Search

Article

x

留言板

尊敬的读者、作者、审稿人, 关于本刊的投稿、审稿、编辑和出版的任何问题, 您可以本页添加留言。我们将尽快给您答复。谢谢您的支持!

姓名
邮箱
手机号码
标题
留言内容
验证码

Experimental research on disturbance resistant polarization modulation mode for quantum key distribution

Shen Qi-Qi Zhang Yi Wang Jin-Dong Yu Ya-Fei Wei Zheng-Jun Zhang Zhi-Ming

Citation:

Experimental research on disturbance resistant polarization modulation mode for quantum key distribution

Shen Qi-Qi, Zhang Yi, Wang Jin-Dong, Yu Ya-Fei, Wei Zheng-Jun, Zhang Zhi-Ming
PDF
HTML
Get Citation
  • A free-space quantum key distribution (QKD) system based on mobile equipment can provide an effective method to construct a real-time full-coverage multi-node network. However, the existing free-space QKD systems based on mobile devices encounter the challenge regarding the lack of stability caused by equipment disturbance. The robustness of the QKD polarization encoder against mobile device disturbance will be significant. Owing to the inevitable disturbance in practical applications, even the polarization-maintaining fiber (PMF) cannot maintain its polarization-maintaining characteristics well, which in turn affects the stability of some systems based on PMF. Therefore, in order to ensure that stable coding can be achieved under disturbances, we propose a two-way differential modulation mode, in which stable coding can still be achieved even under disturbances. At the same time, in order to verify the actual anti-disturbance characteristics of the mode, the polarization-modulated unit (PMU) with a two-way differential modulation mode is used in this study to generate four long-term stable polarization states subjected to the disturbances with a frequency of 200 Hz. At the same time, the PMU has a higher insertion loss, which makes the influence of crosstalk on the system more obvious. We also discuss two ways i.e. the time domain and frequency domain, to reduce the crosstalk which is caused by the imperfection of the device. The experiment is performed at a repetition frequency of 250 MHz, and a commercial avalanche single-photon detector is used to detect the system’s quantum bit error rate (QBER). Under the condition of no disturbance, the average QBER is 0.39% in 2 h. Then a vibration of approximately 200 Hz is used to simulate the practical disturbances, the average QBER is 0.36% in 2 h, and the fluctuation range of the QBER is only within 0.2%. We propose the first feasible encoding scheme in disturbed environments to ensure the long-term stability of the encoded polarization states, which is expected to be used in the multi-node expansion of the quantum network.
      Corresponding author: Wang Jin-Dong, wangjd@scnu.edu.cn
    • Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 61771205, 62071186), the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province, Province (Grant No. 2015A030313388), and the Science and Technology Projects of Guangdong Province, China (Grant Nos. 2015B010128012, 2017K2010101)
    [1]

    Gisin N, Ribordy G, Tittel W, Zbinden H 2001 Rev. Mod. Phys. 74 145Google Scholar

    [2]

    Ekert A K 1991 Phys. Rev. Lett. 67 661Google Scholar

    [3]

    Scarani V, Bechmann P H, Cerf N J, Dušek M, Lütkenhaus N, Peev M 2009 Rev. Mod. Phys. 81 1301Google Scholar

    [4]

    Gobby C, Yuan Z L, Shields A J 2004 Appl. Phys. Lett. 84 37628Google Scholar

    [5]

    Yin H L, Chen T Y, Yu Z W, Liu H, You L X, Zhou Y H, Chen S J, Mao Y, Huang M Q, Zhang W J, Chen H, Li M J, Nolan D, Zhou F, Jiang X, Wang Z, Zhang Q, Wang X B, Pan J W 2016 Phys. Rev. Lett. 117 190501Google Scholar

    [6]

    Chen J P, Zhang C, Liu Y, Jiang C, Zhang W, Hu X L, Guan J Y, Yu Z W, Xu H, Lin J 2020 Phys. Rev. Lett. 124 070501Google Scholar

    [7]

    Wang J Y, Yang B, Liao S K, Zhang L, Shen Q, Hu X F, Wu J C, Yang S J, Jiang H, Tang Y L 2013 Nat. Photonics 7 387Google Scholar

    [8]

    Nauerth S, Moll F, Rau M, Fuchs C, Horwath J, Frick S, Weinfurter H 2013 Nat. Photonics 7 382Google Scholar

