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通过改变Z箍缩负载的初始形状和/或质量密度分布,可以实现等离子体的准球形聚心内爆.同柱形箍缩相比,准球形电磁内爆可以将内爆动能集中加载至负载中心较小的空间区域内,获得更高的能量密度,从而在驱动Z箍缩动态黑腔实现聚变点火方面具有潜在优势.准球形电磁内爆的负载和电极结构比柱形Z箍缩更复杂,球面收缩的几何特点使其内爆动力学过程和能量定标关系显著区别于柱形内爆.本文利用解析的薄壳模型推导并分析了理想条件下准球形电磁内爆的动力学行为和能量定标关系,并同二维磁流体力学模拟结果进行了比较.与柱形Z箍缩内爆相比,准球形电磁内爆的动能不仅与驱动电流有关,而且敏感地依赖于负载的初始尺寸.在不显著降低驱动电流和内爆品质的前提下,适当增加负载的初始半径和最大纬度,有利于获得更多的内爆动能和能量加载密度.Unlike cylindrical Z pinch, a quasi-spherical implosion enables load plasma to implode inward spherically and concentrate its kinetic energy toward the center. This helps to improve the energy-transport efficiency and increase the shock-induced radiation intensity of the foam convertor, when the quasi-spherical implosion is used to drive a dynamic hohlraum (DH). In previous work, it has been proved that a spherical metal shell with an exact mass-distribution can implode spherically by the nonuniform magnetic field, whose magnitude increases with the load latitude, Bφ~cos-1θ. However, this ‘mass-redistribution’ method is hard to realize on the fast pulse power generator widely used in today's Z-pinch study. The rise time of the facility is only ~100 ns, and the load is wire arrays with typical weight about 1 mg/cm. We develop a method of gaining quasi-spherical implosion with wire arrays by adjusting their initial shape, and it proves feasible on the 1.5 MA Qiangguang-I facility. Recently, we try to realize the quasi-spherical dynamic hohlraum (QSDH) implosion on generator with higher current, such as the 4.5 MA Angara5-I or the 8 MA PTS facility, and to make a direct compare with its cylindrical equivalence. But first of all, a basic but relatively comprehensive study on the quasi-spherical implosion dynamics is necessary and useful for the future QSDH load design and optimization.#br#Comparing with the device for classical cylindrical Z-pinch implosions, the load and electrodes structures of quasi-spherical implosions are complex, which leads to distinct implosion dynamics and scale rules. In this paper, we develop a thin shell model for the quasi-spherical implosion, from which the movement equation, as well as the energy scale relation is derived analytically. It is found that under the same drive condition, the implosion velocity and total kinetic energy of cylindrical load are higher than those of quasi-spherical one. However, as we expected, the quasi-spherical implosion has larger kinetic energy density, which is important for the applications such as driving a dynamic holhraum. Besides the peak current, the kinetic energy of quasi-spherical implosion also depends on the initial size of the load. By increasing the initial radius and maximum latitude angle moderately, one can obtain higher kinetic energy and energy density of the implosion, which is crucial for the load design. The theoretical study is supported by simulation results. It is found that under a drive condition close to that of the ZR facility, a quasi-spherical load with an initial radius of 5 cm will reach a peak kinetic energy density of 3.2 MJ/cm, which is about 3 times those from the cylindrical ones.
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Keywords:
- quasi-spherical implosion /
- Z-pinch /
- dynamic hohlraum /
- thin shell model
[1] Spielman R B, Deeney C, Chandler G A, Douglas M R, Fehl D L, Matzen M K, McDaniel D H, Nash T J, Porter J L, Sanford T W L, Seamen J F, Stygar W A, Struve K W, Breeze S P, McGurn J S, Torres J A, Zagar D M, Gilliland T L, Jobe D O, McKenney J L, Mock R C, Vargas M, Wagoner T, Peterson D L 1998 Phys. Plasmas 5 2105
