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Aiming at the phenomenon of single measurement parameters and low sensitivity of most Mach-Zehnder sensors based on fiber core mismatch, in this paper we design and build a Mach-Zehnder sensor based on single-mode-no-core-single-mode-no-core-single-mode fiber structure, which can be used to measure refractive index and temperature simultaneously. In this sensor, two no-core optical fiber serve as input and output couplers, the intermediate single-mode is used as a sensing arm. Using finite element simulation and theoretical analysis, the optimal length of the coupler and the sensing arm are determined to be 15 mm. High-order modes excited by no-core optical fiber propagate through the cladding of single-mode fiber, which is affected by the ambient refractive index and temperature because of the influence of the evanescent filed. Trough of different interference orders of transmission spectrum is selected as a research object to realize the simultaneous measurement of refractive index and temperature by using sensitivity coefficient matrix. After the further Fourier transform of the transmission spectrum, the frequency of the main mode that interferes with the fundamental mode is analyzed from the spectrogram to be 0.00098 nm–1. Because of the influence of temperature on the refractive index of water during temperature sensitivity measurement, temperature sensitivity formula and water temperature coefficient are introduced to perform temperature compensation to eliminate the cross sensitivity. In this paper, the 10 mm and 15 mm sensing arms are selected for refractive index comparison experiment, and the temperature experiment is focused on the sensing arm with an optimal length of 15 mm. The experimental results show that the transmission spectrum is blue-shifted with the increase of refractive index in a refractive index range of 1.333–1.397, and the transmission spectrum is red-shifted with the increase of temperature in a temperature range from 30 ℃ to 70 ℃. The refractive index and temperature sensitivity of the interference valley near 1545 nm are –153.89 nm/RIU and 0.166 nm/℃, respectively; the refractive index and temperature sensitivity of the interference valley near 1570 nm are –202.74 nm/RIU and 0.183 nm/℃, respectively. The experimental results are consistent with the theoretical analyses. Compared with the sensor of the same type, this sensor can still maintain high sensitivity while achieving simultaneous measurement of refractive index and temperature, and has a simple structure, which has a good application prospect in biomedical and other aspects.
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Keywords:
- Mach-Zehnder sensor /
- core diameter mismatch /
- refractive index and temperature /
- simultaneous measurement
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图 1 传感器结构和传光原理示意图
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of sensor structure and light transmission principle.
图 2 光沿NCF传播场分布图
Figure 2. Field distribution of light propagation in NCF.
图 3 传感器在不同折射率溶液下的透射光谱图
Figure 3. Transmission spectrum of the sensor under different refractive index solutions.
图 4 传感器的空间频谱图
Figure 4. Spatial frequency spectrum of the sensor.
图 5 传感臂长度不同的传感器透射光谱图
Figure 5. Transmission spectra of the sensor with different lengths of sensing arms.
图 6 实验装置
Figure 6. Schematic diagram of experimental setup.
图 7 10 mm传感臂的传感器在不同环境折射率溶液中的透射光谱图
Figure 7. Transmission spectra of the sensor with 10 mm sensing arm response under different ambient refractive index solutions.
图 8 15 mm传感臂的传感器在不同环境折射率溶液中的透射光谱图
Figure 8. Transmission spectra of the sensor with 15 mm sensing arm response under different ambient refractive index solutions.
图 9 不同长度传感臂的折射率灵敏度拟合图
Figure 9. Fitting diagram of refractive index sensitivity with different length sensing arms.
图 10 传感器在不同温度下的透射光谱图
Figure 10. Transmission spectra of the sensor response at different values of temperature.
图 11 不同级次干涉谷的温度灵敏度拟合图
Figure 11. Fitting diagram of temperature sensitivity with different order interference dips.
表 1 同步测量折射率和温度的马赫-曾德尔传感器的性能比较
Table 1. Performance comparison of Mach-Zehnder sensors with simultaneous measurement of refractive index and temperature.
