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Surface duct is a common duct due to strong sea winds and sea-atmosphere interactions in winter and it is an excellent waveguide in which energy may propagate a long distance. However, the rough interface formed by sea surface waves will seriously damage this excellent performance. In this study, the experimental data of sound propagation over the continental slope in the South China Sea are used to analyze the characteristics of sound propagation in a surface duct. Modeling analyses based on the parabolic equation model RAM and ray trace theory BELLHOP are used to examine these characteristics. The parameters of sea bottom, source depth, wind-driven sea surface, and swell-containing sea surface are taken into consideration in the model. The results show that when the source is located in the surface duct, the parameters of the sea bottom have little influence on sound propagation, while the change of source depth exerts some effects on the sound propagation. By combining the Pierson Moscowitz (PM) spectrum with Monte Carlo method, the rough sea surface is investigated. Since the PM spectrum is related only to wind speed, the wind-driven sea surface is generated by using the actual wind speed measured by the shipborne anemometer. The swell-containing sea surface is defined as a superposition of a sinusoidal pressure-release surface and the wind-driven sea surface. By comparing the effects of two sea surfaces on sound propagation, it is found that when the wind speed is small, swells play an important role in the surface-duct propagation. Experimental data show that for the acoustic signal with a center frequency of
$1000\;{\rm{Hz}}$ , the swell-containing sea surface brings around$10 \;{\rm{dB}}$ loss to a distance of$70 \;{\rm{km}}$ . For the two kinds of rough sea surfaces, rays at launch angles of$\pm 1^{\circ}, 0^{\circ}$ are plotted to examine their effects on sound propagation. The results indicate that the swell-containing sea surface which has greater roughness makes rays go toward the sea bottom, thus resulting in larger loss. Therefore, in order to investigate the characteristics of the sound field in the northern South China Sea in winter, especially with high frequency sound signals, the influences of not only winds and waves, but also the swells from the surrounding sea should be taken into consideration. It is important to study the characteristics of sound propagation with swells for improving the performance of sonar equipment in poor sea conditions.-
Keywords:
- swell /
- rough sea surface /
- surface duct /
- sound propagation
[1] 张灵珊 2016 博士学位论文 (北京: 中国科学院大学)
Zhang L S 2016 Ph. D. Dissertation (Beijing: The University of Chinese Academy of Sciences) (in Chinese)
[2] 尹爽 2018 硕士学位论文 (哈尔滨: 哈尔滨工程大学)
Yin S 2018 M. S. Thesis (Harbin: The Harbin Engineering University) (in Chinese)
[3] 李整林 2002 博士学位论文 (北京: 中国科学院研究生院)
Li Z L 2002 Ph. D. Dissertation (Beijing: Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences) (in Chinese)
[4] 王先华, 彭朝晖, 李整林 2007 声学技术 26 551
Google Scholar
Wang X H, Peng Z H, Li Z L 2007 Technical Acoustics 26 551
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Google Scholar
[6] Broschat S L, Thorsos E I 1997 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 101 2615
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Google Scholar
[8] Collins M D, Coury R A, Siegmann W L 1995 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 97 2767
Google Scholar
[9] Liu R Y, Li Z L 2019 Chin. Phys. B 28 014302
Google Scholar
[10] Zou Z G, Badiey M 2018 IEEE J. Oceanic Eng. 43 1187
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[11] Weston D E, Ching P A 1989 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 86 1530
Google Scholar
[12] 王先华 2007 博士学位论文 (北京: 中国科学院大学)
Wang X H 2007 Ph. D. Dissertation (Beijing: The University of Chinese Academy of Sciences) (in Chinese)
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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[21] 段睿 2016 博士学位论文 (西安: 西北工业大学)
Duan R 2016 Ph. D. Dissertation (Xi’an: Northwestern Polytechnical University) (in Chinese)
[22] 刘今, 彭朝晖 2019 中国声学学会水声学分会2019年学术会议论文集 南京 2019 第198页
Liu J, Peng Z H 2019 Proceedings of the Academic Conference of Underwater Acoustic Branch of Acoustics Society of China in 2019, Underwater Acoustic Branch Nanjing, China, May 25, 2019 p198 (in Chinese)
[23] 吴庚坤 2015 博士学位论文 (青岛: 中国海洋大学)
Wu G K 2015 Ph. D. Dissertation (Qingdao: Ocean University of China) (in Chinese)
[24] 欧家明 2011 硕士学位论文 (广州: 广东工业大学)
Ou J M 2011 M. S. Thesis (Guangzhou: School of information Engineering Guangdong University of Technology) (in Chinese)
[25] 林风 2007 硕士学位论文 (西安: 西安电子科技大学)
Lin F 2007 M. S. Thesis (Xi’an: Xidian University) (in Chinese)
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Li B 2010 Ph. D. Dissertation (Wuhan: Huazhong University of Science and Technology) (in Chinese)
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图 1 实验设备布放示意图
Figure 1. The configuration of the experiment.
