-
White organic light-emitting device (OLED) has potential of producing highly efficient saturated white light with the advantages of low-driving voltage, large area available, and flexible display, hence presenting many potential applications in solid state lighting and display industry. At present, the architecture of white OLED device includes mainly single emission layer, multilayer, down-conversion, stacked OLED, etc. which possess their own benefits, and it has attracted much attention respectively. In this paper after introducing the performance standards of white light, we review the development of white OLED in the aspects of architecture and performance. After that, we summarize the approaches to obtaining the high-performance white OLED. Meanwhile, we discuss the challenges to improving white OLED performance. Finally we look forward to the development of white OLED in the future.
-
Keywords:
- white organic light-emitting device /
- solid lighting /
- electrophosphorescence /
- light out-coupling
[1] Mi B X, Gao Z Q, Liao Z J, Huang W, Chen C H 2010 Sci. China B 53 1
[2] [3] Cao J S, Guan M, Cao G H, Zeng Y P, Li J M, Qin D S 2008 Chin. Phys. B 17 2725
[4] [5] Nakayama T, Hiyama K, Furukawa K, Ohtani H 2008 Konica Minolta Tech. Rep. 5 115
[6] [7] Kido J, Hongawa K, Okuyama K, Nagai K 1994 Appl. Phys. Lett. 64 815
[8] Adachi C, Baldo M A, Thompson M E, Forrest S R 2001 J. Appl. Phys. 90 5048
[9] [10] [11] Sun Y, Giebink N C, Kanno H, Ma B, Thompson M E, Forrest S R 2006 Nature 440 908
[12] [13] DAndrade B W, Esler J, Lin C, Adamovich V, Xia S, Weaver M S, Kwong R, Brown J J 2008 Proc. SPIE 7051 70510
[14] [15] He G F, Rothe C, Murano S, Werner A, Zeika O, Birnstock J 2009 J. Soc. Inf. Display 17 159
[16] Kohnen A, Irion M, Gather M C, Rehmann N, Zacharias P, Meerholz K 2010 J. Mater. Chem. 20 3301
[17] [18] Lin M F, Wang L, Wong W K, Cheah K W, Tam H L, Lee M T, Ho M H, Chen C H 2007 Appl. Phys. Lett. 91 073517
[19] [20] Liu Y, Nishiura M S, Wang Y, Hou Z M 2006 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128 5592
[21] [22] Wang L, Lin M F, Wong W K, Cheah K W, Tam H L, Gao Z Q, Chen C H 2007 Appl. Phys. Lett. 91 183504
[23] [24] Chen F P, Xu B, Zhao Z J, Tian W J, L P, Im C 2010 Chin. Phys. B 19 037801
[25] [26] Liu J, Shao S Y, Chen L, Xie Z Y, Cheng Y X, Geng Y H, Wang L X, Jing X B, Wang F S 2007 Adv. Mater. 19 1859
[27] [28] Liu J, Guo X, Bu L J, Xie Z Y, Cheng Y X, Geng Y H, Wang L X, Jing X B, Wang F S 2007 Adv. Funct. Mater. 17 1917
[29] [30] Liu J, Xie Z Y, Cheng Y X, Geng Y H, Wang L X, Jing X B, Wang F S 2007 Adv. Mater. 19 531
