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Research progress of room temperature magnetic skyrmion and its application

Liu Yi Qian Zheng-Hong Zhu Jian-Guo

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Research progress of room temperature magnetic skyrmion and its application

Liu Yi, Qian Zheng-Hong, Zhu Jian-Guo
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  • It has been found that many magnetic materials possess the properties arising from skyrmions at room temperature. In addition to the common interaction energy, chiral interaction is also needed to form the skyrmion in magnetic material. There are four chiral magnetic interactions, namely: 1) Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya (DM) interaction; 2) long-ranged magnetic dipolar interaction; 3) four-spin exchange interaction; 4) frustrated exchanged interaction. Through the competition between exchange interaction and chiral interaction, magnetic skyrmion can be realized in magnetic material subject to a certain magnetic field and temperature. The skyrmion generated by the DM interaction features small size (5–100 nm), which is easy to adjust. The skyrmion can be driven by magnetic field or ultralow current density. The magnetic materials with skyrmion can exhibit the properties related to the skyrmion Hall effect, the topological Hall effect and the emergent electrodynamics, which are closely related to the skyrmion number. The existence of skyrmion in the magnetic material can be indirectly measured by topological Hall effect. The movement of skyrmion can be driven by spin polarized current in the direction either parallel or perpendicular to the current direction. The movement of the skyrmion driven by spin polarized currents will continue when the current is present, and will disappear when the current disappears. In previous studies, magnetic skyrmions were realized in a variety of materials. However magnetic skyrmions were found only in very limited types of single crystal materials at room temperature or near room temperature. In recent years, scientists have discovered a variety of magnetic skyrmion materials at room temperature, including film materials (such as multilayer materials, artificial skyrmion materials) and crystal materialssuch as β-Mn-type Co10–x/2Zn10–x/2Mnx, Fe3Sn2. Among all kinds of room temperature magnetic skyrmion materials, the most valuable one is the multilayer film material. The Skyrmion multilayer film has the advantages of small size, adjustable material type, simple preparation, good temperature stability, good device integration,etc. At the same time, skyrmion multilayer film is very easy to optimize by adjusting and constructing a special structure that has the wanted types of materials each with a certain thickness. Artificial skyrmion material obtains artificial skyrmion by constructing a micro-nano structure, therefore the artificial skyrmion with high-temperature stability can be realized by choosing high Curie temperature materials. There are a variety of materials which can realize the skyrmion above room temperature, such as Co9Zn9Mn2 (300–390 K) and Fe3Sn2 (100–400 K). These room temperature materials further widen the temperature application range of skyrmion. The room temperature materials can be prepared or characterized by a variety of techniquesincluding sputtering for fabrication and X-ray magnetic circular dichroism-photoemission electron microscopy (XMCD-PEEM) for characterization. The discovery of the magnetic skyrmion materials at room temperature not only enriches the research content of materials science, but also makes the skyrmion widely applicable in novel electronic devices (such as racetrack memory, microwave detector, oscillators). Because the skyrmion has the advantages of small size, ultra-low driving current density, and topological stability, it is expected to produce racetrack memory based on the skyrmion with low energy consumption, non-volatile and high density. The MTJ microwave detector based on skyrmion can be achieved with no external magnetic field nor bias current but with low power input (< 1.0 μW); the sensitivity of the microwave detector can reach 2000 V·W–1. The frequency of the oscillator based on skyrmion can be tuned by magnetic field or current, and moreover, the oscillato is very easy to integrate with IC. In this paper, first, the basic characteristic of magnetic skyrmion is introduced; and then room temperature magnetic skyrmion is reviewed; finally the advances of the racetrack memory, microwave detectors and oscillators are introduced, highlighting the development trend of room temperature magnetic skyrmion.
      Corresponding author: Qian Zheng-Hong, zqian@hdu.edu.cn ; Zhu Jian-Guo, nic0400@scu.edu.cn
    • Funds: Project supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2018YFF01010701) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, China
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  • 图 1  不同自旋结构的斯格明子示意图 (a) 奈尔型斯格明子; (b) 布洛赫型斯格明子; (c) 奈尔型斯格明子; (d)布洛赫型斯格明子; (e)−(h) 反斯格明子; (i)单位磁矩方位示意图

    Figure 1.  The spin structure diagram of different skyrmions: (a)Néel type skyrmion; (b) Bloch type skyrmion; (c) Néel type skyrmion; (d) Bloch type skyrmion; (e)−(h) anti-skyrmion; (i) the altitude and azimuth diagram of unit magnetic moment.

