Most Cited
2018, 67 (20): 207701.
doi: 10.7498/aps.67.20181091
Abstract +
Piezoelectric functional materials have been extensively studied and employed in numerous devices. With the rapid development of modern industries, such as power plants, aerospace, automotive, renewable energy and material processing industries, the high temperature piezoelectric materials that can work in extreme environments are in great demand.
Piezoelectric materials including piezoelectric single crystals, ceramics and films, are at the heart of electromechanical actuation and sensing devices. A variety of applications where piezoelectric actuators and sensors operate at elevated temperatures (T 200℃) would be extremely desired. The actuators need to work efficiently with high strokes, torques, and forces while operating under relatively harsh conditions. These include high-temperature fans and turbines, motors for valves or natural gas industries, kiln automation, and actuators for automotive engines such as fuel injectors and cooling system elements. Yet, the majority of industrial actuator applications are at or below the 250℃ temperature limit. In addition to the increase in operational temperatures of piezoelectric motors and actuators, a future area of interest is high-temperature MEMS research, which can be used for high-temperature valving. On the other hand, the piezoelectric sensors have been widely used for structural health monitoring applications. This is due to their wide bandwidth, versatility, simplicity, high rigidity, high stability, high reproducibility, fast response time, wide operating temperature range, insensitivity to electric and magnetic fields, the capacity for miniaturization and minimal dependence on moving parts and low power consumption, and wide piezoelectric materials and mechanisms selections, which will greatly benefit the sensing applications. In addition to the temperature usage range, the piezoelectric sensors must withstand the harsh environments encountered in space, engine, power plants, and also need to possess high sensitivity, resistivity, reliability, stability and robustness.
In order to use the piezoelectric materials for a specific high temperature application, many aspects need to be considered together with piezoelectric properties, such as phase transition, thermal aging, thermal expansion, chemical stability, electrical resistivity, and the stability of properties at elevated temperature. In this paper, ferroelectric materials with high Curie point, including perovskite-type ferroelectrics, bismuth layer structured ferroelectrics, tungsten-bronze structured ferroelectrics, together with non-ferroelectric piezoelectric single crystals, are surveyed. The crystal structure characteristics, high temperature piezoelectric properties, and recent research progress are discussed. A series of high temperature piezoelectric devices and their applications are reviewed, including high temperature piezoelectric detectors, sensors, transducers, actuators, etc. Finally, recent important research topics, the future development of high temperature piezoelectric materials and the potential new applications are summarized.
2018, 67 (1): 016101.
doi: 10.7498/aps.67.20171473
Abstract +
Amorphous alloy is a kind of metallic materials prepared by rapidly cooling the alloy melt through hindering crystallization in cooling process. Due to the unique structure of atomic random packing, Fe-based amorphous alloys exhibit not only structural and property isotropy, but also small structural correlation length, small magnetic anisotropic constant, and then small coercivity Hc. Like crystalline Fe-based alloys, Fe-based amorphous alloys also possess high saturation induction Bs. As a result, research on engineering applications of Fe-based amorphous alloys has been promoted by their excellent soft magnetic properties. Now Fe-based soft magnetic amorphous/nanocrystalline alloys have been produced and applied to various areas on a large scale. Here in this paper, the processes of discovery, development and application of Fe-based soft magnetic amorphous alloys are reviewed, and the effects of chemical composition, structure and preparation technology on the soft magnetic properties are introduced and discussed. The obtained theoretic results and the technological innovation show that the great contributions have been made to the development and application of Fe-based soft magnetic amorphous/crystalline alloys. Based on the progress of structure and soft magnetic property and our understanding, the development process of the fundamental research and the application progress of Fe-based soft magnetic amorphous alloys could be divided into three periods. In addition, the present challenge topics in their researches and applications are proposed.
2018, 67 (9): 098901.