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[1] Tong R J, Zhao Y, Chen M Q, Peng Y 2019 Opt. Fiber Technol. 48 242
Google Scholar
[2] Wang Y L, Liu Y Q, Zou F, Jiang C, Mou C B, Wang T Y 2019 Sensors 19 2263
Google Scholar
[3] Hooda B, Rastogi V 2018 Optik 170 237
Google Scholar
[4] Zhang C B, Ning T G, Li J, Pei L, Li C, Lin H 2017 Opt. Fiber Technol. 33 71
Google Scholar
[5] Semwal V, Gupta B D 2019 Sens. Actuators, B 283 632
Google Scholar
[6] Zubiate P, Zamarreno C R, Villar I D, Matias I R, Arregui F J 2016 Sens. Actuators, B 231 484
Google Scholar
[7] Luo Y, Lei X Q, Shi F Q, Peng B J 2018 Optik 174 252
Google Scholar
[8] 卜胜利, 汤佳莉, 刘志恒, 罗龙锋 2015 光子学报 44 1206002
Google Scholar
Pu S L, Tang J L, Liu Z H, Luo L F 2015 Acta Photon. Sin. 44 1206002
Google Scholar
[9] Wang F, Pang K B, Ma T, Wang X, Liu Y F 2020 Opt. Laser Technol. 130 106333
Google Scholar
[10] Jiao T, Meng H Y, Deng S Y, Liu S, Wang X J, Wei Z C, Wang F Q, Tan C H, Huang X G 2019 Opt. Laser Technol. 111 612
Google Scholar
[11] Liu W, Wu X Q, Zhang G, Li S L, Zuo C, Fang S S, Yu B L 2020 Opt. Fiber Technol. 54 102101
Google Scholar
[12] Wang L Q, Yang L, Zhang C, Miao C Y, Zhao J F, Xu W 2019 Opt. Laser Technol. 109 193
Google Scholar
[13] Tong Z R, Zhong Y M, Wang X, Zhang W H 2018 Opt. Commun. 421 1
Google Scholar
[14] 张傲岩, 黄会玲, 江超, 董航宇, 王解, 刘昌宁, 孙四梅, 胡荟灵 2017 光电子·激光 30 1017
Google Scholar
Zhang A Y, Huang H L, Jiang C, Dong H Y, Wang X, Liu C Y, Sun S M, Hu H L 2017 J. Optoelectron. Lasers 30 1017
Google Scholar
[15] Wu Q, Semenova Y, Wang P F, Farrell G 2011 Opt. Express 19 7937
Google Scholar
[16] 刘敏, 冯德玖, 冯文林 2019 光学学报 39 1006007
Google Scholar
Liu M, Feng D J, Feng W L 2019 Acta Opt. Sin. 39 1006007
Google Scholar
[17] 程君妮 2018 物理学报 67 024212
Google Scholar
Cheng J N 2018 Acta Phys. Sin. 67 024212
Google Scholar
[18] 李辉栋, 傅海威, 邵敏, 赵娜, 乔学光, 刘颖刚, 李岩, 闫旭 2013 物理学报 62 214209
Google Scholar
Li H D, Fu H W, Shao M, Zhao N, Qiao X G, Liu Y G, Li Y, Yan X 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 214209
Google Scholar
[19] 王旗, 邹辉, 韦玮 2017 光学学报 37 1006005
Google Scholar
Wang Q, Zou H, Wei W 2017 Acta Opt. Sin. 37 1006005
Google Scholar
[20] Choi H Y, Kim M J, Lee B H 2007 Opt. Express 15 5711
Google Scholar
[21] 彭星玲, 茶映鹏, 张华, 李玉龙 2018 光子学报 47 1106006
Google Scholar
Peng X L, Cha Y P, Zhang H, Li Y L 2018 Acta Photon. Sin. 47 1106006
Google Scholar
[22] Wang H H, Meng H Y, Xiong R, Wang Q H, Hung B, Zhang X, Yu W, Tan C H, Huang X G 2016 Opt. Commun. 364 191
Google Scholar
[23] Yan J H, Zhang A P, Shao L Y, Ding J F, He S L 2007 IEEE Sens. J. 7 1360
Google Scholar
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