    图 2  (a)斯格明子在电流作用下的运动及电子在涌生磁场作用生成的洛伦兹力作用下的偏转[1]; (b) 斯格明子振荡示意图[1]

    Figure 2.  (a) Skyrmion move under the flow of electrons. Electrons are deflected by the Lorentz force due to the emergent magnetic field[1]; (b) oscillation diagram of magnetic skyrmion[1].

    图 4  (a)实空间中四方和三方斯格明子晶格示意图[24]; (b) Co9Zn9Mn2单晶的温度-磁场相图(T-H)[24]

    Figure 4.  (a) Schematic figures of a triangular-lattice skyrmion crystal (SkX) and a square like-lattice SkX in real space[24]; (b) temperature(T)- magnetic field(H) state diagram of bulk Co9Zn9Mn2[24].

    图 3  (a) Ta/CoFeB/TaOx三层膜桥式结构中斯格明子的形成[14]; (b) 在Pt/Co/MgO三层膜正方型结构中的斯格明子[21]; (c)在Pt和Ir层中Co层中DM作用的的叠加[18]; (d)在脉冲10 V电场下, 迷宫磁畴转化为斯格明子[19]; (e) 通过磁光克尔显微镜在薄膜Ta/CoFeB/TaOx直接观察到斯格明子霍尔效应[17]; (f)斯格明子霍尔角与电流密度的函数关系[17]

    Figure 3.  (a) Skyrmion bubbles realized at the exit of a constriction of Ta/CoFeB/TaOx trilayer[14]; (b) skyrmion realized in a square of Pt/Co/MgO trilayer[21]; (c) additive DM for Co between Pt and Ir[18];(d) with the electric field pulse, the labyrinth domain is transformed into the skyrmion[19] (e) skyrmion Hall effect is clearly observed in successive Kerr microscopy images of a Ta/CoFeB/TaOx trilayer[17]; (f) phase diagram of the skyrmion Hall angle as a function of current density[17].

    图 5  (a) 垂直赛道存储器示意图; (b) 水平赛道示意图; (c) 信息读出; (d) 信息写入; (e)赛道存储器的排列示意图[53]

    Figure 5.  (a) Schematic diagram of vertical racetrack; (b) schematic diagram of horizontal racetrack; (c) reading of information; (d) writing of information; (e) schematic diagram of racetrack storage array[53].

    图 6  (a) 微波探测器及其电路原理图; (b) 斯格明子螺旋示意图[64]

    Figure 6.  (a) Microwave detector devices and circuit schematics; (b) skyrmion rotates around the nano-contact[64].

    表 1  手性相互作用的类型[1]

    Table 1.  Types of chiral interactions[1].

    作用机制磁偶极相
    互作用
    DM作用阻挫交
    换作用
    四自旋交换
    相互作用
    斯格明子
    尺寸/nm
    100—10005—100~1~1
    典型材料MnNiGa[16]MnSi[10]Fe3Sn2[26]Fe/Ir(111)[11]
    DownLoad: CSV

    表 2  低温磁性斯格明子材料

    Table 2.  Magnetic skyrmions materials at low temperature

    材料材料
    种类
    斯格明
    子种类
    制备方法斯格明子
    温度/K
    MnSi[10]单晶布洛赫布里奇
    曼法
    29
    Fe0.5Co0.5Si[35]单晶布洛赫布里奇
    曼法
    25
    FeGe[13]单晶布洛赫布里奇
    曼法
    60—260
    FeGe[33]单晶布洛赫布里奇
    曼法
    250—270
    Fe1–xCoxSi
    (x = 0.5)[39]
    单晶布洛赫布里奇
    曼法
    10
    Fe/Ir[11]金属超
    薄层
    奈尔型分子束
    外延法
    11
    PdFe/Ir(1 1 1)[38]金属超
    薄层
    奈尔型分子束
    外延法
    4.2
    Cu2OSeO3[36]单晶布洛赫布里奇
    曼法
    60
    FeGe1–xSix
    (x ~ 0.25)[39]
    单晶布洛赫布里奇
    曼法
    95
    DownLoad: CSV

    表 3  室温斯格明子材料

    Table 3.  Magnetic skyrmions materials at room temperature.