[31] [32] [33] Guo X, Qin C J, Cheng Y X, Xie Z Y, Geng Y H, Jing X B, Wang F S, Wang L X 2009 Adv. Mater. 21 3682
[34] [35] Niu X D, Zhang B H, Xie Z Y, Cheng Y X, Wang L X 2010 Appl. Phys. Lett. 96 073303
[36] Jou J W, Wang C J, Lin Y P, Chung Y C, Chiang P H, Wu M H, Wang C P, Lai C L, Chang C 2008 Appl. Phys. Lett. 92 223504
[37] [38] [39] Jou H J, Shen S M, Chen C C, Chung Y C, Wang C J, Hsu M F, Wang W B, Wu M H, Yang C J, Liu C P 2008 Proc. SPIE 6999 69992S
[40] [41] Huang J S, Hou W J, Li J H, Li G, Yang Y 2006 Appl. Phys. Lett. 89 133509
[42] [43] Baek H I, Lee C H 2008 J. Phys. D 41 105101
[44] Hou L D, Duan L, Qiao J, Zhang D J, Dong G F, Wang L D, Qiu Y 2010 Org. Electron. 11 1344
[45] [46] [47] Lee J, Lee J I, Chu H Y 2009 ETRI J. 31 642
[48] [49] Wu F I, Yang X H, Neher D, Dodda R, Tseng Y H, Shu C F 2007 Adv. Funct. Mater. 17 1085
[50] Choukri H, Fischer A, Forget S, Chnais S, Castex M C, Ads D, Siove A, Geffroy B 2006 Appl. Phys. Lett. 89 183513
[51] [52] Wang Y, Hua Y L, Wu X M, Zhang L J, Hou Q C, Liu Q 2008 Org. Electron. 9 273
[53] [54] Xue Q, Xie G H, Chen P, Lu J H, Zhang D D, Tang Y N, Zhao Y, Hou J Y, Liu S Y 2010 Synth. Met. 160 829
[55] [56] [57] Chang C H, Chen C C, Wu C C, Chang S Y, Hung J Y, Chi Y 2010 Org. Electron.11 266
[58] Zhang Z Q, Wang Q, Dai Y F, Liu Y P, Wang L X, Ma D G 2009 Org. Electron. 10 491
[59] [60] Wen W, Wang B, Li L, Yu J S, Jiang Y D 2009 Acta Phys. Sin. 58 8014 (in Chinese) [文 雯、王 博、李 璐、于军胜、蒋亚东 2009 物理学报 58 8014]
[61] [62] [63] Fukagawa H, Watanabe K, Tokito S 2009 Org. Electron. 10 798
[64] Cheng G, Zhang Y F, Zhao Y, Lin Y Y, Ruan C Y, Liu S Y, Fei T, Ma Y G, Cheng Y X 2006 Appl. Phys. Lett. 89 043504
[65] [66] [67] Park Y S, Kang J W, Kang D M, Park J W, Kim Y H, Kwon S K, Kim J J 2008 Adv. Mater. 20 1957
[68] [69] Schwartz G, Fehse K, Pfeiffer M, Walzer K, Leo K 2006 Appl. Phys. Lett. 89 083509
[70] Zhang L J, Hua Y L, Wu X M, Wang Y, Yin S G 2008 Chin. Phys. B 17 3097
[71] [72] [73] Zhang G H, Hua Y L, Wu X M, Yin S G, Niu X, Hui J L, Wang Y, Zhang L J 2007 Acta Phys. Sin. 56 5408 (in Chinese) [张国辉、华玉林、吴晓明、印寿根、牛 霞、惠娟利、王 宇、张丽娟 2007 物理学报 56 5408]
[74] [75] Wu X M, Hua Y L, Yin S G, Zhang G H, Hui J L, Zhang L J, Wang Y 2008 Acta Phys. Sin. 57 1150 (in Chinese) [吴晓明、华玉林、 印寿根、张国辉、惠娟利、张丽娟、王 宇 2008 物理学报 57 1150]
[76] [77] Seo J H, Seo J H, Park J H, Kim Y K, Kim J H, Hyung G W, Lee K H, Yoon S S 2007 Appl. Phys. Lett. 90 203507
[78] Zhang L J, Hua Y L, Wu X M, Zhang G H, Wang Y, Yin S G 2008 Acta Phys. Sin. 57 1913 (in Chinese) [张丽娟、华玉林、吴晓明、张国辉、王 宇、印寿根 2008 物理学报 57 1913]