doi: 10.7498/aps.67.20172295
Abstract +
Identifying the most important nodes is significant for investigating the robustness and vulnerability of complex network. A lot of methods based on network structure have been proposed, such as degree, K-shell and betweenness, etc. In order to identify the important nodes in a more reasonable way, both the network topologies and the characteristics of nodes should be taken into account. Even at the same location, the nodes with different characteristics have different importance. The topological structures and the characteristics of the nodes are considered in the complex network dynamics model. However, such methods are rarely explored and their applications are restricted. In order to identify the important nodes in undirected weighted networks, in this paper we propose a method based on dynamics model. Firstly, we introduce a way to construct the corresponding dynamics model for any undirected weighted network, and the constructed model can be flexibly adjusted according to the actual situation. It is proved that the constructed model is globally asymptotic stable. To measure the changes of the dynamic model state, the mean deviation and the variance are presented, which are the criteria to evaluate the importance of the nodes. Finally, disturbance test and destructive test are proposed for identifying the most important nodes. Each node is tested in turn, and then the important nodes are identified. If the tested node can recover from the damaged state, the disturbance test is used. If the tested node is destroyed completely, the destructive test is used. The method proposed in this paper is based on the dynamics model. The node importance is influenced by the network topologies and the characteristics of nodes in these two methods. In addition, the disturbance test and destructive test are used in different situations, forming a complementary advantage. So the method can be used to analyze the node importance in a more comprehensive way. Experiments are performed on the advanced research project agency networks, the undirected networks with symmetric structures, the social network, the Dobbs-Watts-Sabel networks and the Barrat-Barthelemy-Vespignani networks. If the nodes in the network have the same dynamic model, the network is considered to be the homogeneous network; otherwise, the network is heterogeneous network. And experiments can be divided into four categories, namely, the disturbance test, the destructive test on the homogeneous network, the disturbance test and the destructive test on the heterogeneous network. The experimental results show that the methods proposed in this paper are effective and credible.
2018, 67 (19): 194301.
doi: 10.7498/aps.67.20180963
Abstract +
Acoustic metamateiral (AM) is an artificially structured material with the unique properties that cannot be found in nature materials, such as negative refraction, slab focusing, super-resolution imaging, cloaking, inverse Doppler effect, etc. In this paper we first review the research advances in AM in recent 20 years and then mainly discuss the properties of the meta-atom AM (MAAM), meta-molecule AM (MMAM), meta-atom cluster AM, and meta-molecule cluster AM.
The MAAM consists of local resonant meta-atoms, whose resonant frequency is related to the geometry size of the structure. The MAAM presents the transmission dip and inversed phase near the resonant frequency. The meta-atoms discussed in the paper contain the split hollow sphere and hollow tube (HT), which can be used to realize the AM with single negative modulus and AM with single negative mass density near the frequency, respectively. The effective parameter of the MAAM is calculated from the transmission and reflection data in experiment according to the homogeneous-medium theory. By combining the two kinds of meta-atoms together, the assembled two-layered composite AM presents a transmission peak similar to the electromagnetic metamaterial in the overlapping resonant frequency region. The effective parameters calculated by experimental data demonstrate that the composite AM could realize simultaneously negative modulus and negative mass density near the peak frequency. In the double-negative band, this kind of double-negative AM can faithfully distinguish the acoustic sub-wavelength details (/7). Furthermore, by coupling the two kinds of meta-atoms in a structure, we design a flute-like meta-molecule structure of perforated hollow tube, which can be used to fabricate double-negative AM in high or low frequency band. The experimental results also show that the double-negative AM has the properties of flat focusing and negative refraction effect.
Based on the weak interaction of the meta-atoms, the meta-atom cluster AM can be fabricated by arraying different sized meta-atoms. The meta-atom cluster AM composed of different sized meta-atoms of SHSs can realize multi-band or broadband negative modulus, and the different sized meta-atoms of HTs can realize broadband negative mass density. Similarly, the meta-molecule cluster AMs are constructed with seven kinds of flute-like perforated hollow tubes, which can overcome the limitations of arbitrary broadband negative bulk modulus and mass density to provide a region of inverse Doppler effects. It is also shown that the inverse frequency shift values will be enhanced with the increase of frequency.
As the resonant unit can realize the effect of discontinuous phase, it can be used to design acoustic metasurface (AMS) to control the acoustic wavefronts at will and realize the anomalous manipulation of acoustic waves. Finally, we introduce the research status and tendency of AMS in coming years.
2018, 67 (12): 128501.
doi: 10.7498/aps.67.20180757
Abstract +
The failure problems, associated with capacity fade, poor cycle life, increased internal resistance, abnormal voltage, lithium plating, gas generation, electrolyte leakage, short circuit, battery deformation, thermal runaway, etc., are the fatal issues that restrict the performances and reliabilities of the lithium batteries. The main tasks of failure analysis of lithium batteries are to accurately diagnose, which is vital for revealing the failure modes or failure mechanisms. These information has profound significance for improving the performances and technology of lithium batteries. In order to have a comprehensive understanding of the recent progress on failure analysis research of lithium batteries, the failure analyses from the respect of definition, phenomenon, reason, analysis content, process, difficulty, etc. are briefly reviewed. We hope this review will helpful to the researchers engaged in the field of failure analysis as well as battery field.