    材料类型典型材料制备方法斯格明子温
    度范围/K
    斯格明子的
    尺寸/nm
    薄膜材料多层膜材料Ta/CoFeB/TaOx[17]
    (Ir/Co/Pt)10[18]
    Pt/Co/Ta, Pt/CoFeB/MgO[19]
    直流溅射室温1000
    30—90
    100
    反铁磁/铁磁材料薄膜[Pt/Gd25Fe65.6Co9.4/MgO]n[23]直流溅射室温180
    人工斯格明子材料Co/Ni/Cu(001)[15]
    Co/[Co/Pd]n, Co/Pd[40]
    直流溅射室温1000
    单晶材料手性对称材料Co8Zn8Mn4[41]
    Co8Zn9Mn3[25]
    (β-Mn结构)
    布里奇曼法284—300
    311—320
    > 125
    中心对
    称材料
    铁氧体Ba(Fe1–xScxMg0.05)12O19[42]布里奇曼法室温200
    金属间化合物MnNiGa[16]布里奇曼法100—34090
    阻挫型Fe3Sn2[26]聚焦离子束技术(FIB)100—340300
    DownLoad: CSV

    表 4  室温薄膜材料中斯格明子在电流驱动下运动

    Table 4.  The motion of skyrmion in room temperature films driven by current.

    材料驱动电流/107A·cm–2移动速度/m·s–1霍尔角/(°)温度磁场/mT
    Ta/CoFeB/TaOx[17]0.620.7532室温0.52
    (Pt/Co/Ta)15[19]3.505019.4室温
    (Pt/CoFeB/MgO)15[19]5.001004.01室温
    [Pt/Gd25Fe65.6Co9.4)/MgO]20[23]3.55 5020室温145.00
    [Pt/CoFeB/MgO]15[29]4.2010030室温30.00
    DownLoad: CSV

    表 5  斯格明子材料常见制备方式

    Table 5.  Common preparation method of skyrmion materials.

    方式材料类型制备时间优点
    直流溅射薄膜材料3 h成本低, 适合工业量产
    分子束外延薄膜材料 > 1 d薄膜平整度高
    布里奇曼法单晶材料1 m制作大尺寸器件
    DownLoad: CSV

    表 6  室温斯格明子的表征技术一览表[4]

    Table 6.  List of room temperature skyrmion characterization technologies[4].

    方式分辨率
    /nm
    优点适用场景
    XMCD-
    PEEM
    ~25平面内高自
    旋分辨率
    外层磁性
    斯格明子
    STXM~25可探测磁场及电场
    敏感材料实时监控
    多层膜内部的斯
    格明子结构
    SPLEEM~10平面高分辨率高
    的测试敏感度
    原位沉积表面
    的斯格明子
    X射线
    全息术
    ~10无误差探测实时
    监控(~70 ps)
    纳米尺寸的多层
    膜内部的斯格
    明子结构
    MOKEM1000操作简单易行尺寸大于1 μm
    的斯格明子
    DownLoad: CSV
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    [2]

    Finocchio G, Büttner F, Tomasello R, Carpentieri M, Kläui M 2016 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 49 423001Google Scholar

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    Moriya T 1960 Phys. Rev. 120 91Google Scholar

    [4]

    Zhang X, Zhou Y, Song K, Park T, Xia J, Ezawa M, Liu X, Zhao W, Zhao G, Woo S 2020 J. Phys.: Condens. Matter. 32 143001Google Scholar

    [5]

    栗佳 2017 物理 46 281Google Scholar

    Li J 2017 Physics 46 281Google Scholar

    [6]

    Skyrme T H R 1962 Nucl. Phys. 31 556Google Scholar

    [7]

    Fert A, Cros V, Sampaio J 2013 Nat. Nanotechnol. 8 152Google Scholar

    [8]

    Sondhi S L, Karlhede A, Kivelson S A, Rezayi E H 1993 Phys. Rev. B 47 16419Google Scholar

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Publishing process
  • Received Date:  26 June 2020
  • Accepted Date:  25 July 2020
  • Available Online:  02 December 2020
  • Published Online:  05 December 2020

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