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In this brief review, we look back on the conception of nano-atoms and their gradual evolutions into a new class of giant molecules in the context of soft matter science. The structural features and the characteristics about giant molecular self-assembly are summarized. It is found that these giant molecules with high conformational rigidities and precisely-defined shapes and symmetries can exhibit unusual phase structures and phase transition behaviors which are not commonly observed in conventional polymers. Their self-assembly is robust due to collective and cooperative interactions among nano-atoms, forming hierarchical structures that are sensitive to their primary structures. This modular feature is reminiscent to the domain concept in protein science. It is thus proposed that nano-atoms can serve as unique elements for macromolecular science.
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Keywords:
- nano-atom /
- giant molecules /
- molecular nanoparticles /
- macromolecules
[1] Ouyang Z C 2000 Soft Matters-Scientific Frontiers at the Crossroad of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology at 21st Century (Changsha: Hunan Education Publishing House) (in Chinese) [欧阳钟灿 2000 软物质21世纪跨物理、化学、生物三大学科的前沿科学 (长沙: 湖南教育出版社)]
[2] Hamley I W 2007 Introduction to Soft Matter: Synthetic and Biological Self-assembling Materials (Rev. Ed.) (Chichester, England: John Wiley Sons)
[3] Degennes P G 1992 Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 31 842
[4] Doi M 2013 Soft Matter Physics (1st Ed.) (Oxford, UK, Oxford University Press)
[5] Cheng S Z D 2005 J. Polym. Sci. Part B: Polym. Phys. 43 3361
[6] Cheng S Z D 2008 Phase Transitions in Polymers: The Role of Metastable States (1st) (Amsterdam, Boston: Elsevier)
[7] Feynman R P 1960 Eng. Sci. 23 22
[8] Zhang W B, Cheng S Z D 2015 Chin. J. Polym. Sci. 33 797
[9] Zhang W B, Yu X, Wang C L, Sun H J, Hsieh I F, Li Y, Dong X H, Yue K, van Horn R, Cheng S Z D 2014 Macromolecules 47 1221
[10] Kastner M A 1993 Phys. Today 46 24
[11] Tomalia D A, Christensen J B, Boas U 2012 Dendrimers, Dendrons, and Dendritic Polymers: Discovery, Application, and the Future (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press)
[12] Tomalia D A, Jensen A 2007 Periodic Patterns, Relationships and Categories of Well-Defined Nanoscale Building Blocks (National Science Foundation Workshop Report)
[13] Roy X, Lee C H, Crowther A C, Schenck C L, Besara T, Lalancette R A, Siegrist T, Stephens P W, Brus L E, Kim P, Steigerwald M L, Nuckolls C 2013 Science 341 157
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[15] Nimmala P R, Knoppe S, Jupally V R, Delcamp J H, Aikens C M, Dass A 2014 J. Phys. Chem. B 118 14157
[16] Wu K, Huang M, Yue K, Liu C, Lin Z, Liu H, Zhang W, Hsu C H, Shi A C, Zhang W B, Cheng S Z D 2014 Macromolecules 47 4622
[17] Yu X, Zhong S, Li X, Tu Y, Yang S, van Horn R M, Ni C, Pochan D J, Quirk R P, Wesdemiotis C, Zhang W B, Cheng S Z D 2010 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132 16741
[18] Wang Z, Li Y, Dong X H, Yu X, Guo K, Su H, Yue K, Wesdemiotis C, Cheng S Z D, Zhang W B 2013 Chem. Sci. 4 1345