2018, 67 (4): 048901.
doi: 10.7498/aps.67.20172255
Abstract +
Measuring node centrality is important for a wealth of applications, such as influential people identification, information promotion and traffic congestion prevention. Although there are many researches of node centrality proved, most of them have assumed that networks are static. However, many networks in our real life are dynamic, and the edges will appear or disappear over time. Temporal network could describe the interaction order and relationship among network nodes more accurately. It is of more important theoretical and more practical significance to construct proper temporal network model and identify vital nodes. In this paper, by taking into account the coupling strength between different network layers, we present a method, namely similarity-based supra-adjacency matrix (SSAM) method, to represent temporal network and further measure node importance. For a temporal network with N nodes and T layers, the SSAM is a matrix of size NTNT with a collection of both intra-layer relationship and inter-layer relationship. We restrict our attention to inter-layer coupling. Regarding the traditional method of measuring the node similarity of nearest-neighbor layers as one constant value, the neighbor topological overlap information is used to measure the node similarity for the nearest-neighbor layers, which ensures that the couplings of different nodes of inter-layer relationship are different. We then compute the node importance for temporal network based on eigenvector centrality, the dominant eigenvector of similarity-based supra-adjacency matrix, which indicates not only the node i's importance in layer t but also the changing trajectory of the node i's importance across the time. To evaluate the ranking effect of node importance obtained by eigenvector-based centrality, we also study the network robustness and calculate the difference of temporal global efficiency with node deletion approach in this work. In order to compare with the traditional method, we measure the node ranking effect of different time layers by the Kendall rank correlation coefficient of eigenvector centrality and the difference of temporal global efficiency. According to the empirical results on the workspace and Enrons datasets for both SSAM method and tradition method, the SSAM method with neighbor topological overlap information, which takes into account the inter-layer similarity, can effectively avoid overestimating or underestimating the importance of nodes compared with traditional method with one constant value. Furthermore, the experiments for the two datasets show that the average Kendall's could be improved by 17.72% and 12.44% for each layer network, which indicates that the node similarity for different layers is significant to construct temporal network and measure the node importance in temporal network.
2018, 67 (5): 054202.
doi: 10.7498/aps.67.20172009
Abstract +
Underwater polarization imaging is a valuable technology for underwater detection and exploration, since it can provide abundant information about target scene via the removal of background light from raw images. However, in a conventional polarization imaging method, the reconstructed image has limited quality caused by the inaccurate estimation of degree of polarization (DoP) and noise amplification, which finally leads to the incomplete removal of background light. The situation becomes worse if the target and background light reach an almost equal DoP.To date, various approaches including acoustic imaging, photoacoustic imaging, and polarization imaging have been implemented to realize underwater imaging. Notably, underwater polarization imaging is of particular interest due to its simple system structure, low cost and excellent performance in recovering target information. It mainly involves the separation of the backscattered light denoted as background light from the target scattered light acting as the target light. Removal of the background light from the raw image gives rise to a clear target image, which has been the focus of polarization imaging for a long period. The most representative approach was presented by Schechner[Schechner Y Y, Karpel N 2005 IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering 30 570] who utilized the DoP of background light and target light to recover clear image. Further optimization of the approach was also conducted by researchers including Schechner[Tali T, Schechner Y Y 2009 IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 31 385], Huang[Huang B J, Liu T G, Hu H F, Han J H, Yu M X 2016 Optics Express 24 9826], et al. However, the influence of noise amplification in the process on the reconstruction results has always been ignored, which accounts for the results to some extent though the explanation is unsatisfactory.In this paper, we present a multi-scale polarization imaging strategy to suppress the noise amplification effect and its influence on the final results. It originates from the difference in polarization image between two diverse layers. Specifically, the image is divided into two layers, one of which is characterized by high contrast but remarkably difference between the target and background, known as base layer BTI; the other layer is low-contrast but contains the detailed information about the target, known as detail layer DTI. Special processes are applied to the two layers according to their characteristics, respectively. For the base layer BTI, combined bilateral filtering is used to suppress noise. As for the detail layer, it is first processed by wavelet transform with considering its multi-resolution characteristic. After the wavelet coefficient correction via adjusting the kernel function w(x, f), the details in target image is perfected with keeping iterations. During the updating procedure, the image noise can be further suppressed. Underwater experiments are conducted in the laboratory to demonstrate the validity of the proposed method. Besides, quantitative analyses also verify the improvement in final target image.Compared with conventional underwater polarization imaging methods, the proposed method is good at dealing with various target conditions, since it handles noise amplification without requiring any additional equipment. Furthermore, the proposed method is easy to incorporate in a conventional polarization imaging system to achieve underwater images with better quality and valid detail information. Therefore, the proposed method has more potential applications in underwater imaging.
