The development of AlGaN-based deep ultraviolet light emitting diodes (DUV-LEDs) is currently limited by poor external quantum efficiency (EQE) and wall-plug efficiency (WPE). Internal quantum efficiency (IQE), as an important component of EQE, plays a crucial role in improving the performance of DUV-LEDs. The IQE is related to the carrier injection efficiency and the radiation recombination rate in the active region. In order to improve the IQE of AlGaN-based DUV-LEDs, this work proposes a scheme to optimize the period number of superlattice electron barrier layer (SL-EBL) to achieve better carrier injection efficiency and confinement capability. The effect of the period number of SL-EBL on the luminous efficiency, reliability and carrier recombination mechanism of AlGaN-based DUV-LEDs with an emission wavelength of 273 nm are investigated. The experimental results show that the light output power (LOP), external quantum efficiency (EQE) and wall-plug efficiency (WPE) of the DUV-LEDs tend to first increase and then decrease with the period number of SL-EBL increasing, while the leakage current decreases and the reliability is enhanced. The maximum EQE and WPE of the DUV-LED are 3.5% and 3.2%, respectively, at an injection current of 7.5 mA when the period number of SL-EBL is fixed at 7 (the thickness is 28 nm). Meanwhile, the numerical simulation results show that the electron potential barrier height is enhanced with the period number of SL-EBL increasing, and the variation of the hole potential barrier height is negligible. Therefore, increasing the period number of SL-EBL is beneficial to shielding the dislocations and suppressing the leakage of electrons into the p-type layer, which improves the luminous efficiency and reliability of DUV-LEDs. However, when the period number of SL-EBL exceeds 7, the excessively thick hole potential barrier prevents the holes from entering into the activation region and reduces the radiative recombination efficiency. Therefore, EQE and WPE will show an inflection point with the variation of the period number of SL-EBL. In addition, to investigate the carrier recombination mechanism of the active region, the experimental EQE curves are fitted by the ABC model as well as the different slopes in logarithmic light output power-current (L-I ) curves are calculated after aging. It can be found that increasing the period number of SL-EBL can effectively suppress the non-radiative combination of carriers in the active region. This investigation can provide an alternative way to enhance the photoelectric performance of DUV-LEDs.