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半导体量子点中的电子自旋具有较长相干时间以及可扩展性的特点, 在近十几年来引起了人们的广泛兴趣. 人们常常利用电子自旋共振技术来对单个自旋进行操纵. 这样不但需要一个静磁场来使电子产生赛曼劈裂, 同时还需要一个与之垂直的局域振荡磁场. 但是, 在实验上产生足够强且具有固定频率的局域磁场是比较困难的. 后来人们发现, 局域的振荡电场也可以操纵单个电子自旋, 也就是所谓的电偶极自旋共振. 众所周知, 自旋只有自旋磁矩, 不会与电场有任何直接的相互作用. 所以, 电偶极自旋共振的发生必须依赖于某些媒质. 这些媒质包括:量子点材料中的自旋轨道耦合作用, 量子点中的局域磁场梯度, 以及量子点中电子自旋与核自旋的超精细相互作用. 这些媒质能诱导出自旋与电场之间间接的相互作用, 从而外电场操纵单个电子自旋得以实现. 本文总结归纳了目前半导体量子点系统中发生电偶极自旋共振的三种主要物理机理.Because of the long coherence time and the easy way to achieve the qubit scalability, quantum dot spin qubit has obtained considerable attentions recently. Single spin manipulation is usually achieved using the traditional electron spin resonance technique. This method not only needs a static Zeeman field, but also needs an ac magnetic field which is perpendicular to the static one. However, it is not easy to produce a local ac magnetic field experimentally. Recently, instead of an ac magnetic field, an ac electric field can also be used to manipulate an electron spin, an effect called electric-dipole spin resonance. As is well-known, there is no direct interaction between the spin and the electric field. Thus, the electric-dipole spin resonance must be mediated by some mechanisms. These mediums in the quantum dot can be: the slanting magnetic field, the spin-orbit coupling, and the electron-nucleus hyperfine interaction. This paper summarizes three main mechanisms of the electron-dipole spin resonance in semiconductor quantum dot.
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Keywords:
- quantum dot /
- electron spin resonance /
- electric-dipole spin resonance
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[72] Deng C, Hu X 2006 Phys. Rev. B 73 241303(R)
[73] Cywinski L, Witzel W M, Das Sarma S 2009 Phys. Rev. Lett. 102 057601
[74] Li R 2012 Phys. Rev. A 86 032333
[75] Rudner M S, Levitov L S 2007 Phys. Rev. Lett. 99 246602
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[79] Huang P, Hu X 2014 Phys. Rev. B 89 195302
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-
[1] Nielsen M A, Chuang I L 2002 Quantum Computations and Quantum Information (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)
[2] Shor P W 1994 Proceedings of the 35th Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science (Los Alamitos: IEEE Computer Soc. Press)
[3] Buluta I, Ashhab S, Nori F 2011 Rep. Prog. Phys. 74 104401
[4] You J Q, Nori F
[5] You J Q, Nori F 2011 Nature 474 589
[6] Xiang Z L, Ashhab S, You J Q, Nori F 2013 Rev. Mod. Phys. 85 623
[7] Xiang Z, Yu T, Zhang W, Hu X, You J Q 2012 Sci. China: Phys. Mech. Astron. 55 1549
[8] Loss D, DiVincenzo D P 1998 Phys. Rev. A 57 120
[9] Hanson R, Petta J R, Tarucha S, Vandersypen L M K 2007 Rev. Mod. Phys. 79 1217
[10] Awschalom D D, Bassett L C, Dzurak A S, Hu E L, Petta J R 2013 Science 339 1174