2018, 67 (5): 050502.
doi: 10.7498/aps.67.20172354
Abstract +
Shilnikov criteria believe that the emergence of chaos requires at least one unstable equilibrium, and an attractor is associated with the unstable equilibrium. However, some special chaotic systems have been proposed recently, each of which has one stable equilibrium, or no equilibrium at all, or has a linear equilibrium (infinite equilibrium). These special dynamical systems can present chaotic characteristics, and the attractors in these chaotic systems are called hidden attractors due to the fact that the attraction basins of chaotic systems do not intersect with small neighborhoods of any equilibrium points. Since they were first found and reported in 2011, the dynamical systems with hidden attractors have attracted much attention. Additionally, the fractional-order system, which can give a clearer physical meaning and a more accurate description of the physical phenomenon, has been broadly investigated in recent years. Motivated by these two considerations, in this paper, we propose a fractional-order chaotic system with hidden attractors, and the finite time synchronization of the fractional-order chaotic systems is also studied.Most of the researches mainly focus on dynamic analysis and control of integer-order chaotic systems with hidden attractors. In this paper, based on the Sprott E system, a fractional-order chaotic system is constructed by adding an appropriate constant term. The fractional-order chaotic system has only one stable equilibrium point, but it can generate various hidden attractors. Basic dynamical characteristics of the system are analyzed carefully through phase diagram, Poincare mapping and power spectrum, and the results show that the fractional-order system can present obvious chaotic characteristics. Based on bifurcation diagram of system order, it can be found that the fractional-order system can have period attractors, doubling period attractors, and chaotic attractors with various orders. Additionally, a finite time synchronization of the fractional-order chaotic system with hidden attractors is realized based on the finite time stable theorem, and the proposed controller is robust and can guarantee fast convergence. Finally, numerical simulation is carried out and the results verify the effectiveness of the proposed controller.The fractional-order chaotic system with hidden attractors has more complex and richer dynamic characteristics than integer-order chaotic systems, and chaotic range of parameters is more flexible, meanwhile the dynamics is more sensitive to system parameters. Therefore, the fractional-order chaotic system with hidden attractors can provide more key parameters and present better performance for practical applications, such as secure communication and image encryption, and it deserves to be further investigated.
2018, 67 (18): 184203.
doi: 10.7498/aps.67.20180877
Abstract +
Compared with coherent laser beams, partially coherent beams have advantages of effectively reducing turbulence-induced extra beam spreading, beam wander and intensity scintillation on propagation through turbulent atmosphere, and have promising applications in free-space optical communications, laser radar and remote sensing. Recently, more and more attention was paid to the propagation of partially coherent beams through turbulent atmosphere. In this article, we first review historically the research progress of the propagation of partially coherent beams in atmospheric turbulence. And we describe in detail the basic theory for the calculation of average intensity, second-order moment and scintillation index of partially coherent beams in turbulence based on the extended Huygens-Fresnel principle and Rytov method. We also present a phase screen method of numerically simulating the propagation of coherent beams through turbulent atmosphere, and then extend such a method to treating the propagation of partially coherent beams.
2018, 67 (24): 244203.
doi: 10.7498/aps.67.20181591
Abstract +
High-power tunable mid-infrared (MIR) and far-infrared (FIR) lasers in a range of 3-20 μm, especially in the atmospheric windows of 3-5 μm and 8-12 μm are essential for the applications, such as in remote sensing, minimally invasive surgery, telecommunication, national security, etc. At present, the technology of MIR and FIR laser have become a research hotspot. As the core component of all-solid-state laser frequency conversion system, nonlinear optical (NLO) crystals for coherent MIR and FIR laser are urgently needed by continuously optimizing and developing. However, compared with several outstanding near infrared, visible, and ultraviolet NLO crystals, such as β-BaB2O4, LiB3O5, LiNbO3, KTiOPO4, and KBe2BO3F2, the generation of currently available NLO crystals for 3-20 μm laser is still underdeveloped. Traditional NLO oxide crystals are limited to output wavelengths ≤ 4 μm due to the multi-phonon absorption. In the past decades, the chalcopyrite-type AgGaS2, AgGaSe2 and ZnGeP2 have become three main commercial crystals in the MIR region due to their high second-harmonic generation coefficients and wide IR transparency ranges. Up to now, ZnGeP2 is still the state-of-the-art crystal for high energy and high average power output in a range of 3-8 μm. Unfortunately, there are still some intrinsic drawbacks that hinder their applications, such as in poor thermal conductivity and low laser damage threshold for AgGaS2, non-phase-matching at 1.06 μm pumping for AgGaSe2, and harmful two-photon absorption at 1.06 μm for ZnGeP2. In addition, ZnGeP2 has significant multi-phonon absorption in an 8-12 μm band, which restricts its applications in long wavelength MIR. With the development of research, several novel birefringent crystals, as well as all-epitaxial processing of orientation-patterned semiconductors GaAs (OP-GaAs) and GaP (OP-GaP), have been explored together with attractive properties, such as large NLO effect, wide transparency ranges, and high resistance to laser damage.
