay B, Bekerom D V D, Steeg A V D, Minea T, Gatti N, Ong Q, Richard C, Kruijsdijk C, Smits J T, Bavel A P, Boudon V, Rooij G J 2019 J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 236 106562
Google Scholar
[15] 任秀云, 田兆硕, 孙兰君, 付石友 2014 物理学报 16 164201
Google Scholar
Ren X Y, Tian Z S, Sun L J, Fu S Y 2014 Acta Phys. Sin. 16 164201
Google Scholar
[16] Cantu L M L, Grohmann J, Meier W, Aigner M 2018 Exp. Therm. Fluid Sci. 95 52
Google Scholar
[17] Lowe A, Thomas L M, Satija A, Lucht R P, Masri A R 2019 Proc. Combust. Inst. 37 1383
Google Scholar
[18] Nishihara M, Freund J B, Glumac N G, Ellott G S 2018 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 27 35012
Google Scholar
[19] Roy S, Kulatilaka W D, Richardson D R, Lucht R P, Gord J R 2009 Opt. Lett. 34 3857
Google Scholar
[20] Théberge F, Liu W, Simard P T, Becker A, Chin S L 2006 Phys. Rev. E 74 36406
Google Scholar
[21] Li B, Zhang D Y, Li X F, Gao Q, Zhu Z F, Li Z S 2018 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 51 295102
Google Scholar
[22] Gao Q, Zhang D Y, Li X F, Li B, Li Z S 2019 Sens. Actuators, A 287 138
Google Scholar
[23] Li B, Zhang D Y, Gao Q, Li Z S 2020 Exp. Fluids 61 33
Google Scholar
[24] Couairon A, Mysyrowicz A 2007 Phys. Rep. 441 47
Google Scholar
[25] Liu Y, Durand M, Chen S, Houard A, Prade B, Forstier B, Mysyrowicz A 2010 Phys. Rev. Lett. 105 55003
Google Scholar
[26] Couairon A 2003 Appl. Phys. B-Lasers O. 76 789
Google Scholar
[27] Nibbering E T J, Grillon G, Franco M A, Prade B S, Mysyrowicz A 1997 J. Opt. Soc. Am. B: Opt. Phys. 14 650
Google Scholar
[28] Rabenstein F, Leipertz A 1997 Appl. Opt. 36 6989
Google Scholar
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