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中国物理学会期刊

PTCDI-C8分子可控自组装生长的分子动力学研究

CONTROLLABLE SELF-ASSEMBLY GROWTH OF PTCDI-C8: A MOLECULAR DYNAMICS STUDY

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  • N,N-dioctyl-3,4,9,10-perylene tetracarboxylic diimide(PTCDI-C8)因其高电荷迁移率和共轭π电子结构,已成为有机场效应晶体管(OFETs)中优选的有机半导体材料。而器件性能的优劣还取决于有机分子的可控自组装生长与图案化策略。本研究通过分子动力学模拟在原子尺度下探究了PTCDI-C8的沉积与结晶生长的过程。研究结果表明,真空沉积的PTCDI-C8通过台阶边缘诱导,选择性地扩散并在金(Au)电极边缘成核,形成具有择优取向的图案化结晶薄膜。Au圆柱的台阶边缘作为初始成核位点,促进了沿分子晶体长轴的定向生长。此外,电极表面粗糙度、大面积侧表面以及分子间长烷基链的相互作用共同促进了电极间隙内多层PTCDI-C8结晶薄膜的形成。这些结果与实验相印证,为通过诱导层控制分子结晶提供了设计思路,从而推动高性能有机半导体器件的发展。

     

    N,N-dioctyl-3,4,9,10-perylene tetracarboxylic diimide (PTCDI-C8) has become one of the most promising organic semiconductors for organic field-effect transistors (OFETs), owing to its high charge mobility and conjugated π-electron structure. The controlled selfassembly growth and patterning of molecules greatly affect the electronic and optical functions of PTCDI-based devices; yet, the molecular-scale deposition mechanisms on patterned substrates remain poorly understood. In this study, large-scale molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed using LAMMPS to investigate, at the atomic scale, the vacuum deposition and crystallization of PTCDI-C8 molecules on patterned cylindrical gold (Au) electrodes on a SiO2 substrate. Four Au cylinders (32.5 Å in diameter, 34.5 Å in height) were arranged with a 22.6 Å spacing period to reproduce the experimental electrode morphology. PTCDI-C8 molecules were released one at a time from 135 Å above the substrate every 200 ps with random positions and orientations under NVT conditions at 350 K; after 48 ns, 240 molecules had been deposited in the simulation box. The simulations reveal that PTCDI-C8 nucleates preferentially at the step edges of the electrode sidewalls: few molecules remain on the roughened top surfaces, while most adsorb upright on the sidewalls and grow laterally within the inter-electrode gaps in a step-edgeinduced manner. This selective growth is driven by strong π-π stacking, favorable PTCDI-C8/Au interactions at the sidewalls, and the geometric confinement imposed by the electrode spacing. The first upright layer forms by this template-driven nucleation; once flat-lying clusters exceed a critical size, they undergo a collective reorientation to form crystalline nuclei that seed the second layer. Interaction-energy analysis reveals different driving forces for the two layers: the PTCDIC8/lateral-Au interaction energy rises with deposition and saturates after about 150 molecules, marking completion of the first layer, whereas the interaction with the top Au surfaces stays low, confirming that surface roughness suppresses further deposition there. Thus, while the first layer grows template-driven by step-edge-induced nucleation, the second layer forms mainly through intermolecular interactions between the long alkyl chains rather than through the electrode itself. The synergistic effect of surface roughness, large sidewall area, and intermolecular alkyl-chain interactions thus accounts for the multilayered PTCDI-C8 crystalline films in the electrode gaps. These findings agree with experiments and provide design guidelines for inducing layers to control molecular crystallization toward highperformance organic semiconductor devices.

     

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