In this paper, from the angle of the compositions of NLO crystal materials, several kinds of phosphide crystals (ZnGeP2 CdSiP2) and chalcogenide crystals (CdSe, GaSe, LiInS2 series, and BaGa4S7 series) are summarized. In addition, the latest achievements of the orientation-patterned materials such as OP-GaAs and OP-GaP are also reviewed systematically. In summary, we review the above-mentioned attractive properties of these materials such as in the unique capabilities, the crystal growth, and the output power in the MIR and FIR region.
In this paper, from the angle of the compositions of NLO crystal materials, several kinds of phosphide crystals (ZnGeP2 CdSiP2) and chalcogenide crystals (CdSe, GaSe, LiInS2 series, and BaGa4S7 series) are summarized. In addition, the latest achievements of the orientation-patterned materials such as OP-GaAs and OP-GaP are also reviewed systematically. In summary, we review the above-mentioned attractive properties of these materials such as in the unique capabilities, the crystal growth, and the output power in the MIR and FIR region.
2018, 67 (12): 120601.
doi: 10.7498/aps.67.20180847
Abstract +
Among various electrochemical energy storage technologies, room-temperature Na-ion batteries (NIBs) are regarded as ideal candidates in large-scale energy storage field due to advantages of abundant resources and low material cost in addition to their characteristics of high energy density and long cycle life. Since 2011, the Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IOP-Chinese Academy of Sciences) has devoted to developing the cost-effective and environmental-safe NIBs, and attained many original achievements in the research of cathode, anode and electrolyte materials, and also developed Na-ion pouch cells with capacities of 1 Ah. For instance, the highly reversible Cu2+/Cu3+ redox was discovered for the first time and the low cost Na-Cu-Fe-Mn-O layered oxide cathodes have been designed accordingly; the anthracite-derived carbon anodes have been exploited via a simple one-step carbonization process with a high performance-to-price ratio; a new type of NaFSI sodium salt was first used in the non-aqueous carbonate electrolyte to significantly improve the performance of electrode materials, etc. This review summarizes the important progress and breakthroughs achieved in IOP-Chinese Academy of Sciences for materials and devices of NIBs. We hope that these contributions conduce to realizing the industrialization of NIBs.
2018, 67 (15): 157801.
doi: 10.7498/aps.67.20180979
Abstract +
Ferroelectric oxides are attractive materials for constructing efficient solar cells. The mechanism includes the anomalous photovoltaic effect (APE) and the bulk photovoltaic effect (BPE). The BPE refers to the generation of a steady photocurrent and above-bandgap photovoltage in a single-phase homogeneous material lacking inversion symmetry. The mechanism of BPE is different from the typical p-n junction-based photovoltaic mechanism in heterogeneous materials. We survey the history, development and recent progress in understanding the mechanisms of BPE, with a focus on the shift current mechanism, an intrinsic BPE that is universal to all materials lacking inversion symmetry. We also review the important factors to the APE, i.e., the domain boundary, the Schottcky junction, and the depolarization field. The recent successful applications of inorganic and hybrid perovskite structured materials in solar cells emphasize that ferroelectrics can be used in conventional photovoltaic architectures. We review the development in this field, with a particular emphasis on the perovskite materials and the theoretical explanations. In addition to discussing the implication of a ferroelectric absorber layer and the solid state theory of polarization, the design principles and prospect for high-efficiency ferroelectric photovoltaics are also mentioned. Considering the coupling between the degrees of freedom, some special ferroelectrics are expected to have prominent multi-functionality. With the introduction of the additional degree of freedom, some ferroelectrics, i.e., ScFexCr1-xO3 (1/6 x 5/6), can be a promising candidate for highly efficient solar cells and spin photovoltaic devices.
2018, 67 (17): 170201.
