Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers (VCSELs) are widely used as light sources in optical communication, lidar, biomedicine, and 3D sensing due to their low threshold current, high modulation bandwidth, single longitudinal mode, and natural suitability for high-density two-dimensional integration. However, VCSELs have inherent limitations. When the oxide aperture exceeds 4 μm, multimode lasing is likely to occur, and their polarization performance remains poor. These issues hinder their use in applications such as quantum communication and atomic clocks. To overcome these limitations and enable device miniaturization, this study designs and fabricates a VCSEL incorporating a metasurface grating (MSG) as a high-reflectivity output mirror. The key innovation lies in an MSG structure compatible with the VCSEL material system. Composed of GaAs/AlOx, the structure incorporates a GaAs homogeneous sublayer beneath the grating teeth to reduce interface stress. This sublayer also significantly modulates the reflectivity characteristics of the MSG. Simulations based on the rigorous coupled-wave method determine the optimal parameter range for the TE-polarized MSG. The results indicate a high-reflection band of nearly 100 nm around 940 nm, along with strong polarization selectivity and angle sensitivity. These properties support stable single-mode device operation. Experimentally, MOCVD epitaxial growth, ICP dry etching, and one-step dual-domain oxidation are combined to achieve monolithic integration of the MSG and VCSEL. Tests show that the device achieves stable TE-polarized lasing at room temperature, with an operating wavelength of 940 nm, a threshold current of 2 mA, and a single-mode output power of 1.76 mW at 25 mA. Stable single-mode operation is maintained throughout. This study demonstrates that MSG simplifies the VCSEL structure and facilitates integration and miniaturization, aligning with low-cost development trends. It also addresses multimode lasing and poor polarization in conventional VCSELs, improves device stability, and lays the foundation for applications in high-precision fields, highlighting its theoretical and practical significance.