[79] [80] [81] Krummacher B C, Choong V E, Mathai M K, Choulis S A, So F, Jermann F, Fiedler T, Zachau M 2006 Appl. Phys. Lett. 88 113506
[82] Duggal A R, Shiang J J, Heller C M, Foust D F 2002 Appl. Phys. Lett. 80 3470
[83] [84] Chang C C, Chen J F, Hwang S W, Chen C H 2005 Appl. Phys. Lett. 87 253501
[85] [86] [87] Kanno H, Holmes R J, Sun Y, Kena-Cohen S, Forrest S R 2006 Adv. Mater. 18 339
[88] [89] Guo T F, Wen T C, Huang Y S, Lin M W, Tsou C C, Chung C T 2009 Opt. Express 17 21205
[90] Kanno H, Giebink N C, Sun Y, Forrest S R 2006 Appl. Phys. Lett. 89 023503
[91] [92] [93] Cao J, Liu X, Zhang X B, Wei F X, Zhu W Q, Jiang X Y, Zhang Z L, Xu S H 2007 Acta Phys. Sin. 56 1088 (in Chinese) [曹 进、刘 向、张晓波、委福祥、朱文清、蒋雪茵、张志林、许少鸿 2007 物理学报 56 1088]
[94] DAndrade B W, Brooks J, Adamovich V, Tompson M E, Forrest S R 2002 Adv. Mater. 14 1032
[95] [96] Sun Y, Forrest S R 2007 Appl. Phys. Lett. 91 263503
[97] [98] Lee J H, Lee J I, Chu H Y 2009 Synth. Met. 159 991
[99] [100] [101] Su S J, Gonmori E, Sasabe H, Kido J 2008 Adv. Mater. 20 4189
[102] [103] Wei B, Liao Y J, Liu J Z, Lu L, Cao J, Wang J, Zhang J H 2010 Chin. Phys. B 19 037105
[104] [105] Hsiao C H, Chen Y H, Lin T C, Hsiao C C, Lee J H 2006 Appl. Phys. Lett. 89 163511
[106] [107] Kalinowski J, Stampor W, Szmytkowski J, Virgili D, Cocchi M, Fattori V, Sabatini C 2006 Phys. Rev. B 74 085316
[108] [109] Bhansali U S, Jia H, Quevedo M A, Gnade B E, Chen W H, Omary M A 2009 Appl. Phys. Lett. 94 203501
[110] Wang Q, Hob C L, Zhao Y B, Ma D G, Wong W Y, Wang L X 2010 Org. Electron.11 238
[111] [112] [113] Chu M T, Lee M T, Chen C H, Tseng M R 2009 Org. Electron. 10 1158
[114] Chopra N, Swensen J S, Polikarpov E, Cosimbescu L, So F, Padmaperuma A B 2010 Appl. Phys. Lett. 97 033304
[115] [116] Cao G H, Qin D S, Guan M, Cao J S, Zeng Y P, Li J M 2008 Chin. Phys. B 17 1911
[117] [118] [119] Mi B X, Lu X L, Gao Z Q, Xie G W 2008 J. Nanjing Univ. Posts Telecommun. (Nat. Sci.) 28 49 (in Chinese) [密保秀、陆希朗、高志强、谢国伟 2008 南京邮电大学学报(自然科学版) 28 49]
[120] [121] Benor A, Takizawa S Y, Bolvar C P, Anzenbacher P 2010 Org. Electron. 11 938
[122] Benor A, Takizawa S Y, Chen P, Bolvar C P, Anzenbacher P 2009 Appl. Phys. Lett. 94 193301
[123] [124] Zhou E Y, Deng Z B, L Z Y, Chen Z, Xu D H, Wang Y S 2009 Curr. Appl. Phys. 9 1365
[125] [126] [127] Tadayyon S M, Grandin H M, Griffiths K, Norton P R, Aziz H, Popovic Z D 2004 Org. Electron. 5 157
[128] Jiang X Y, Zhang Z L, Cao J, Khan M A, Haq K U, Zhu W Q 2007 J. Phys. D 40 5553
[129] [130] [131] Huang H H, Chu S Y, Kao P C, Chen Y C, Yang M R, Tseng Z L 2009 J. Alloys Compd. 479 520
