The method of retrieving the vertical column density (VCD) and the atmospheric vertical profile of water vapor in visible blue band (434.0–451.5 nm) were studied by using the multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS). First, the method of retrieving the VCD of water vapor was studied. Owing the the fact that the water vapor absorption cross section is of high resolution and it cannot be effectively measured by MAX-DOAS, a convolved cross section with the instrument slit function was used. In addition, the correction factor for water vapor saturation absorption was also used to obtain the true VCD. Second, the water vapor profile retrieved by applying the nonlinear optimal estimation of the trace gas retrieval method (PriAM) was studied, including the effects of aerosol state and the priori profile on the water vapor retrieval. Influence on the water vapor retrieval from the aerosol prior profile linear changes was unapparent. High aerosol state has a significant influence on the water vapor profile retrieval and it was still within the total error tolerance. This indicates that the PriAM is applicable in the water vapor profile retrieval. Using this method, a continuous observation experiment was carried out at the MAX-DOAS Aoshan regional station in Qingdao. The retrieved water vapor VCD results were compared with the daily average data of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), and the R² is 0.93. The comparison of the near-surface water vapor concentration of MAX-DOAS retrieval with the ECMWF and sounding data of the University of Wyoming shows that R² is larger than 0.70 and 0.66, respectively. The two comparison results demonstrate that PriAM can retrieve the atmospheric water vapor VCD and profile accurately. The vertical distribution characteristics of water vapor in Qingdao was analyzed, and the profile results show that the concentration of water vapor in Qingdao was distributed mainly under 1.5 km in height.