    [9]

    Liao S K, Cai W Q, Liu W Y, Zhang L, Li Y, Ren J G, Yin J, Shen Q, Cao Y, Li Z P 2017 Nature 549 43Google Scholar

    [10]

    Hill A D, Chapman J, Herndon K, Chopp C, Gauthier D J, Kwiat P 2017 Urbana 51 61801Google Scholar

    [11]

    Liu H Y, Tian X H, Gu C, Fan P, Ni X, Yang R, Zhang J N, Hu M, Niu Y, Cao X 2020 Nat. Sci. Rev. 7 921Google Scholar

    [12]

    Liao S K, Yong H L, Liu C, Shentu G L, Li D D, Lin J, Dai H, Zhao S Q, Li B, Guan J Y 2017 Nat. Photonics 11 509Google Scholar

    [13]

    Chen H, Wang J, Tang B, Li Z, Sun S H 2020 Opt. Lett. 45 3022Google Scholar

    [14]

    Xue Y, Shi L, Wei J, Yu L, Yu H, Tang J, Zhang Z 2020 Int. J. Theor. Phys. 59 3299Google Scholar

    [15]

    Pugh C J, Kaiser S, Bourgoin J P, Jin J, Sultana N, Agne S, Anisimova E, Makarov V, Choi E, Higgins B L 2017 Quantum Sci. Technol. 2 024009Google Scholar

    [16]

    Bourgoin J P, Higgins B L, Gigov N, Holloway C, Pugh C J, Kaiser S, Cranmer M, Jennewein T 2015 Opt. Express 23 33437Google Scholar

    [17]

    DeCesare A, Snyder R, Carvalho D, Miller W A, Alsing P M, Ahn D 2020 Proc. SPIE 11391 1139105Google Scholar

    [18]

    Liu X, Liao C, Tang Z, Wang J, Liu S 2007 Proc. SPIE 6827 682701Google Scholar

    [19]

    Liu X, Liao C, Mi J, Wang J, Liu S 2008 Phys. Lett. A 373 54Google Scholar

    [20]

    Lucio-Martinez I, Chan P, Mo X, Hosier S, Tittel W 2009 New J. Phys. 11 095001Google Scholar

    [21]

    Grunenfelder F, Boaron A, Rusca D, Martin A, Zbinden H 2018 Appl. Phys. Lett. 112 051108Google Scholar

    [22]

    Li Y, Li Y H, Xie H B, Li Z P, Peng C Z 2019 Opt. Lett. 44 5262Google Scholar

    [23]

    Agnesi C, Avesani M, Stanco A, Villoresi P, Vallone G 2019 Opt. Lett. 44 2398Google Scholar

    [24]

    Avesani M, Agnesi C, Stanco A, Vallone G, Villoresi P 2020 Opt. Lett. 45 4706Google Scholar

    [25]

    Wang J, Qin X, Jiang Y, Wang X, Chen L, Zhao F, Wei Z, Zhang Z 2016 Opt. Express 24 8302Google Scholar

    [26]

    Yuan Y, Du C, Shen Q, Wang J, Yu Y, Wei Z, Chen Z, Zhang Z 2020 Opt. Express 28 10772Google Scholar

  • 图 1  PMF在扰动环境下的测试, 图中红线表示偏振态在邦加球上的变化轨迹 (a) 在扰动情况下, 光在PMF快轴和慢轴上均有分量的偏振态变化; (b) 在扰动情况下, 光仅在PMF慢轴上传输时的偏振态变化

    Figure 1.  Testing of the PMF under a disturbance, the red line represents the change in the polarization state on the Poincare sphere: (a) Polarization state change with components on both the fast axis and the slow axis of the PMF under a disturbance; (b) polarization state change when light transmits only along the PMF slow axis under a disturbance.

    图 2  相位调制偏振编码方案

    Figure 2.  Phase modulation polarization coding scheme.

    图 3  PMU结构示意图

    Figure 3.  PMU structure diagram.