[19] Zhang WB, Tu Y, Ranjan R, van Horn R M, Leng S, Wang J, Polce M, Wesdemiotis C, Quirk R P, Newkome G R, Cheng S Z D 2008 Macromolecules 41 515
[20] Yu X, Li Y, Dong X H, Yue K, Lin Z, Feng X, Huang M, Zhang W B, Cheng S Z D 2014 J. Polym. Sci. Part B: Polym. Phys. 52 1309
[21] Huang M, Hsu C H, Wang J, Mei S, Dong X, Li Y, Li M, Liu H, Zhang W, Aida T, Zhang W B, Yue K, Cheng S Z D 2015 Science 348 424
[22] Li Y, Zhang W B, Hsieh I F, Zhang G, Cao Y, Li X, Wesdemiotis C, Lotz B, Xiong H, Cheng S Z D 2011 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133 10712
[23] Lin M C, Hsu C H, Sun H J, Wang C L, Zhang W B, Li Y, Chen H L, Cheng S Z D 2014 Polymer 55 4514
[24] Cesareni G 2005 Modular Protein Domains (Weinheim: Wiley-VCH)
[25] Zhang W B 2010 Ph. D. Dissertation (Akron, OH: University of Akron)
[26] Zhang W B, Wang X M, Wang X W, Liu D, Han S Y, Cheng S Z D 2015 Prog. Chem. 27 1333
[27] Corey E J 1967 Pure Appl. Chem. 14 19
[28] Corey E J, Cheng X M 1989 The Logic of Chemical Synthesis (New York: Wiley)
[29] Desiraju G R 1995 Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 34 2311
[30] Desiraju G R 2003 J. Mol. Struct. 656 5
[31] Arnold F H 1998 Acc. Chem. Res. 31 125
[32] Romero P A, Arnold F H 2009 Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 10 866
[33] Ober C K, Cheng S Z D, Hammond P T, Muthukumar M, Reichmains E, Wooley K L, Lodge T P 2009 Macrmolecules 42 465
[34] Feng X, Zhu S, Yue K, Su H, Guo K, Wesdemiotis C, Zhang W B, Cheng S Z D, Li Y 2014 ACS Macro Lett. 3 900
[35] Hirsch A, Brettreich M 2005 Fullerenes: Chemistry and Reactions (Weinheim: Wiley-VCH)
[36] Wang X M, Guo Q Y, Han S Y, Wang J Y, Han D, Fu Q, Zhang W B 2015 Chem. Eur. J. 21 15246
[37] Han S Y, Wang X M, Shao Y, Guo Q Y, Li Y, Zhang W B 2016 Chem. Eur. J. 22 6397
[38] Shao Y, Yin H, Wang X M, Han S Y, Yan X, Xu J, He J, Ni P, Zhang W B 2016 Polym. Chem. 7 2381
[39] Oguri N E Y, Takeda N, Unno M 2016 Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 55 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201602413
[40] Blazquez-Moraleja A, Eugenia Perez-Ojeda M, Suarez J R, Luisa Jimeno M, Chiara J L 2016 Chem. Commun. 52 5792
[41] Kolb H C, Finn M G, Sharpless K B 2001 Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 40 2004
[42] Iha R K, Wooley K L, Nystrom A M, Burke D J, Kade M J, Hawker C J 2009 Chem. Rev. 109 5620
[43] Barner-Kowollik C, Du Prez F E, Espeel P, Hawker C J, Junkers T, Schlaad H, van Camp W 2011 Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 50 60
[44] Li Y, Wang Z, Zheng J, Su H, Lin F, Guo K, Feng X, Wesdemiotis C, Becker M L, Cheng S Z D, Zhang W B 2013 ACS Macro Lett. 2 1026
[45] Xi W, Scott T F, Kloxin C J, Bowman C N 2014 Adv. Funct. Mater. 24 2572
[46] Sletten E M, Bertozzi C R 2009 Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 48 6974
[47] Hoyle C E, Bowman C N 2010 Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 49 1540
[48] Li Y, Zhang W B, Janoski J E, Li X, Dong X, Wesdemiotis C, Quirk R P, Cheng S Z D 2011 Macromolecules 44 3328
[49] Li Y, Su H, Feng X, Wang Z, Guo K, Wesdemiotis C, Fu Q, Cheng S Z D, Zhang W B 2014 Polym. Chem. 5 6111