[132] Gao Z Q, Mi B X, Tam H L, Cheah K W, Chen C H, Wong M, Lee S T, Lee C S 2008 Adv. Mater. 20 774
[133] [134] Kondakova M E, Deaton J C, PawlikT D, Giesen D J, Kondakov D Y, Young R H, Royster T L, Comfort D L, Shore J D 2010 J. Appl. Phys. 107 014515
[135] [136] [137] Su S J, Chiba T, Takeda T, Kido J 2008 Adv. Mater. 20 2125
[138] [139] Huang J S, Li G, Wu E, Xu Q F, Yang Y 2006 Adv. Mater. 18 114
[140] Tao S L, Lai S L, Yu J S, Jiang Y D, Zhou Y C, Lee C S, Zhang X H, Lee S T 2009 J. Phys. Chem. C 113 16792
[141] [142] [143] Gao Z Q, Luo M M, Sun X H, Tam H L, Wong M S, Mi B X, Xia P F, Cheah K W, Chen C H 2009 Adv. Mater. 21 688
[144] [145] Meerheim R, Scholz S, Olthof S, Schwartz G, Reineke S, Walzer K, Leo K 2008 J. Appl. Phys. 104 014510
[146] Schwartz G, Pfeiffer M, Reineke S, Walzer K, Leo K 2007 Adv. Mater. 19 3672
[147] [148] Schwartz G, Reineke S, Walzer K, Leo K 2008 Appl. Phys. Lett. 92 053311
[149] [150] Williams E L, Haavisto K, Li J, Jabbour G E 2007 Adv. Mater. 19 197
[151] [152] [153] Chutinan A, Ishihara K, Asano T, Fujita M, Noda S 2005 Org. Electron. 6 3
[154] Nakamura T, Tsutsumi N, Juni N, Fujii H 2005 J. Appl. Phys. 97 054505
[155] [156] [157] Sun Y, Forrest S R 2006 J. Appl. Phys. 100 073106
[158] Ji W Y, Zhang L T, Zhang T Y, Liu G Q, Xie W F, Liu S Y, Zhang H Y, Zhang L Y, Li B 2009 Opt. Lett. 34 2703
[159] [160] [161] Lin H, Liu S, Zhang X S, Liu B L, Ren X C 2009 Acta Phys. Sin. 58 959 (in Chinese) [林 瀚、刘 守、张向苏、刘宝林、任雪畅 2009 物理学报 58 959]
[162] Hsu S Y, Lee M C, Lee K L, Wei P K 2008 Appl. Phys. Lett. 92 013303
[163] [164] [165] Feng J, Okamoto T 2005 Opt. Lett. 30 2302
[166] Agrawal M, Sun Y, Forrest S R, Peumans P 2007 Appl. Phys. Lett. 90 241112
[167] [168] Sun Y, Forrest S R 2008 Nat. Photon. 2 483
[169] [170] Kim H Y, Cho S H, Oh J R, Lee Y H, Lee J H, Lee J G, Kim S K, Park J W, Do Y R 2010 Org. Electron. 11 137
[171] [172] [173] Jordan R H, Dodabalapur A, Slusher R E 1996 Appl. Phys. Lett. 69 1997
[174] Cok R S, Shore J D 2009 J. Soc. Inf. Display 17 617
[175] [176] [177] Cho S H, Oh J R, Park H K, Kim H K, Lee Y H, Lee J G, Do Y R 2010 Opt. Express 18 1099
[178] Liu C C, Liu S H, Tien K C, Hsu M H, Chang H W, Chang C K, Yang C J, Wu C C 2009 Appl. Phys. Lett. 94 103302
[179] [180] [181] Sun X Y, Li W L, Xu M L, Chu B, Bi D F, Li B, Hu Y W, Zhang Z Q, Hu Z Z 2008 Solid-State Electron. 52 211
[182] Wang Q, Ding J Q, Ma D G, Cheng Y X, Wang L X, Jing X B, Wang F S 2009 Adv. Funct. Mater. 19 84
[183] [184] [185] Reineke S, Lindner F, Schwartz G, Seidler N, Walzer K, Leo K 2009 Nature 459 234