[2] Deeney C, Douglas M R, Spielman R B, Nash T J, Peterson D L, L'Eplattenier P, Chandler G A, Seamen J F, Struve K W 1998 Phys. Rev. Lett. 81 4883
[3] Sanford T W L, Allshouse G O, Marder B M, Nash T J, Mock R C, Spielman R B, Seamen J F, McGurn J S, Jobe D, Gilliland T L, Vargas M, Struve K W, Stygar W A, Douglas M R, Matzen M K, Hammer J H, de Groot J S, Eddleman J L, Peterson D L, Mosher D, Whitney K G, Thornhill J W, Pulsifer P E, Apruzese J P, Maron Y 1996 Phys. Rev. Lett. 77 5063
[4] Ding N, Zhang Y, Ning C, Shu X J, Xiao D L 2008 Acta Phys. Sin. 57 3027 (in Chinese) [丁宁, 张扬, 宁成, 束小建, 肖德龙 2008 物理学报 57 3027]
[5] Xu R K, Li Z H, Guo C, Yang J L, Li L B, Song F J, Ning J M, Xia G X, Xu Z P 2003 Acta Phys. Sin. 52 1203 (in Chinese) [徐荣昆, 李正宏, 郭存, 杨建伦, 李林波, 宋凤军, 宁佳敏, 夏广新, 许泽平 2003 物理学报 52 1203]
[6] Matzen M K, Sweene, M A, Adams R G, Asay J R, Bailey J E, Bennett G R, Bliss D E, Bloomquist D D, Brunner T A, Campbell R B, Chandler G A, Coverdale C A, Cuneo M E, Davis J P, Deeney C, Desjarlais M P, Donovan G L, Garasi C J, Haill T A, Hall C A, Hanson D L, Hurst M J, Jones B, Knudson M D, Leeper R J, Lemke R W, Mazarakis M G, McDaniel D H, Mehlhorn T A, Nash T J, Olson C L, Porter J L, Rambo P K, Rosenthal S E, Rochau G A, Ruggles L E, Ruiz C L, Sanford T W L, Seamen J F, Sinars D B, Slutz S A, Smith I C, Struve K W, Stygar W A, Vesey R A, Weinbrecht E A, Wenger D F, Yu E P 2005 Phys. Plasmas 12 55503
[7] Nash T J, Derzon M S, Chandler G A, Leeper R, Fehl D, Lash J, Ruiz C, Cooper G, Seaman J F, McGurn J, Lazier S, Torres J, Jobe D, Gilliland T, Hurst M, Mock R, Ryan P, Nielsen D, Armijo J, McKenney J, Hawn R, Hebron D, MacFarlane J J, Petersen D, Bowers R, Matuska W, Ryutov D D 1999 Phys. Plasmas 6 2023
[8] Peterson D L, Bowers R L, Matuska W, McLenithan K D, Chandler G A, Deeney C, Derzon M S, Douglas M, Matzen M K, Nash T J, Spielman R B, Struve K W, Stygar W A, Roderick N F 1999 Phys. Plasmas 6 2178
[9] Sanford T W L, Lemke R W, Mock R C, Peterson D L 2003 Phys. Plasmas 10 3252
[10] Bailey J E, Chandler G A, Mancini R C Slutz S A, Rochau G A, Bump M, Buris-Mog T J, Cooper G, Dunham G, Golovkin I, Kilkenny J D, Lake P W, Leeper R J, Lemke R, MacFarlane J J, Mehlhorn T A, Moore T C, Nash T J, Nikroo A, Nielsen D S, Peterson K L, Ruiz C L, Schroen D G, Steinman D, Varnum W 2006 Phys. Plasmas 13 056301
[11] Matzen M K 1997 Phys. Plasmas 4 1519
[12] Lindl J 1995 Phys. Plasmas 2 3933
[13] Hammer J H, Tabak M, Wilks S C, Lindl J D, Bailey D S, Rambo P W, Toor A, Zimmerman G B, Porter Jr J L 1999 Phys. Plasmas 6 2129
[14] Cuneo M E, Sinars D B, Waisman E M Bliss D E, Stygar W A, Vesey R A, Lemke R W, Smith I C, Rambo P K, Porter J L, Chandler G A, Nash T J, Mazarakis M G, Adams R G, Yu E P, Struve K W, Mehlhorn T A, Lebedev S V, Chittenden J P, Jennings C A 2006 Phys. Plasmas 13 056318
[15] Sanford T W L, Lemke R W, Mock R C Chandler G A, Leeper R J, Ruiz C L, Peterson D L, Chrien R E, Idzorek G C, Watt R G, Chittenden J P 2002 Phys. Plasmas 9 3573
[16] Rochau G A, Bailey J E, Chandler G A, Cooper G, Dunham G S, Lake P W, Leeper R J, Lemke R W, Mehlhorn T A, Nikroo A, Peterson K J, Ruiz C L, Schroen D G, Slutz S A, Steinman D, Stygar W A, Varnum W 2007 Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 49 B591