图 2 实测海底地形
Figure 2. The measured bathymetry.
图 3 测线上声速剖面
Figure 3. Measured sound speed profiles along the track.
图 4 实测的第1个和第11个水听器的深度变化 (a) 第1个水听器; (b) 第11个水听器
Figure 4. Depths of the first and eleventh hydrophone measured in the experiment: (a) The first hydrophone; (b) the eleventh hydrophone.
图 5 两种海底条件下第1个水听器的传播损失
Figure 5. The transmission loss of the first hydrophone under two kinds of seabed.
图 6 两种海底条件下的声线 (a)硬海底; (b)软海底
Figure 6. Ray traces under two kinds of seabed: (a) Hard bottom; (b) soft bottom.
图 7 声源深度ds为两个水听器在深度波动的两个端点时的仿真传播损失与实验结果的比对 (a) 第1个水听器; (b) 第11个水听器
Figure 7. Comparisons of modeled and measured transmission loss of two hydrophones at their respective depth endpoints: (a) The first hydrophone; (b) the eleventh hydrophone.
图 8 船载风速仪实测的风速
Figure 8. Wind speeds measured by shipboard anemometer.
图 9 两种粗糙海面 (a) 风浪海面; (b) 涌浪海面
Figure 9. Two rough sea surfaces: (a) wind-driven sea surface; (b) swell sea surface.
图 10 三种海面条件下的传播损失的仿真结果与实验结果比对
Figure 10. Modal/data comparisons of transmission loss under three sea surfaces.
图 11 涌浪海面应用于不同频率和不同水听器的传播损失检验 (a)
$400\; {\rm{Hz}}$ , 第1个水听器; (b)$400\; {\rm{Hz}}$ , 第11个水听器; (c)$1000\; {\rm{Hz}}$ , 第11个水听器Figure 11. Examinations of transmission loss of two hydrophones with the swell surface under different frequencies: (a)
$400\; {\rm{Hz}}$ , the first hydrophone; (b)$400\; {\rm{Hz}}$ , the eleventh hydrophone; (c)$1000\; {\rm{Hz}}$ , the eleventh hydrophone.
图 12 不同海面条件下的声线分布情况 (a) 平整海面; (b) 风浪海面; (c) 涌浪海面
Figure 12. Ray traces under different sea surfaces: (a) Flat sea surface; (b) wind-driven sea surface; (c) swell sea surface.