[186] [187] Jain K, Klosner M, Zemel M, Raghundan S 2005 Proc. IEEE 93 1500
[188] Kamtekar K T, Monkman A P, Bryce M R 2010 Adv. Mater. 22 572
[189] [190] [191] Singh M, Haverinen H M, Dhagat P, Jabbour G E 2010 Adv. Mater. 22 673
[192] Peng Y Q, Zhang F J, Tai X S, He X Y, Zhang X 2002 Chin. Phys. 11 1076
[193] [194] [195] Peng Y Q, Zhang F J, Li C A 2003 Chin. Phys. 12 796
[196] [197] Du P, Zhang X J, Sun X B, Yao Z G, Wang Y S 2006 Chin. Phys. 15 1370
[198] Mazhari B 2005 Org. Electron. 6 229
[199] -
[1] Mi B X, Gao Z Q, Liao Z J, Huang W, Chen C H 2010 Sci. China B 53 1
[2] [3] Cao J S, Guan M, Cao G H, Zeng Y P, Li J M, Qin D S 2008 Chin. Phys. B 17 2725
[4] [5] Nakayama T, Hiyama K, Furukawa K, Ohtani H 2008 Konica Minolta Tech. Rep. 5 115
[6] [7] Kido J, Hongawa K, Okuyama K, Nagai K 1994 Appl. Phys. Lett. 64 815
[8] Adachi C, Baldo M A, Thompson M E, Forrest S R 2001 J. Appl. Phys. 90 5048
[9] [10] [11] Sun Y, Giebink N C, Kanno H, Ma B, Thompson M E, Forrest S R 2006 Nature 440 908
[12] [13] DAndrade B W, Esler J, Lin C, Adamovich V, Xia S, Weaver M S, Kwong R, Brown J J 2008 Proc. SPIE 7051 70510
[14] [15] He G F, Rothe C, Murano S, Werner A, Zeika O, Birnstock J 2009 J. Soc. Inf. Display 17 159
[16] Kohnen A, Irion M, Gather M C, Rehmann N, Zacharias P, Meerholz K 2010 J. Mater. Chem. 20 3301
[17] [18] Lin M F, Wang L, Wong W K, Cheah K W, Tam H L, Lee M T, Ho M H, Chen C H 2007 Appl. Phys. Lett. 91 073517
[19] [20] Liu Y, Nishiura M S, Wang Y, Hou Z M 2006 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128 5592
[21] [22] Wang L, Lin M F, Wong W K, Cheah K W, Tam H L, Gao Z Q, Chen C H 2007 Appl. Phys. Lett. 91 183504
[23] [24] Chen F P, Xu B, Zhao Z J, Tian W J, L P, Im C 2010 Chin. Phys. B 19 037801
[25] [26] Liu J, Shao S Y, Chen L, Xie Z Y, Cheng Y X, Geng Y H, Wang L X, Jing X B, Wang F S 2007 Adv. Mater. 19 1859
[27] [28] Liu J, Guo X, Bu L J, Xie Z Y, Cheng Y X, Geng Y H, Wang L X, Jing X B, Wang F S 2007 Adv. Funct. Mater. 17 1917
[29] [30] Liu J, Xie Z Y, Cheng Y X, Geng Y H, Wang L X, Jing X B, Wang F S 2007 Adv. Mater. 19 531
[31] [32] [33] Guo X, Qin C J, Cheng Y X, Xie Z Y, Geng Y H, Jing X B, Wang F S, Wang L X 2009 Adv. Mater. 21 3682
[34] [35] Niu X D, Zhang B H, Xie Z Y, Cheng Y X, Wang L X 2010 Appl. Phys. Lett. 96 073303
[36] Jou J W, Wang C J, Lin Y P, Chung Y C, Chiang P H, Wu M H, Wang C P, Lai C L, Chang C 2008 Appl. Phys. Lett. 92 223504
[37] [38] [39] Jou H J, Shen S M, Chen C C, Chung Y C, Wang C J, Hsu M F, Wang W B, Wu M H, Yang C J, Liu C P 2008 Proc. SPIE 6999 69992S
[40] [41] Huang J S, Hou W J, Li J H, Li G, Yang Y 2006 Appl. Phys. Lett. 89 133509