doi: 10.7498/aps.67.20180584
Abstract +
Nickel-based superalloy is mainly used for fabricating the important high temperature parts including the turbine disk, turbine baffle, compressor disk, and other critical components. Ceramic inclusions in powder metallurgy (PM) superalloy could promote fatigue crack initiation, and thus accelerating the crack propagation under certain conditions. In this case, the ultra-clean nickel-based superalloy powder is critical for PM superalloy components. Generally, there are two well-known methods of fabricating superalloy powders, i.e., argon gas atomization (AA) and plasma rotating electrode process (PREP). Electrode induction melting gas atomization (EIGA) process is a newly developed method of preparing ultra-clean metal powders. The EIGA process is a completely crucible-free melting and atomization process developed by ALD vacuum technologies. In this process, a slowly rotating prealloyed bar is fed into a conical induction coil. The end of the bar is inductively heated and molten alloys falls into an atomizer where the liquid alloy is atomized with a high-pressure inert gas. The EIGA prepared powders possess the advantages of AA (more fine powders) and PREP (ultra-clean powders) processes. Generally, there are two key issues in EIGA process, and the free-fall gas atomizer design is one of the critical issues for the powder yield and quality. Free-fall gas atomizers are some of the first two fluid atomizer designs to be used for molten metal atomization. In a simple open (unconfined stream) design a melt stream falls from a tundish exit via gravity into the convergence of focused atomization gas jets where it is disintegrated. The gas-melt interaction is complex, and it is difficult to characterize the interaction process directly. To have a good understanding of the atomisation technology, the physical break-up process instead of correlating the gas dynamics with droplet fragmentation indirectly must be able to be examined. And it will be desirable, if we input the atomization parameters, we can obtain the particles' distributions directly. In this work, a computational fluid dynamic approach to simulating the primary and secondary atomization processes is developed by using the volume of fluid method and discrete phase model. By integrating the metal stream break-up (in primary atomization) with the flow field and particles distribution simulation (in second atomization), this numerical simulation method is able to provide the direct assessment for the atomisation process. To verify the method performance, the melt stream is initialized into a 4 mm-diameter stream, which is then injected into the gas flow field for further fragmentation. The experimental results show that the simulated particles' diameter distribution is consistent with the experimental results in the same conditions.
2018, 67 (14): 144501.
doi: 10.7498/aps.67.20172752
Abstract +
With the rapid development of vehicular technology, hi-tech manufacturing facilities are equipped in intelligent vehicles to improve road capacity and traffic safety. However, freeway diverge segment has significant influence on current traffic flow, and could affect the heterogeneous traffic flow consisting of manual and intelligent vehicles. The primary objective of this study is to evaluate how intelligent vehicles affect traffic flow at an off-ramp bottleneck.In order to depict the car-following dynamics of manual vehicles, the modified comfortable model, one of the most classic cellular automata models, is employed to distinguish intelligent vehicles. In this paper, intelligent vehicles consist of adaptive cruise control (ACC) vehicles cooperative adaptive cruise control (CACC) vehicles. The ACC and CACC model are proposed by partners for advanced transportation technology (PATH), which are validated by real experimental data. Besides, vehicles equipped with CACC will degrade ACC vehicle if the leading vehicle is driven manually. From the perspective of vehicle's lateral movement, two novel lane-changing models, including the discretionary lane-change (DLC) model and mandatory lane-change (MLC) model, are developed to model the future behaviors of intelligent vehicles. A risk factor λ is introduced into the DLC model to distinguish vehicles from conventional ones. Based on environment perception technology, a five-step MLC decision-making model is designed specifically for intelligent vehicles exiting to off-ramp. It is comprised of environment perception, safe gap computation, measured gap ranking, measured gap classification and lane-changing gap selection. Based on the proposed hybrid traffic flow model, numerical simulations are conducted to study the influences of intelligent vehicles on the traffic flow near an off-ramp. Apart from the market penetration of intelligent vehicles, parameters considered in this paper include the demands of mainlines and off-ramp, range of environment perception, length of lane-changing area, and level of lane-changing risk.Analytical studies and simulation results are as follows. 1) The integration of car-following model and lane-changing model for the off-ramp system enables vehicles to have reasonable dynamic characteristics. 2) The capacity ascends to the peak after an initial decrease as CACC vehicle penetration increases. The maximum capacity obtained in 100% CACC vehicle scenario is improved by over 50%, compared with that in 50% CACC penetration scenario. 3) Enlarging the ranges of environment perception and lane-changing areas, and enhancing the lane-changing risk can significantly dissipate congestion upstream of the off-ramp and improve the efficiency of mainlines. However, they have little influence on traffic flow at off-ramp. 4) The worst performance of the system occurs in the scenario of 50% CACC penetration, where deterioration caused by degraded ACC vehicles suggests that enough patience and public confidence should be paid for the development of intelligent vehicles.
2018, 67 (8): 084202.