    图 4  双向差分调制模式在PMU上的应用, 图中红色箭头表示串扰的方向. LD, 激光二极管; ISO, 隔离器; PC, 偏振控制器; CIR, 光环形器; PBS, 偏振分束器; BS, 分束器; PM, 相位调制器; ODL, 光延迟线; FM, 法拉第镜; OPM, 光功率计; PG, 电脉冲发生器; RFA, 射频放大器; FI, 滤波器; ATT, 衰减器; QC, 量子信道; SPD, 单光子探测器

    Figure 4.  Application of two-way differential modulation mode to PMU, the red arrow in the figure indicates the direction of crosstalk. LD, laser diode; ISO, isolator; PC, polarization controller; CIR, optical circulator; PBS, polarization beam splitter; BS, beam splitter; PM, phase modulation; ODL, optical delay lines; FM, Faraday mirror; OPM, optical power meter; PG, electrical pulse generator; RFA, radio-frequency amplifier; FI, filter; ATT, attenuator; QC, quantum channel; SPD, single photon detector.

    图 5  在PMU双向差分调制模式下, 持续2 h测试得到的$\left| D \right\rangle $, $\left| A \right\rangle $, $\left| L \right\rangle $, $\left| R \right\rangle $四种偏振态的QBER (a) 无扰动情况下的QBER; (b) 200 Hz振动情况下的QBERs

    Figure 5.  Measured QBERs of the four polarization states ($\left| D \right\rangle, $$\left| A \right\rangle $, $\left| L \right\rangle $, $\left| R \right\rangle $) for two hours under the two-way differential modulation mode applied to PMU: (a) QBERs in an undisturbed environment; (b) QBERs under a 200 Hz vibration environment.

  • [1]

    Gisin N, Ribordy G, Tittel W, Zbinden H 2001 Rev. Mod. Phys. 74 145Google Scholar

    [2]

    Ekert A K 1991 Phys. Rev. Lett. 67 661Google Scholar

    [3]

    Scarani V, Bechmann P H, Cerf N J, Dušek M, Lütkenhaus N, Peev M 2009 Rev. Mod. Phys. 81 1301Google Scholar

    [4]

    Gobby C, Yuan Z L, Shields A J 2004 Appl. Phys. Lett. 84 37628Google Scholar

    [5]

    Yin H L, Chen T Y, Yu Z W, Liu H, You L X, Zhou Y H, Chen S J, Mao Y, Huang M Q, Zhang W J, Chen H, Li M J, Nolan D, Zhou F, Jiang X, Wang Z, Zhang Q, Wang X B, Pan J W 2016 Phys. Rev. Lett. 117 190501Google Scholar

    [6]

    Chen J P, Zhang C, Liu Y, Jiang C, Zhang W, Hu X L, Guan J Y, Yu Z W, Xu H, Lin J 2020 Phys. Rev. Lett. 124 070501Google Scholar

    [7]

    Wang J Y, Yang B, Liao S K, Zhang L, Shen Q, Hu X F, Wu J C, Yang S J, Jiang H, Tang Y L 2013 Nat. Photonics 7 387Google Scholar

    [8]

    Nauerth S, Moll F, Rau M, Fuchs C, Horwath J, Frick S, Weinfurter H 2013 Nat. Photonics 7 382Google Scholar

    [9]

    Liao S K, Cai W Q, Liu W Y, Zhang L, Li Y, Ren J G, Yin J, Shen Q, Cao Y, Li Z P 2017 Nature 549 43Google Scholar

    [10]

    Hill A D, Chapman J, Herndon K, Chopp C, Gauthier D J, Kwiat P 2017 Urbana 51 61801Google Scholar

    [11]

    Liu H Y, Tian X H, Gu C, Fan P, Ni X, Yang R, Zhang J N, Hu M, Niu Y, Cao X 2020 Nat. Sci. Rev. 7 921Google Scholar

    [12]

    Liao S K, Yong H L, Liu C, Shentu G L, Li D D, Lin J, Dai H, Zhao S Q, Li B, Guan J Y 2017 Nat. Photonics 11 509Google Scholar

    [13]

    Chen H, Wang J, Tang B, Li Z, Sun S H 2020 Opt. Lett. 45 3022Google Scholar

    [14]

    Xue Y, Shi L, Wei J, Yu L, Yu H, Tang J, Zhang Z 2020 Int. J. Theor. Phys. 59 3299Google Scholar

    [15]