[42] [43] Baek H I, Lee C H 2008 J. Phys. D 41 105101
[44] Hou L D, Duan L, Qiao J, Zhang D J, Dong G F, Wang L D, Qiu Y 2010 Org. Electron. 11 1344
[45] [46] [47] Lee J, Lee J I, Chu H Y 2009 ETRI J. 31 642
[48] [49] Wu F I, Yang X H, Neher D, Dodda R, Tseng Y H, Shu C F 2007 Adv. Funct. Mater. 17 1085
[50] Choukri H, Fischer A, Forget S, Chnais S, Castex M C, Ads D, Siove A, Geffroy B 2006 Appl. Phys. Lett. 89 183513
[51] [52] Wang Y, Hua Y L, Wu X M, Zhang L J, Hou Q C, Liu Q 2008 Org. Electron. 9 273
[53] [54] Xue Q, Xie G H, Chen P, Lu J H, Zhang D D, Tang Y N, Zhao Y, Hou J Y, Liu S Y 2010 Synth. Met. 160 829
[55] [56] [57] Chang C H, Chen C C, Wu C C, Chang S Y, Hung J Y, Chi Y 2010 Org. Electron.11 266
[58] Zhang Z Q, Wang Q, Dai Y F, Liu Y P, Wang L X, Ma D G 2009 Org. Electron. 10 491
[59] [60] Wen W, Wang B, Li L, Yu J S, Jiang Y D 2009 Acta Phys. Sin. 58 8014 (in Chinese) [文 雯、王 博、李 璐、于军胜、蒋亚东 2009 物理学报 58 8014]
[61] [62] [63] Fukagawa H, Watanabe K, Tokito S 2009 Org. Electron. 10 798
[64] Cheng G, Zhang Y F, Zhao Y, Lin Y Y, Ruan C Y, Liu S Y, Fei T, Ma Y G, Cheng Y X 2006 Appl. Phys. Lett. 89 043504
[65] [66] [67] Park Y S, Kang J W, Kang D M, Park J W, Kim Y H, Kwon S K, Kim J J 2008 Adv. Mater. 20 1957
[68] [69] Schwartz G, Fehse K, Pfeiffer M, Walzer K, Leo K 2006 Appl. Phys. Lett. 89 083509
[70] Zhang L J, Hua Y L, Wu X M, Wang Y, Yin S G 2008 Chin. Phys. B 17 3097
[71] [72] [73] Zhang G H, Hua Y L, Wu X M, Yin S G, Niu X, Hui J L, Wang Y, Zhang L J 2007 Acta Phys. Sin. 56 5408 (in Chinese) [张国辉、华玉林、吴晓明、印寿根、牛 霞、惠娟利、王 宇、张丽娟 2007 物理学报 56 5408]
[74] [75] Wu X M, Hua Y L, Yin S G, Zhang G H, Hui J L, Zhang L J, Wang Y 2008 Acta Phys. Sin. 57 1150 (in Chinese) [吴晓明、华玉林、 印寿根、张国辉、惠娟利、张丽娟、王 宇 2008 物理学报 57 1150]
[76] [77] Seo J H, Seo J H, Park J H, Kim Y K, Kim J H, Hyung G W, Lee K H, Yoon S S 2007 Appl. Phys. Lett. 90 203507
[78] Zhang L J, Hua Y L, Wu X M, Zhang G H, Wang Y, Yin S G 2008 Acta Phys. Sin. 57 1913 (in Chinese) [张丽娟、华玉林、吴晓明、张国辉、王 宇、印寿根 2008 物理学报 57 1913]
[79] [80] [81] Krummacher B C, Choong V E, Mathai M K, Choulis S A, So F, Jermann F, Fiedler T, Zachau M 2006 Appl. Phys. Lett. 88 113506
[82] Duggal A R, Shiang J J, Heller C M, Foust D F 2002 Appl. Phys. Lett. 80 3470
[83] [84] Chang C C, Chen J F, Hwang S W, Chen C H 2005 Appl. Phys. Lett. 87 253501
[85] [86] [87] Kanno H, Holmes R J, Sun Y, Kena-Cohen S, Forrest S R 2006 Adv. Mater. 18 339
[88] [89] Guo T F, Wen T C, Huang Y S, Lin M W, Tsou C C, Chung C T 2009 Opt. Express 17 21205
[90] Kanno H, Giebink N C, Sun Y, Forrest S R 2006 Appl. Phys. Lett. 89 023503