[11] Yang Y, Wang A M 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 130305 (in Chinese) [杨阳, 王安民 2013 物理学报 62 130305]
[12] Xie M Q, Guo B 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 130303 (in Chinese) [谢美秋, 郭斌 2013 物理学报 62 130303]
[13] Seo K J, Tian L
[14] Liu D Q, Chang Y C, Liu G Q, Pan X Y 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 164208 (in Chinese) [刘东奇, 常彦春, 刘刚钦, 潘新宇 2013 物理学报 62 164208]
[15] He L M, Ji Y, Wu H Y, Xu B, Sun Y B, Zhang X F, Lu Y, Zhao J J 2014 Chin. Phys. B 23 077601
[16] Wang C, He L Y, Zhang Y 2013 Sci. China: Phys. Mech. Astron. 56 2054
[17] Chen W, Xue Z Y, Wang Z D, Shen R 2014 Chin. Phys. B 23 030309
[18] Yan L, Yin W, Wang F W 2014 Chin. Phys.B 23 100303
[19] Li H, Yao B, Tu T 2012 Chin. Sci. Bull. 57 1919
[20] Petta J R, Johnson A C, Taylor J M, Laird E A, Yacoby A, Lukin M D, Marcus C M, Hanson M P, Gossard A C 2005 Science 309 2180
[21] Johnson A C, Petta J R, Taylor J M, Yacoby A, Lukin M D, Marcus C M, Hanson M P, Gossard A C 2005 Nature 435 925
[22] Koppens F H L, Buizert C, Tielrooij K J, Vink I T, Nowack K C, Meunier T, Kouwenhoven L P, Vandersypen L M K 2006 Nature 442 766
[23] Foletti S, Bluhm H, Mahalu D, Umansky V, Yacoby A 2009 Nat. Phys. 5 903
[24] Elzerman J M, Hanson R, Willems van Beveren L H, Witkamp B, Vandersypen L M K, Kouwenhoven L P 2004 Nature 430 431
[25] Barthel C, Reilly D J, Marcus C M, Hanson M P, Gossard A C 2009 Phys. Rev. Lett. 103 160503
[26] Morello A, Pla J J, Zwanenburg F A, Chan K W, Tan K Y, Huebl H, Mottonen M, Nugroho C D, Yang C, van Donkelaar J A, Alves A D C, Jamieson D N, Escott C C, Hollenberg L C L, Clark R G, Dzurak A S 2010 Nature 467 687
[27] Bluhm H, Foletti S, Neder I, Rudner M, Mahalu D, Umansky V, Yacoby A 2011 Nat. Phys. 7 109
[28] Burkard G, Loss D, DiVincenzo D P 1999 Phys. Rev. B 59 2070
[29] Hu X, Das Sarma S 2000 Phys. Rev. A 61 062301
[30] Kestner J P, Wang X, Bishop L S, Barnes E, Das Sarma S 2013 Phys. Rev. Lett. 110 140502
[31] Wang X, Bishop L S, Kestner J P, Barnes E, Sun K, Das Sarma S 2012 Nat. Commun. 3 997
[32] Li R, Hu X, You J Q 2012 Phys. Rev. B 86 205306
[33] Slichter C P 1980 Principles of Magnetic Resonance (Berlin: Springer-Verlag)
[34] Trif M, Golovach V N, Loss D 2008 Phys. Rev. B 77 045434
[35] Hu X, Liu Y X, Nori F 2012 Phys. Rev. B 86 035314
[36] Veldhorst M, Hwang J C C, Yang C H, Leenstra A W, de Ronde B, Dehollain J P, Muhonen J T, Hudson F E, Itoh K M, Morello A, Dzurak A S 2014 Nat. Nanotechnol. 9 981
[37] Nowack K C, Koppens F H L, Nazarov Y V, Vandersypen L M K 2007 Science 318 1430
[38] Pioro-Ladriere M, Obata T, Tokura Y, Shin Y S, Kubo T, Yoshida K, Taniyama T, Tarucha S 2008 Nat. Phys. 4 776
[39] Tokura Y, van der Wiel W G, Obata T, Tarucha S 2006 Phys. Rev. Lett. 96 047202
[40] Laird E, Barthel C, Rashba E, Marcus C, Hanson M, Gossard A 2007 Phys. Rev. Lett. 99 246601