    Pugh C J, Kaiser S, Bourgoin J P, Jin J, Sultana N, Agne S, Anisimova E, Makarov V, Choi E, Higgins B L 2017 Quantum Sci. Technol. 2 024009Google Scholar

    [16]

    Bourgoin J P, Higgins B L, Gigov N, Holloway C, Pugh C J, Kaiser S, Cranmer M, Jennewein T 2015 Opt. Express 23 33437Google Scholar

    [17]

    DeCesare A, Snyder R, Carvalho D, Miller W A, Alsing P M, Ahn D 2020 Proc. SPIE 11391 1139105Google Scholar

    [18]

    Liu X, Liao C, Tang Z, Wang J, Liu S 2007 Proc. SPIE 6827 682701Google Scholar

    [19]

    Liu X, Liao C, Mi J, Wang J, Liu S 2008 Phys. Lett. A 373 54Google Scholar

    [20]

    Lucio-Martinez I, Chan P, Mo X, Hosier S, Tittel W 2009 New J. Phys. 11 095001Google Scholar

    [21]

    Grunenfelder F, Boaron A, Rusca D, Martin A, Zbinden H 2018 Appl. Phys. Lett. 112 051108Google Scholar

    [22]

    Li Y, Li Y H, Xie H B, Li Z P, Peng C Z 2019 Opt. Lett. 44 5262Google Scholar

    [23]

    Agnesi C, Avesani M, Stanco A, Villoresi P, Vallone G 2019 Opt. Lett. 44 2398Google Scholar

    [24]

    Avesani M, Agnesi C, Stanco A, Vallone G, Villoresi P 2020 Opt. Lett. 45 4706Google Scholar

    [25]

    Wang J, Qin X, Jiang Y, Wang X, Chen L, Zhao F, Wei Z, Zhang Z 2016 Opt. Express 24 8302Google Scholar

    [26]

    Yuan Y, Du C, Shen Q, Wang J, Yu Y, Wei Z, Chen Z, Zhang Z 2020 Opt. Express 28 10772Google Scholar