[50] Zhang W B, Li Y, Li X, Dong X, Yu X, Wang C L, Wesdemiotis C, Quirk R P, Cheng S Z D 2011 Macromolecules 44 2589
[51] Li Y, Guo K, Su H, Li X, Feng X, Wang Z, Zhang W, Zhu S, Wesdemiotis C, Cheng S Z D, Zhang W B 2014 Chem. Sci. 5 1046
[52] Yue K, Liu C, Guo K, Yu X, Huang M, Li Y, Wesdemiotis C, Cheng S Z D, Zhang W B 2012 Macromolecules 45 8126
[53] Su H, Li Y, Yue K, Wang Z, Lu P, Feng X, Dong X H, Zhang S, Cheng S Z D, Zhang W B 2014 Polym. Chem. 5 3697
[54] Li Y, Su H, Feng X, Yue K, Wang Z, Lin Z, Zhu X, Fu Q, Zhang Z, Cheng S Z D, Zhang W B 2015 Polym. Chem. 6 827
[55] Lin Z, Lu P, Yu X, Zhang W B, Huang M, Wu K, Guo K, Wesdemiotis C, Zhu X, Zhang Z, Yue K, Cheng S Z D 2014 Macromolecules 47 4160
[56] Li Y, Dong X H, Guo K, Wang Z, Chen Z, Wesdemiotis C, Quirk R P, Zhang W B, Cheng S Z D 2012 ACS Macro Lett. 1 834
[57] Zhang W, Huang M, Su H, Zhang S, Yue K, Dong X H, Li X, Liu H, Zhang S, Wesdemiotis C, Lotz B, Zhang W B, Li Y, Cheng S Z D 2016 ACS Cent. Sci. 2 48
[58] Yue K, Liu C, Guo K, Wu K, Dong X H, Liu H, Huang M, Wesdemiotis C, Cheng S Z D, Zhang W B 2013 Polym. Chem. 4 1056
[59] Yu X, Yue K, Hsieh I F, Li Y, Dong X H, Liu C, Xin Y, Wang H F, Shi A C, Newkome G R, Ho R M, Chen E Q, Zhang W B, Cheng S Z D 2013 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 110 10078
[60] Ni B, Huang M, Chen Z, Chen Y, Hsu C H, Li Y, Pochan D, Zhang W B, Cheng S Z D, Dong X H 2015 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 137 1392
[61] Liu H, Hsu C H, Lin Z, Shan W, Wang J, Jiang J, Huang M, Lotz B, Yu X, Zhang W B, Yue K, Cheng S Z D 2014 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 136 10691
[62] Liu H, Luo J, Shan W, Guo D, Wang J, Hsu C H, Huang M, Zhang W, Lotz B, Zhang W B, Liu T, Yue K, Cheng S Z D 2016 ACS Nano DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b01336
[63] Fierer J O, Veggiani G, Howarth M 2014 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 111 E1176
[64] Veggiani G, Nakamura T, Brenner M D, Gayet R V, Yan J, Robinson C V, Howarth M 2016 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 113 1202
[65] Zakeri B, Fierer J O, Celik E, Chittock E C, Schwarz-Linek U, Moy V T, Howarth M 2012 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 109 E690
[66] Reddington S C, Howarth M 2015 Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 29 94
[67] Veggiani G, Zakeri B, Howarth M 2014 Trends Biotechnol. 32 506
[68] Zhang W B, Sun F, Tirrell D A, Arnold F H 2013 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135 13988
[69] Sun F, Zhang W B, Mahdavi A, Arnold F H, Tirrell D A 2014 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 111 11269
[70] Wang X W, Zhang W B 2016 Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 55 3442
[71] Liu Z, Zhou H, Wang W, Tan W, Fu Y X, Zhu M 2014 Sci. Rep. 4 7266
[72] Schoene C, Fierer J O, Bennett S P, Howarth M 2014 Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 53
[73] Wang Y, Lin H X, Chen L, Ding S Y, Lei Z C, Liu D Y, Cao X Y, Liang H J, Jiang Y B, Tian Z Q 2014 Chem. Soc. Rev. 43 399
[74] Wang Y, Lin H X, Ding S Y, Liu D Y, Chen L, Lei Z C, Fan F R, Tian Z Q 2012 Sci. Chin. Chem. 42 525