[91] [92] [93] Cao J, Liu X, Zhang X B, Wei F X, Zhu W Q, Jiang X Y, Zhang Z L, Xu S H 2007 Acta Phys. Sin. 56 1088 (in Chinese) [曹 进、刘 向、张晓波、委福祥、朱文清、蒋雪茵、张志林、许少鸿 2007 物理学报 56 1088]
[94] DAndrade B W, Brooks J, Adamovich V, Tompson M E, Forrest S R 2002 Adv. Mater. 14 1032
[95] [96] Sun Y, Forrest S R 2007 Appl. Phys. Lett. 91 263503
[97] [98] Lee J H, Lee J I, Chu H Y 2009 Synth. Met. 159 991
[99] [100] [101] Su S J, Gonmori E, Sasabe H, Kido J 2008 Adv. Mater. 20 4189
[102] [103] Wei B, Liao Y J, Liu J Z, Lu L, Cao J, Wang J, Zhang J H 2010 Chin. Phys. B 19 037105
[104] [105] Hsiao C H, Chen Y H, Lin T C, Hsiao C C, Lee J H 2006 Appl. Phys. Lett. 89 163511
[106] [107] Kalinowski J, Stampor W, Szmytkowski J, Virgili D, Cocchi M, Fattori V, Sabatini C 2006 Phys. Rev. B 74 085316
[108] [109] Bhansali U S, Jia H, Quevedo M A, Gnade B E, Chen W H, Omary M A 2009 Appl. Phys. Lett. 94 203501
[110] Wang Q, Hob C L, Zhao Y B, Ma D G, Wong W Y, Wang L X 2010 Org. Electron.11 238
[111] [112] [113] Chu M T, Lee M T, Chen C H, Tseng M R 2009 Org. Electron. 10 1158
[114] Chopra N, Swensen J S, Polikarpov E, Cosimbescu L, So F, Padmaperuma A B 2010 Appl. Phys. Lett. 97 033304
[115] [116] Cao G H, Qin D S, Guan M, Cao J S, Zeng Y P, Li J M 2008 Chin. Phys. B 17 1911
[117] [118] [119] Mi B X, Lu X L, Gao Z Q, Xie G W 2008 J. Nanjing Univ. Posts Telecommun. (Nat. Sci.) 28 49 (in Chinese) [密保秀、陆希朗、高志强、谢国伟 2008 南京邮电大学学报(自然科学版) 28 49]
[120] [121] Benor A, Takizawa S Y, Bolvar C P, Anzenbacher P 2010 Org. Electron. 11 938
[122] Benor A, Takizawa S Y, Chen P, Bolvar C P, Anzenbacher P 2009 Appl. Phys. Lett. 94 193301
[123] [124] Zhou E Y, Deng Z B, L Z Y, Chen Z, Xu D H, Wang Y S 2009 Curr. Appl. Phys. 9 1365
[125] [126] [127] Tadayyon S M, Grandin H M, Griffiths K, Norton P R, Aziz H, Popovic Z D 2004 Org. Electron. 5 157
[128] Jiang X Y, Zhang Z L, Cao J, Khan M A, Haq K U, Zhu W Q 2007 J. Phys. D 40 5553
[129] [130] [131] Huang H H, Chu S Y, Kao P C, Chen Y C, Yang M R, Tseng Z L 2009 J. Alloys Compd. 479 520
[132] Gao Z Q, Mi B X, Tam H L, Cheah K W, Chen C H, Wong M, Lee S T, Lee C S 2008 Adv. Mater. 20 774
[133] [134] Kondakova M E, Deaton J C, PawlikT D, Giesen D J, Kondakov D Y, Young R H, Royster T L, Comfort D L, Shore J D 2010 J. Appl. Phys. 107 014515
[135] [136] [137] Su S J, Chiba T, Takeda T, Kido J 2008 Adv. Mater. 20 2125
[138] [139] Huang J S, Li G, Wu E, Xu Q F, Yang Y 2006 Adv. Mater. 18 114
[140] Tao S L, Lai S L, Yu J S, Jiang Y D, Zhou Y C, Lee C S, Zhang X H, Lee S T 2009 J. Phys. Chem. C 113 16792