doi: 10.7498/aps.67.20172262
Abstract +
In order to verify the feasibility of three-dimensional (3D) printing technology in preparing the metamaterial absorbers with complex structure, a three-layer broadband absorbing metamaterial is designed and fabricated by 3D printing technology. The surface layer and middle layer of the metamaterial are composed of periodic arrays with different unit dimensions and the bottom layer of a slab structure. The optimized thickness of the metamaterial is 4.7 mm. A composite absorbent which consists of carbonyl iron powder and nylon is used to fabricate the absorber. In experiment, the obtained absorber is vertically irradiated by an electromagnetic (EM) wave. Two strong absorption peaks at 5.3 GHz and 14.1 GHz are achieved, with the reflection losses of -15.1 dB and -12.5 dB, respectively. The superposition of the two absorption peaks results in a reflection loss below -10 dB in a range from 4 to 18 GHz. The effective EM parameters of the surface layer and the middle layer are calculated by the S parameter inversion method. An effective model of the three-layer structure absorber is proposed and its reflectivity is calculated by using a multilayer structure reflectivity formula. The calculated reflectivity agrees well with the measured one. The absorbing and resonance mechanisms of the two absorption peaks are investigated by analyzing the dynamic distributions of power density loss, electric field and magnetic field. It can be clearly confirmed that the reflection losses at 5.3 GHz and 14.1 GHz are primarily concentrated on the bottom layer and surface layer, and the broadband absorption performance can be derived from the superposition of broadband absorptions of the three absorbing layers. Meanwhile, the strong electric coupling effect between the adjacent units in the surface layer is demonstrated by analyzing the electric-field distributions, which indicates that the strong reflection loss at 14.1 GHz is mainly caused by the electric response. The multiple scattering effects among the three layers are also considered according to the magnetic field distributions at two resonance frequencies. It is shown that there are two magnetic responses at 5.3 GHz and 14.1 GHz, respectively, and the multiple scattering contributes to increasing the EM wave propagation distance and enhancing the power loss. The designed absorbing metamaterials in this paper achieve good broadband absorption performances, particularly in the low frequency band. Combined with 3D printing rapid technology, a promising route to constructing 3D absorbing metamaterials with complex structures is proposed, which would be of great significance and broad practical prospect.
2018, 67 (21): 214204.
doi: 10.7498/aps.67.20181227
Abstract +
In recent years, with the development of laser technology, various non-diffraction beams each with a central spot unchanged after a long distance propagation, have been generated, they being the Bessel beam, higher Bessel beam, Mathieu beam, higher Mathieu beam, cosine beam, parabolic beam, and Airy beam. Diffraction-free beams are widely used in laser drilling, laser precision alignment, optical precision control, optical micromanipulation, optical communication, plasma guidance, light bullet, synthesis of autofocusing beam, nonlinear optics, etc.
In this paper, the expressions, generation methods and corresponding experimental results of the various non-diffraction beams are presented. There are many ways to generate the Bessel beam, they being circular slit, computed hologram, spherical aberration lens, resonant cavity, axicon, and metasurface. The main methods of generating the non-diffraction beams are summarized, and each method is analyzed in depth from the cost of the system, and then some suggestions for improving and perfecting are made. For the generation of non-diffraction beams, the passive methods are used most to convert other beams into corresponding non-diffraction beams by optical components. Due to the low damage threshold and high cost of optical components, the power, energy and beam quality of a non-diffracting beam will be limited. How to generate a high-power, high-beam quality non-diffracting beam will be a hot research spot.
Diffractionless beams have attracted a great deal of interest due to their unique non-diffraction, transverse-accelerating (or self-bending) and self-healing property. Transverse-accelerating property refers to that non-diffraction beams propagate along a parabola trajectory. The diffractionless beams' propagation trajectory control method implemented by changing system parameters is simple and easily successful, but cannot reverse acceleration direction, and its controlling range is limited. The self-healing property means that the non-diffraction beam tends to reform during propagation in spite of severe perturbations imposed. Both the Airy beam and the Bessel beam exhibit self-healing properties during propagation. And non-diffraction beams have potential applications in many fields. In atmosphere, such as in optical communication, non-diffracting beam exhibits more resilience against perturbations.
Finally, brief summary and outlook of non-diffraction beams playing important roles in future study, and their application prospects are presented. In addition to Airy beam and Bessel beam, for other non-diffraction beams due to the complexity of the beams themselves, by comparison, their applications are investigated very little, so the applications in Mathieu beam, cosine beam, and parabolic beam will be a hot research spot.
2018, 67 (21): 213102.
doi: 10.7498/aps.67.20181228
Abstract +
Wide bandgap semiconductor materials have received more and more attention because of their unique properties and potential applications. Single-doped tin dioxide (SnO2) has been studied extensively, however the calculation of SnO2 doped with Sb and S is less involved. Co-doping can effectively improve the solubility of the dopant, increase the activation rate by reducing the ionization energy of the acceptor level and the donor level, and increase the carrier mobility at low doping concentration. Co-doping can solve the problem that is difficult to solve with single doping. Based on the density functional theory of the first principle and the plane wave pseudopotential method, in this paper we study the electronic structure and electrical properties of SnO2 doped with Sb and S by using the generalized gradient approximation algorithm. The geometrical optimization calculation is carried out for the doped structure. The Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno algorithm is used to find the stable structure with the lowest energy. The plane wave cutoff energy is set to be 360 eV, and the internal stress is less than or equal to 0.1 GPa. By analyzing the electronic structures, it is found that the material is still direct bandgap n-type semiconductor after being co-doped. The electron density is changed, and the overlap of atomic orbital is enhanced. It is conducive to the transfer of electrons. New energy levels are observed in the energy band of co-doped SnO2, and the bandgap width is narrower than that of single doping, thus making electronic transitions become easier. Fermi level is observed in the conduction-band, which leads to the metal-like properties of the material. The electronic density of states is further investigated. The results of the density of states confirm the correctness of electron transfer. In the middle of the valence-band, the hybridization is found to happen between the S atomic orbital and the Sn and Sb orbitals. The top of the valence-band is occupied by the S-3p orbit, thus providing more hole carriers to move up to the top of valence-band. With the increase of S doping concentration, the bandgap and the width of conduction-band both continue to decrease. As a result, the conductive performance turns better.