[75] Sun H J, Tu Y, Wang C L, van Horn R M, Tsai C C, Graham M J, Sun B, Lotz B, Zhang W B, Cheng S Z D 2011 J. Mater. Chem. 21 14240
[76] Ren X, Sun B, Tsai C C, Tu Y, Leng S, Li K, Kang Z, van Horn R M, Li X, Zhu M, Wesdemiotis C, Zhang W B, Cheng S Z D 2010 J. Phys. Chem. B 114 4802
[77] Wang C L, Zhang W B, Sun H J, van Horn R M, Kulkarni R R, Tsai C C, Hsu C S, Lotz B, Gong X, Cheng S Z D 2012 Adv. Energy Mater. 2 1375
[78] Dong X H, van Horn R, Chen Z, Ni B, Yu X, Wurm A, Schick C, Lotz B, Zhang W B, Cheng S Z D 2013 J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 4 2356
[79] Cheng S Z D, Zhang A, Chen J, Heberer D P 1991 J. Polym. Sci. Part B: Polym. Phys. 29 287
[80] Cheng S Z D, Zhang A, Barley J S, Chen J, Habenschuss A, Zschack P R 1991 Macromolecules 24 3937
[81] He J, Yue K, Liu Y, Yu X, Ni P, Cavicchi K A, Quirk R P, Chen E Q, Cheng S Z D, Zhang W B 2012 Polym. Chem. 3 2112
[82] Ni B, Dong X H, Chen Z, Lin Z, Li Y, Huang M, Fu Q, Cheng S Z D, Zhang W B 2014 Polym. Chem. 5 3588
[83] Lin Z, Lu P, Hsu C H, Sun J, Zhou Y, Huang M, Yue K, Ni B, Dong X H, Li X, Zhang W B, Yu X, Cheng S Z D 2015 Macromolecules 48 5496
[84] Hsu C H, Dong X H, Lin Z, Ni B, Lu P, Jiang Z, Tian D, Shi A C, Thomas E L, Cheng S Z D 2016 ACS Nano 10 919
[85] Dong X H, Ni B, Huang M, Hsu C H, Chen Z, Lin Z, Zhang W B, Shi A C, Cheng S Z D 2015 Macromolecules 48 7172
[86] Dong X H, Ni B, Huang M, Hsu C H, Bai R, Zhang W B, Shi A C, Cheng S Z D 2016 Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 55 2459
[87] Yu X, Zhang W B, Yue K, Li X, Liu H, Xin Y, Wang C L, Wesdemiotis C, Cheng S Z D 2012 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134 7780
[88] Lin Z, Lu P, Hsu C H, Yue K, Dong X H, Liu H, Guo K, Wesdemiotis C, Zhang W B, Yu X, Cheng S Z D 2014 Chem. Eur. J. 20 11630
[89] Dong X H, Hsu C H, Li Y, Liu H, Wang J, Huang M, Yue K, Sun H J, Wang C L, Yu X, Zhang W B, Lotz B, Cheng S Z D 2016 Adv. Polym. Sci. DOI: 10.1007/122015343
[90] National Science and Technology Council 2011 Materials Genome Initiative for Global Competitiveness (Washington DC: National Science and Technology Council)
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[1] Ouyang Z C 2000 Soft Matters-Scientific Frontiers at the Crossroad of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology at 21st Century (Changsha: Hunan Education Publishing House) (in Chinese) [欧阳钟灿 2000 软物质21世纪跨物理、化学、生物三大学科的前沿科学 (长沙: 湖南教育出版社)]
[2] Hamley I W 2007 Introduction to Soft Matter: Synthetic and Biological Self-assembling Materials (Rev. Ed.) (Chichester, England: John Wiley Sons)
[3] Degennes P G 1992 Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 31 842
[4] Doi M 2013 Soft Matter Physics (1st Ed.) (Oxford, UK, Oxford University Press)
[5] Cheng S Z D 2005 J. Polym. Sci. Part B: Polym. Phys. 43 3361
[6] Cheng S Z D 2008 Phase Transitions in Polymers: The Role of Metastable States (1st) (Amsterdam, Boston: Elsevier)
[7] Feynman R P 1960 Eng. Sci. 23 22
[8] Zhang W B, Cheng S Z D 2015 Chin. J. Polym. Sci. 33 797
[9] Zhang W B, Yu X, Wang C L, Sun H J, Hsieh I F, Li Y, Dong X H, Yue K, van Horn R, Cheng S Z D 2014 Macromolecules 47 1221
[10] Kastner M A 1993 Phys. Today 46 24