[41] Nadj-Perge S, Frolov S M, Bakkers E P A M, Kouwenhoven L P 2010 Nature 468 1084
[42] Schroer M D, Petersson K D, Jung M, Petta J R 2011 Phys. Rev. Lett. 107 176811
[43] Nadj-Perge S, Pribiag V S, van den Berg J W G, Zuo K, Plissard S R, Bakkers E P A M, Frolov S M, Kouwenhoven L P 2012 Phys. Rev. Lett. 108 166801
[44] van den Berg J W G, Nadj-Perge S, Pribiag V S, Plissard S R, Bakkers E P A M, Frolov S M, Kouwenhoven L P 2013 Phys. Rev. Lett. 110 066806
[45] Levitov L S, Rashba E I 2003 Phys. Rev. B 67 115324
[46] Zhao N, Zhong L, Zhu J L, Sun C P 2006 Phys. Rev. B 74 075307
[47] Flindt C, Sorensen A S, Flensberg K 2006 Phys. Rev. Lett. 97 240501
[48] Khomitsky D V, Gulyaev L V, Sherman E Y 2012 Phys. Rev. B 85 125312
[49] Ban Y, Chen X, Sherman E Y, Muga J G 2012 Phys. Rev. Lett. 109 206602
[50] Rashba E I, Efros A L 2003 Phys. Rev. Lett. 91 126405
[51] Golovach V N, Borhani M, Loss D 2006 Phys. Rev. B 74 165319
[52] Rashba E I 2008 Phys. Rev. B 78 195302
[53] Li R, You J Q, Sun C P, Nori F 2013 Phys. Rev. Lett. 111 086805
[54] Brunner R, Shin Y S, Obata T, Pioro-Ladriere M, Kubo T, Yoshida K, Taniyama T, Tarucha S 2011 Phys. Rev. Lett. 107 146801
[55] Szechenyi G, Palyi A 2014 Phys. Rev. B 89 115409
[56] Shafiei M, Nowack K C, Reichl C, Wegscheider W, Vandersypen L M K 2013 Phys. Rev. Lett. 110 107601
[57] Osika E N, Szafran B, Nowak M P 2013 Phys. Rev. B 88 165302
[58] Scully M O, Zubairy M S 1997 Quantum Optics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)
[59] Landau L D, Lifshitz E M 1965 Quantum Mechanics, Course of Theoretical Physics (Vol. 3) (New York: Pergamon)
[60] Winkler R 2003 Spin-Orbit Coupling Effects in Two-Dimensional Electron and Hole Systems (Berlin: Springer)
[61] Pershin Y V, Nesteroff J A, Privman V 2004 Phys. Rev. B 69 121306(R)
[62] Nowak M P, Szafran B 2013 Phys. Rev. B 87 205436
[63] Li R, You J Q 2014 Phys. Rev. B 90 035303
[64] Bychkov Y A, Rashba E I 1984 J. Phys. C 17 6039
[65] Dresselhaus G 1955 Phys. Rev. 100 580
[66] Bulgakov E N, Sadreev A F 2001 JETP Lett. 73 505
[67] Tsitsishvili E, Lozano G S, Gogolin A O 2004 Phys. Rev. B 70 115316
[68] Rashba E I 2012 Phys. Rev. B 86 125319
[69] Coish W A, Loss D 2004 Phys. Rev. B 70 195340
[70] Witzel W M, Das Sarma S 2006 Phys. Rev. B 74 035322
[71] Yao W, Liu R B, Sham L J 2006 Phys. Rev. B 74 195301(R)
[72] Deng C, Hu X 2006 Phys. Rev. B 73 241303(R)
[73] Cywinski L, Witzel W M, Das Sarma S 2009 Phys. Rev. Lett. 102 057601
[74] Li R 2012 Phys. Rev. A 86 032333
[75] Rudner M S, Levitov L S 2007 Phys. Rev. Lett. 99 246602
[76] Khaetskii A V, Nazarov Y V 2001 Phys. Rev. B 64 125316
[77] Cheng J L, Wu M W, Lu C 2004 Phys. Rev. B 69 115318
[78] Golovach V N, Khaetskii A, Loss D 2004 Phys. Rev. Lett. 93 016601
[79] Huang P, Hu X 2014 Phys. Rev. B 89 195302
[80] Jing J, Huang P, Hu X 2014 Phys. Rev. A 90 022118
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