2018, 67 (15): 157507.
doi: 10.7498/aps.67.20180857
Abstract +
Multiferroic composites possess the coupling effect among mechanical, electrical, and magnetic ordering, showing potential applications in compact, fast, and low-power magnetoelectric devices. Owing to the increasing application demand, the researches of device design, micro-/nano-fabrication, and performance test of magnetoelectric devices have made continuous progress. In this review, we briefly introduce several prototype devices based on magnetoelectric coupling, analyze the noteworthy application techniques, and summarize the working mechanisms and performances of devices including tunable inductors, RF/microwave filters, magnetoelectric memories, energy harvesters, magnetoelectric sensors, magnetoelectric antennas, etc. Besides, we discuss the issues and challenges in researches of multiferroic magnetoelectric devices, and present the perspectives for improving the device performance.
2018, 67 (23): 234302.
doi: 10.7498/aps.67.20181368
Abstract +
A novel acoustic metamaterial is proposed by making micro-perforations on both the top facesheet and the corrugate plates of sandwich plate with honeycomb-corrugation hybrid core. The hybrid-cored metamaterial is ultra-lightweight, occupies a small volume, and exhibits excellent mechanical properties and good low-frequency sound absorption property. Based on the classical Maa theory of thin plates with micro-perforations, a theoretical model of sound absorption is established for the proposed metamaterial. The method of finite elements is subsequently used to validate the model, showing that their good agreement is achieved. Physical mechanism behind the energy dissipation in each sub-structure of the metamaterial is explored. It is found that the main route of energy dissipation is via viscous effect at the micro-perforation, and thermal dissipation is negligible. The influence of key geometrical parameters, such as upper facesheet thickness, perforation diameter and corrugated plate thickness, on sound absorption is systematically investigated. The present results are helpful for designing multifunctional lightweight materials/structures for simultaneous load-bearing, energy absorption and noise control.
2018, 67 (18): 184202.
doi: 10.7498/aps.67.20180692
Abstract +
Underwater imaging is widely applied to mariculture, archaeology, and hydrocarbon exploration, because it can provide the information about visualized target. Among various underwater imaging techniques, polarization imaging is of particular interest to us, due to its simple system structure and low cost. It images the waterbody through using the polarization characteristics of light, specifically, the background light and target light. Active polarization imaging method illuminates a target scene with an artificial polarized light source to provide polarization information for imaging. But in neritic area, active imaging leads to complex light scattering conditions when artificial light and natural light are superimposed together, which further leads to poor image quality. Passive underwater polarization imaging attempts to recover a clear image by utilizing the polarization characteristics of background light and target light. However, serious color cast always appears in the final image, resulting from light absorbed by water, which may further result in target distortion.
In this manuscript, we present a passive underwater polarization imaging method for detecting a target in neritic area. A depth-information-based underwater Lambertian reflection model is established by incorporating the depth information into the traditional Lambertian reflection model. First, we attribute the light changes in color and brightness of a Lambertian surface to the spatial variation of the light. According to Lambertian reflection model, the appearance of a target on a detector depends on the light source, the surface reflectance, and the camera sensitivity function. But in underwater imaging, light attenuation at different wavelengths also varies with depth. By analyzing the transmission characteristics of background light in water, we build a physical relationship between the depth information of the scene and the background light. After that, we take the depth information as the weight of light intensity distribution. Then we calculate the product of the light intensity and the camera sensitivity function in the underwater scene according to gray world algorithm, and the real color information of the target can be obtained. Finally, the clear image of an underwater target scene can be obtained, where color cast is calibrated and background light is removed. Underwater experiments are conducted to demonstrate the validity of the proposed method. Besides, the quantitative analyses also verify the improvement of the quality in final target image.
Compared with conventional passive underwater polarization imaging methods, the proposed method is capable of detecting targets in various conditions, with the color cast problem solved. It can provide underwater images with better quality and valid detailed information. Furthermore, the proposed method is easy to conduct with no need to change the conventional polarization imaging system and is promising in various practical applications.
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