[11] Tomalia D A, Christensen J B, Boas U 2012 Dendrimers, Dendrons, and Dendritic Polymers: Discovery, Application, and the Future (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press)
[12] Tomalia D A, Jensen A 2007 Periodic Patterns, Relationships and Categories of Well-Defined Nanoscale Building Blocks (National Science Foundation Workshop Report)
[13] Roy X, Lee C H, Crowther A C, Schenck C L, Besara T, Lalancette R A, Siegrist T, Stephens P W, Brus L E, Kim P, Steigerwald M L, Nuckolls C 2013 Science 341 157
[14] Luo Z, Castleman A W 2014 Acc. Chem. Res. 47 2931
[15] Nimmala P R, Knoppe S, Jupally V R, Delcamp J H, Aikens C M, Dass A 2014 J. Phys. Chem. B 118 14157
[16] Wu K, Huang M, Yue K, Liu C, Lin Z, Liu H, Zhang W, Hsu C H, Shi A C, Zhang W B, Cheng S Z D 2014 Macromolecules 47 4622
[17] Yu X, Zhong S, Li X, Tu Y, Yang S, van Horn R M, Ni C, Pochan D J, Quirk R P, Wesdemiotis C, Zhang W B, Cheng S Z D 2010 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132 16741
[18] Wang Z, Li Y, Dong X H, Yu X, Guo K, Su H, Yue K, Wesdemiotis C, Cheng S Z D, Zhang W B 2013 Chem. Sci. 4 1345
[19] Zhang WB, Tu Y, Ranjan R, van Horn R M, Leng S, Wang J, Polce M, Wesdemiotis C, Quirk R P, Newkome G R, Cheng S Z D 2008 Macromolecules 41 515
[20] Yu X, Li Y, Dong X H, Yue K, Lin Z, Feng X, Huang M, Zhang W B, Cheng S Z D 2014 J. Polym. Sci. Part B: Polym. Phys. 52 1309
[21] Huang M, Hsu C H, Wang J, Mei S, Dong X, Li Y, Li M, Liu H, Zhang W, Aida T, Zhang W B, Yue K, Cheng S Z D 2015 Science 348 424
[22] Li Y, Zhang W B, Hsieh I F, Zhang G, Cao Y, Li X, Wesdemiotis C, Lotz B, Xiong H, Cheng S Z D 2011 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133 10712
[23] Lin M C, Hsu C H, Sun H J, Wang C L, Zhang W B, Li Y, Chen H L, Cheng S Z D 2014 Polymer 55 4514
[24] Cesareni G 2005 Modular Protein Domains (Weinheim: Wiley-VCH)
[25] Zhang W B 2010 Ph. D. Dissertation (Akron, OH: University of Akron)
[26] Zhang W B, Wang X M, Wang X W, Liu D, Han S Y, Cheng S Z D 2015 Prog. Chem. 27 1333
[27] Corey E J 1967 Pure Appl. Chem. 14 19
[28] Corey E J, Cheng X M 1989 The Logic of Chemical Synthesis (New York: Wiley)
[29] Desiraju G R 1995 Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 34 2311
[30] Desiraju G R 2003 J. Mol. Struct. 656 5
[31] Arnold F H 1998 Acc. Chem. Res. 31 125
[32] Romero P A, Arnold F H 2009 Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 10 866
[33] Ober C K, Cheng S Z D, Hammond P T, Muthukumar M, Reichmains E, Wooley K L, Lodge T P 2009 Macrmolecules 42 465
[34] Feng X, Zhu S, Yue K, Su H, Guo K, Wesdemiotis C, Zhang W B, Cheng S Z D, Li Y 2014 ACS Macro Lett. 3 900
[35] Hirsch A, Brettreich M 2005 Fullerenes: Chemistry and Reactions (Weinheim: Wiley-VCH)
[36] Wang X M, Guo Q Y, Han S Y, Wang J Y, Han D, Fu Q, Zhang W B 2015 Chem. Eur. J. 21 15246
[37] Han S Y, Wang X M, Shao Y, Guo Q Y, Li Y, Zhang W B 2016 Chem. Eur. J. 22 6397
[38] Shao Y, Yin H, Wang X M, Han S Y, Yan X, Xu J, He J, Ni P, Zhang W B 2016 Polym. Chem. 7 2381
[39] Oguri N E Y, Takeda N, Unno M 2016 Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 55 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201602413
[40] Blazquez-Moraleja A, Eugenia Perez-Ojeda M, Suarez J R, Luisa Jimeno M, Chiara J L 2016 Chem. Commun. 52 5792