[141] [142] [143] Gao Z Q, Luo M M, Sun X H, Tam H L, Wong M S, Mi B X, Xia P F, Cheah K W, Chen C H 2009 Adv. Mater. 21 688
[144] [145] Meerheim R, Scholz S, Olthof S, Schwartz G, Reineke S, Walzer K, Leo K 2008 J. Appl. Phys. 104 014510
[146] Schwartz G, Pfeiffer M, Reineke S, Walzer K, Leo K 2007 Adv. Mater. 19 3672
[147] [148] Schwartz G, Reineke S, Walzer K, Leo K 2008 Appl. Phys. Lett. 92 053311
[149] [150] Williams E L, Haavisto K, Li J, Jabbour G E 2007 Adv. Mater. 19 197
[151] [152] [153] Chutinan A, Ishihara K, Asano T, Fujita M, Noda S 2005 Org. Electron. 6 3
[154] Nakamura T, Tsutsumi N, Juni N, Fujii H 2005 J. Appl. Phys. 97 054505
[155] [156] [157] Sun Y, Forrest S R 2006 J. Appl. Phys. 100 073106
[158] Ji W Y, Zhang L T, Zhang T Y, Liu G Q, Xie W F, Liu S Y, Zhang H Y, Zhang L Y, Li B 2009 Opt. Lett. 34 2703
[159] [160] [161] Lin H, Liu S, Zhang X S, Liu B L, Ren X C 2009 Acta Phys. Sin. 58 959 (in Chinese) [林 瀚、刘 守、张向苏、刘宝林、任雪畅 2009 物理学报 58 959]
[162] Hsu S Y, Lee M C, Lee K L, Wei P K 2008 Appl. Phys. Lett. 92 013303
[163] [164] [165] Feng J, Okamoto T 2005 Opt. Lett. 30 2302
[166] Agrawal M, Sun Y, Forrest S R, Peumans P 2007 Appl. Phys. Lett. 90 241112
[167] [168] Sun Y, Forrest S R 2008 Nat. Photon. 2 483
[169] [170] Kim H Y, Cho S H, Oh J R, Lee Y H, Lee J H, Lee J G, Kim S K, Park J W, Do Y R 2010 Org. Electron. 11 137
[171] [172] [173] Jordan R H, Dodabalapur A, Slusher R E 1996 Appl. Phys. Lett. 69 1997
[174] Cok R S, Shore J D 2009 J. Soc. Inf. Display 17 617
[175] [176] [177] Cho S H, Oh J R, Park H K, Kim H K, Lee Y H, Lee J G, Do Y R 2010 Opt. Express 18 1099
[178] Liu C C, Liu S H, Tien K C, Hsu M H, Chang H W, Chang C K, Yang C J, Wu C C 2009 Appl. Phys. Lett. 94 103302
[179] [180] [181] Sun X Y, Li W L, Xu M L, Chu B, Bi D F, Li B, Hu Y W, Zhang Z Q, Hu Z Z 2008 Solid-State Electron. 52 211
[182] Wang Q, Ding J Q, Ma D G, Cheng Y X, Wang L X, Jing X B, Wang F S 2009 Adv. Funct. Mater. 19 84
[183] [184] [185] Reineke S, Lindner F, Schwartz G, Seidler N, Walzer K, Leo K 2009 Nature 459 234
[186] [187] Jain K, Klosner M, Zemel M, Raghundan S 2005 Proc. IEEE 93 1500
[188] Kamtekar K T, Monkman A P, Bryce M R 2010 Adv. Mater. 22 572
[189] [190] [191] Singh M, Haverinen H M, Dhagat P, Jabbour G E 2010 Adv. Mater. 22 673
[192] Peng Y Q, Zhang F J, Tai X S, He X Y, Zhang X 2002 Chin. Phys. 11 1076
[193] [194] [195] Peng Y Q, Zhang F J, Li C A 2003 Chin. Phys. 12 796
[196] [197] Du P, Zhang X J, Sun X B, Yao Z G, Wang Y S 2006 Chin. Phys. 15 1370
[198] Mazhari B 2005 Org. Electron. 6 229
[199]
计量
- 文章访问数: 8650
- PDF下载量: 1518
- 被引次数: 0