  • [1] Zhu Jia-Li, Cao Yuan, Zhang Chun-Hui, Wang Qin. Optimal resource allocation in practical quantum key distribution optical networks. Acta Physica Sinica, 2023, 72(2): 020301. doi: 10.7498/aps.72.20221661
    [2] Zhou Jiang-Ping, Zhou Yuan-Yuan, Zhou Xue-Jun. Asymmetric channel phase matching quantum key distribution. Acta Physica Sinica, 2023, 72(14): 140302. doi: 10.7498/aps.72.20230652
    [3] Meng Jie, Xu Le-Chen, Zhang Cheng-Jun, Zhang Chun-Hui, Wang Qin. Overview of applications of heralded single photon source in quantum key distribution. Acta Physica Sinica, 2022, 71(17): 170304. doi: 10.7498/aps.71.20220344
    [4] Du Cong, Wang Jin-Dong, Qin Xiao-Juan, Wei Zheng-Jun, Yu Ya-Fei, Zhang Zhi-Ming. A simple protocol for measuring device independent quantum key distribution based on hybrid encoding. Acta Physica Sinica, 2020, 69(19): 190301. doi: 10.7498/aps.69.20200162
    [5] Ye Wei, Guo Ying, Xia Ying, Zhong Hai, Zhang Huan, Ding Jian-Zhi, Hu Li-Yun. Discrete modulation continuous-variable quantum key distribution based on quantum catalysis. Acta Physica Sinica, 2020, 69(6): 060301. doi: 10.7498/aps.69.20191689
    [6] Gu Wen-Yuan, Zhao Shang-Hong, Dong Chen, Wang Xing-Yu, Yang Ding. Reference-frame-independent measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution under reference frame fluctuation. Acta Physica Sinica, 2019, 68(24): 240301. doi: 10.7498/aps.68.20191364
    [7] Chen Yan-Hui, Wang Jin-Dong, Du Cong, Ma Rui-Li, Zhao Jia-Yu, Qin Xiao-Juan, Wei Zheng-Jun, Zhang Zhi-Ming. Eavesdropping and countermeasures for backflash side channel in fiber polarization-coded quantum key distribution. Acta Physica Sinica, 2019, 68(13): 130301. doi: 10.7498/aps.68.20190464
    [8] Zhou Fei, Yong Hai-Lin, Li Dong-Dong, Yin Juan, Ren Ji-Gang, Peng Cheng-Zhi. Study on quantum key distribution between different media. Acta Physica Sinica, 2014, 63(14): 140303. doi: 10.7498/aps.63.140303
    [9] Wang Jin-Dong, Wei Zheng-Jun, Zhang Hui, Zhang Hua-Ni, Chen Shuai, Qin Xiao-Juan, Guo Jian-Ping, Liao Chang-Jun, Liu Song-Hao. The influence of the time delay through long trunk fiber on the phase-coding quantum key distribution system. Acta Physica Sinica, 2010, 59(8): 5514-5522. doi: 10.7498/aps.59.5514
    [10] Zhu Chang-Hua, Chen Nan, Pei Chang-Xing, Quan Dong-Xiao, Yi Yun-Hui. Adaptive continuous variable quantum key distribution based on channel estimation. Acta Physica Sinica, 2009, 58(4): 2184-2188. doi: 10.7498/aps.58.2184
    [11] Quan Dong-Xiao, Pei Chang-Xing, Zhu Chang-Hua, Liu Dan. New method of decoy state quantum key distribution with a heralded single-photon source. Acta Physica Sinica, 2008, 57(9): 5600-5604. doi: 10.7498/aps.57.5600
    [12] Hu Hua-Peng, Zhang Jing, Wang Jin-Dong, Huang Yu-Xian, Lu Yi-Qun, Liu Song-Hao, Lu Wei. Experimental quantum key distribution with double protocol. Acta Physica Sinica, 2008, 57(9): 5605-5611. doi: 10.7498/aps.57.5605
    [13] Zhang Jing, Wang Fa-Qiang, Zhao Feng, Lu Yi-Qun, Liu Song-Hao. Quantum key distribution based on time coding and phase coding. Acta Physica Sinica, 2008, 57(8): 4941-4946. doi: 10.7498/aps.57.4941
    [14] He Guang-Qiang, Guo Hong-Bin, Li Yu-Dan, Zhu Si-Wei, Zeng Gui-Hua. Quantum key distribution using binary-modulated coherent states. Acta Physica Sinica, 2008, 57(4): 2212-2217. doi: 10.7498/aps.57.2212
    [15] Zheng Li-Ming, Wang Fa-Qiang, Liu Song-Hao. The influence of dispersion and loss on quantum key distribution system. Acta Physica Sinica, 2007, 56(4): 2180-2183. doi: 10.7498/aps.56.2180
    [16] Zhao Feng, Lu Yi-Qun, Wang Fa-Qiang, Chen Xia, Li Ming-Ming, Guo Bang-Hong, Liao Chang-Jun, Liu Song-Hao. Stable differential-phase-shift quantum key distribution based on weak coherent pulses. Acta Physica Sinica, 2007, 56(4): 2175-2179. doi: 10.7498/aps.56.2175
    [17] Feng Fa-Yong, Zhang Qiang. Quantum key distribution based on hyperentanglement swapping. Acta Physica Sinica, 2007, 56(4): 1924-1927. doi: 10.7498/aps.56.1924
    [18] Chen Xia, Wang Fa-Qiang, Lu Yi-Qun, Zhao Feng, Li Ming-Ming, Mi Jing-Long, Liang Rui-Sheng, Liu Song-Hao. A phase modulated QKD system with two quantum cryptography protocols. Acta Physica Sinica, 2007, 56(11): 6434-6440. doi: 10.7498/aps.56.6434
    [19] Chen Jie, Li Yao, Wu Guang, Zeng He-Ping. Stable quantum key distribution with polarization control. Acta Physica Sinica, 2007, 56(9): 5243-5247. doi: 10.7498/aps.56.5243
    [20] Ma Hai-Qiang, Li Ya-Ling, Zhao Huan, Wu Ling-An. A quantum key distribution system based on two polarization beam splitters. Acta Physica Sinica, 2005, 54(11): 5014-5017. doi: 10.7498/aps.54.5014
Metrics
  • Abstract views:  2728
  • PDF Downloads:  56
  • Cited By: 0
Publishing process
  • Received Date:  20 April 2021
  • Accepted Date:  10 May 2021
  • Available Online:  07 June 2021
  • Published Online:  20 September 2021

/

返回文章
返回