[41] Kolb H C, Finn M G, Sharpless K B 2001 Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 40 2004
[42] Iha R K, Wooley K L, Nystrom A M, Burke D J, Kade M J, Hawker C J 2009 Chem. Rev. 109 5620
[43] Barner-Kowollik C, Du Prez F E, Espeel P, Hawker C J, Junkers T, Schlaad H, van Camp W 2011 Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 50 60
[44] Li Y, Wang Z, Zheng J, Su H, Lin F, Guo K, Feng X, Wesdemiotis C, Becker M L, Cheng S Z D, Zhang W B 2013 ACS Macro Lett. 2 1026
[45] Xi W, Scott T F, Kloxin C J, Bowman C N 2014 Adv. Funct. Mater. 24 2572
[46] Sletten E M, Bertozzi C R 2009 Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 48 6974
[47] Hoyle C E, Bowman C N 2010 Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 49 1540
[48] Li Y, Zhang W B, Janoski J E, Li X, Dong X, Wesdemiotis C, Quirk R P, Cheng S Z D 2011 Macromolecules 44 3328
[49] Li Y, Su H, Feng X, Wang Z, Guo K, Wesdemiotis C, Fu Q, Cheng S Z D, Zhang W B 2014 Polym. Chem. 5 6111
[50] Zhang W B, Li Y, Li X, Dong X, Yu X, Wang C L, Wesdemiotis C, Quirk R P, Cheng S Z D 2011 Macromolecules 44 2589
[51] Li Y, Guo K, Su H, Li X, Feng X, Wang Z, Zhang W, Zhu S, Wesdemiotis C, Cheng S Z D, Zhang W B 2014 Chem. Sci. 5 1046
[52] Yue K, Liu C, Guo K, Yu X, Huang M, Li Y, Wesdemiotis C, Cheng S Z D, Zhang W B 2012 Macromolecules 45 8126
[53] Su H, Li Y, Yue K, Wang Z, Lu P, Feng X, Dong X H, Zhang S, Cheng S Z D, Zhang W B 2014 Polym. Chem. 5 3697
[54] Li Y, Su H, Feng X, Yue K, Wang Z, Lin Z, Zhu X, Fu Q, Zhang Z, Cheng S Z D, Zhang W B 2015 Polym. Chem. 6 827
[55] Lin Z, Lu P, Yu X, Zhang W B, Huang M, Wu K, Guo K, Wesdemiotis C, Zhu X, Zhang Z, Yue K, Cheng S Z D 2014 Macromolecules 47 4160
[56] Li Y, Dong X H, Guo K, Wang Z, Chen Z, Wesdemiotis C, Quirk R P, Zhang W B, Cheng S Z D 2012 ACS Macro Lett. 1 834
[57] Zhang W, Huang M, Su H, Zhang S, Yue K, Dong X H, Li X, Liu H, Zhang S, Wesdemiotis C, Lotz B, Zhang W B, Li Y, Cheng S Z D 2016 ACS Cent. Sci. 2 48
[58] Yue K, Liu C, Guo K, Wu K, Dong X H, Liu H, Huang M, Wesdemiotis C, Cheng S Z D, Zhang W B 2013 Polym. Chem. 4 1056
[59] Yu X, Yue K, Hsieh I F, Li Y, Dong X H, Liu C, Xin Y, Wang H F, Shi A C, Newkome G R, Ho R M, Chen E Q, Zhang W B, Cheng S Z D 2013 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 110 10078
[60] Ni B, Huang M, Chen Z, Chen Y, Hsu C H, Li Y, Pochan D, Zhang W B, Cheng S Z D, Dong X H 2015 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 137 1392
[61] Liu H, Hsu C H, Lin Z, Shan W, Wang J, Jiang J, Huang M, Lotz B, Yu X, Zhang W B, Yue K, Cheng S Z D 2014 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 136 10691
[62] Liu H, Luo J, Shan W, Guo D, Wang J, Hsu C H, Huang M, Zhang W, Lotz B, Zhang W B, Liu T, Yue K, Cheng S Z D 2016 ACS Nano DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b01336
[63] Fierer J O, Veggiani G, Howarth M 2014 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 111 E1176
[64] Veggiani G, Nakamura T, Brenner M D, Gayet R V, Yan J, Robinson C V, Howarth M 2016 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 113 1202