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[1] 张灵珊 2016 博士学位论文 (北京: 中国科学院大学)
Zhang L S 2016 Ph. D. Dissertation (Beijing: The University of Chinese Academy of Sciences) (in Chinese)
[2] 尹爽 2018 硕士学位论文 (哈尔滨: 哈尔滨工程大学)
Yin S 2018 M. S. Thesis (Harbin: The Harbin Engineering University) (in Chinese)
[3] 李整林 2002 博士学位论文 (北京: 中国科学院研究生院)
Li Z L 2002 Ph. D. Dissertation (Beijing: Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences) (in Chinese)
[4] 王先华, 彭朝晖, 李整林 2007 声学技术 26 551
Google Scholar
Wang X H, Peng Z H, Li Z L 2007 Technical Acoustics 26 551
Google Scholar
[5] Thorsos E I, Broschat S L 1995 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 97 2082
Google Scholar
[6] Broschat S L, Thorsos E I 1997 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 101 2615
Google Scholar
[7] Collins M D 1989 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 86 1097
Google Scholar
[8] Collins M D, Coury R A, Siegmann W L 1995 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 97 2767
Google Scholar
[9] Liu R Y, Li Z L 2019 Chin. Phys. B 28 014302
Google Scholar
[10] Zou Z G, Badiey M 2018 IEEE J. Oceanic Eng. 43 1187
Google Scholar
[11] Weston D E, Ching P A 1989 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 86 1530
Google Scholar
[12] 王先华 2007 博士学位论文 (北京: 中国科学院大学)
Wang X H 2007 Ph. D. Dissertation (Beijing: The University of Chinese Academy of Sciences) (in Chinese)
[13] 姚美娟, 鹿力成, 郭圣明, 马力 2019 哈尔滨工程大学学报 40 781
Google Scholar
Yao M J, Lu L C, Guo S M, Ma L 2019 Journal of Harbin Engineering University 40 781
Google Scholar
[14] Karjadi E A, Badiey M, Kirby J T, Bayindir C 2012 IEEE J. Oceanic Eng. 37 112
Google Scholar
[15] Tindle C T, Deane G B 2005 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 117 2783
Google Scholar
[16] Siderius M, Porter M B 2008 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 124 137
Google Scholar
[17] Badiey M, Mu Y K, Simmen J A, Forsythe S E 2000 IEEE J. Oceanic Eng. 25 492
Google Scholar
[18] Dahl P H 1996 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 100 748
Google Scholar
[19] Mackenzie K V 1981 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 70 807
Google Scholar
[20] Jensen F B, Kuperman W A, Porter M B, Schmidt H 2011 Computational Ocean Acoustics (New York: Springer) pp1−794
[21] 段睿 2016 博士学位论文 (西安: 西北工业大学)
Duan R 2016 Ph. D. Dissertation (Xi’an: Northwestern Polytechnical University) (in Chinese)
[22] 刘今, 彭朝晖 2019 中国声学学会水声学分会2019年学术会议论文集 南京 2019 第198页
Liu J, Peng Z H 2019 Proceedings of the Academic Conference of Underwater Acoustic Branch of Acoustics Society of China in 2019, Underwater Acoustic Branch Nanjing, China, May 25, 2019 p198 (in Chinese)
[23] 吴庚坤 2015 博士学位论文 (青岛: 中国海洋大学)
Wu G K 2015 Ph. D. Dissertation (Qingdao: Ocean University of China) (in Chinese)
[24] 欧家明 2011 硕士学位论文 (广州: 广东工业大学)
Ou J M 2011 M. S. Thesis (Guangzhou: School of information Engineering Guangdong University of Technology) (in Chinese)
[25] 林风 2007 硕士学位论文 (西安: 西安电子科技大学)
Lin F 2007 M. S. Thesis (Xi’an: Xidian University) (in Chinese)
[26] Japan Meteorological Agency, https://www.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/kaiyou/data/db/wave/chart/daily/pdf/pn/17/12/17121100 pn.pdf [2020-7-28]
[27] Japan Meteorological Agency, https://www.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/kaiyou/data/db/wave/chart/daily/pdf/pn/17/12/17121112 pn.pdf [2020-7-28]
[28] Vadov R A 2006 Acoust. Phys. 52 6
Google Scholar
[29] 廖菲, 邓华, 曾琳, Chan Pak-wai 2018 海洋学报 40 37
Google Scholar
Liao F, Deng H, Zeng L, Chan P W 2018 Haiyang Xuebao 40 37
Google Scholar
[30] 郭佩芳, 施平, 王华, 王正林 1997 青岛海洋大学学报 27 131
Google Scholar
Guo P F, Shi P, Wang H, Wang Z L 1997 Journal of Ocean University of Qingdao 27 131
Google Scholar
[31] 李波 2010 博士学位论文 (武汉: 华中科技大学)
Li B 2010 Ph. D. Dissertation (Wuhan: Huazhong University of Science and Technology) (in Chinese)
[32] Richards E L, Song H C, Hodgkiss W S 2018 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 144 1296
Google Scholar
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