[65] Zakeri B, Fierer J O, Celik E, Chittock E C, Schwarz-Linek U, Moy V T, Howarth M 2012 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 109 E690
[66] Reddington S C, Howarth M 2015 Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 29 94
[67] Veggiani G, Zakeri B, Howarth M 2014 Trends Biotechnol. 32 506
[68] Zhang W B, Sun F, Tirrell D A, Arnold F H 2013 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135 13988
[69] Sun F, Zhang W B, Mahdavi A, Arnold F H, Tirrell D A 2014 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 111 11269
[70] Wang X W, Zhang W B 2016 Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 55 3442
[71] Liu Z, Zhou H, Wang W, Tan W, Fu Y X, Zhu M 2014 Sci. Rep. 4 7266
[72] Schoene C, Fierer J O, Bennett S P, Howarth M 2014 Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 53
[73] Wang Y, Lin H X, Chen L, Ding S Y, Lei Z C, Liu D Y, Cao X Y, Liang H J, Jiang Y B, Tian Z Q 2014 Chem. Soc. Rev. 43 399
[74] Wang Y, Lin H X, Ding S Y, Liu D Y, Chen L, Lei Z C, Fan F R, Tian Z Q 2012 Sci. Chin. Chem. 42 525
[75] Sun H J, Tu Y, Wang C L, van Horn R M, Tsai C C, Graham M J, Sun B, Lotz B, Zhang W B, Cheng S Z D 2011 J. Mater. Chem. 21 14240
[76] Ren X, Sun B, Tsai C C, Tu Y, Leng S, Li K, Kang Z, van Horn R M, Li X, Zhu M, Wesdemiotis C, Zhang W B, Cheng S Z D 2010 J. Phys. Chem. B 114 4802
[77] Wang C L, Zhang W B, Sun H J, van Horn R M, Kulkarni R R, Tsai C C, Hsu C S, Lotz B, Gong X, Cheng S Z D 2012 Adv. Energy Mater. 2 1375
[78] Dong X H, van Horn R, Chen Z, Ni B, Yu X, Wurm A, Schick C, Lotz B, Zhang W B, Cheng S Z D 2013 J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 4 2356
[79] Cheng S Z D, Zhang A, Chen J, Heberer D P 1991 J. Polym. Sci. Part B: Polym. Phys. 29 287
[80] Cheng S Z D, Zhang A, Barley J S, Chen J, Habenschuss A, Zschack P R 1991 Macromolecules 24 3937
[81] He J, Yue K, Liu Y, Yu X, Ni P, Cavicchi K A, Quirk R P, Chen E Q, Cheng S Z D, Zhang W B 2012 Polym. Chem. 3 2112
[82] Ni B, Dong X H, Chen Z, Lin Z, Li Y, Huang M, Fu Q, Cheng S Z D, Zhang W B 2014 Polym. Chem. 5 3588
[83] Lin Z, Lu P, Hsu C H, Sun J, Zhou Y, Huang M, Yue K, Ni B, Dong X H, Li X, Zhang W B, Yu X, Cheng S Z D 2015 Macromolecules 48 5496
[84] Hsu C H, Dong X H, Lin Z, Ni B, Lu P, Jiang Z, Tian D, Shi A C, Thomas E L, Cheng S Z D 2016 ACS Nano 10 919
[85] Dong X H, Ni B, Huang M, Hsu C H, Chen Z, Lin Z, Zhang W B, Shi A C, Cheng S Z D 2015 Macromolecules 48 7172
[86] Dong X H, Ni B, Huang M, Hsu C H, Bai R, Zhang W B, Shi A C, Cheng S Z D 2016 Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 55 2459
[87] Yu X, Zhang W B, Yue K, Li X, Liu H, Xin Y, Wang C L, Wesdemiotis C, Cheng S Z D 2012 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134 7780
[88] Lin Z, Lu P, Hsu C H, Yue K, Dong X H, Liu H, Guo K, Wesdemiotis C, Zhang W B, Yu X, Cheng S Z D 2014 Chem. Eur. J. 20 11630
[89] Dong X H, Hsu C H, Li Y, Liu H, Wang J, Huang M, Yue K, Sun H J, Wang C L, Yu X, Zhang W B, Lotz B, Cheng S Z D 2016 Adv. Polym. Sci. DOI: 10.1007/122015343
[90] National Science and Technology Council 2011 Materials Genome Initiative for Global Competitiveness (Washington DC: National Science and Technology Council)
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