[17] Olson C, Rochau G, Slutz S, Morrow C, Olson R, Cuneo M, Hanson D, Bennett G, Sanford T, Bailey J, Stygar W, Vesey R, Mehlhorn T, Struve K, Mazarakis M, Savage M, Pointon T, Kiefer M, Rosenthal S, Cochrane K, Schneider L, Glover S, Reed K, Schroen D, Farnum C, Modesto M, Oscar D, Chhabildas L, Boyes J, Vigil V, Keith R, Turgeon M, Cipiti B, Lindgren E, Dandini V, Tran H, Smith D, McDaniel D, Quintenz J, Matzen M K, van Devender J P, Gauster W, Shephard L, Walck M, Renk T, Tanaka T, Ulrickson M, Meier W, Latkowski J, Moir R, Schmitt R, Reyes S, Abbott R, Peterson R, Pollock G, Ottinger P, Schumer J, Peterson P, Kammer D, Kulcinski G, El-Guebaly L, Moses G, Sviatoslavsky I, Sawan M, Anderson M, Bonazza R, Oakley J, Meekunasombat P, de Groot J, Jensen N, Abdou M, Ying A, Calderoni P, Morley N, Abdel-Khalik S, Dillon C, Lascar C, Sadowski D, Curry R, McDonald K, Barkey M, Szaroletta W, Gallix R, Alexander N, Rickman W, Charman C, Shatoff H, Welch D, Rose D, Panchuk P, Louie D, Dean S, Kim A, Nedoseev S, Grabovsky E, Kingsep A, Smirnov V 2005 Fusion Sci. Tech. 47 633
[18] Peterson K J, Sinars D B, Yu E P, Herrmann M C, Cuneo M E, Slutz S A, Smith I C, Atherton B W, Knudson M D, Nakhleh C 2012 Phys. Plasmas 19 092701
[19] Slutz S, Vesey R 2012 Phys. Rev. Lett. 108 025003
[20] Smirnov V P, Zakharov S V, Grabovskii E V 2005 JETP Letters 81 442
[21] Smirnov V P, Grabovskii E V, Zakharov S V 2012 Nukleonika 57 215
[22] Nash T J, McDaniel D H, Leeper R J, Deeney C D, Sanford T W L, Struve K, DeGroot J S 2005 Phys. Plasmas 12 052705
[23] Grabovski E V 2012 CAEP Annual Conference on Science and Technology Mianyang, China, August 17-24, 2012
[24] Lebedev S V, Ampleford D J, Bland S N, Bott S C, Hall G N 2006 Proceeding of 6th International Conference on Dense Z-pinches 69 Cp808
[25] Zhang Y, Ding N, Li Z, Xu R, Sun S, Chen D, Xue C 2012 IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 40 3360
[26] Zhang Y, Ding N, Li Z, Xu R, Chen D, Ye F, Zhou X, Chen F, Chen J, Li L, Xiao D, Sun S, Xue C, Shu X, Wang J 2015 Phys. Plasmas 22 020703
[27] Degnan J H, Alme M L, Austin B S, Beason J D, Coffey S K, Gale D G, Graham J D, Havranek J J, Hussey T W, Kiuttu G F, Kreh B B, Lehr F M, Lewis R A, Lileikis D E, Morgan D, Outten C A, Peterkin Jr R E, Platts D, Roderick N F, Ruden E L, Shumlak U, Smith G A, Sommars W, Turchi P J 1999 Phys. Rev. Lett. 82 2681
[28] Ryutov D D, Derzon M S, Matzen M K 2000 Rev. Mod. Phys. 72 167
[29] Stone J M, Norman M L 1992 Astrophys. J. Suppl. Series 80 753
[30] More R M 1981 Atomic Physics in Inertial Confinement Fusion, LLNL Report No UCRL-84991
[31] Kemp A J, Meyer-ter-Vehn J 1999 MPQeos A New Equation of State Code for Hot, Dense Matter, Short Documentation (version 20)
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[1] Spielman R B, Deeney C, Chandler G A, Douglas M R, Fehl D L, Matzen M K, McDaniel D H, Nash T J, Porter J L, Sanford T W L, Seamen J F, Stygar W A, Struve K W, Breeze S P, McGurn J S, Torres J A, Zagar D M, Gilliland T L, Jobe D O, McKenney J L, Mock R C, Vargas M, Wagoner T, Peterson D L 1998 Phys. Plasmas 5 2105
[2] Deeney C, Douglas M R, Spielman R B, Nash T J, Peterson D L, L'Eplattenier P, Chandler G A, Seamen J F, Struve K W 1998 Phys. Rev. Lett. 81 4883
[3] Sanford T W L, Allshouse G O, Marder B M, Nash T J, Mock R C, Spielman R B, Seamen J F, McGurn J S, Jobe D, Gilliland T L, Vargas M, Struve K W, Stygar W A, Douglas M R, Matzen M K, Hammer J H, de Groot J S, Eddleman J L, Peterson D L, Mosher D, Whitney K G, Thornhill J W, Pulsifer P E, Apruzese J P, Maron Y 1996 Phys. Rev. Lett. 77 5063
[4] Ding N, Zhang Y, Ning C, Shu X J, Xiao D L 2008 Acta Phys. Sin. 57 3027 (in Chinese) [丁宁, 张扬, 宁成, 束小建, 肖德龙 2008 物理学报 57 3027]
[5] Xu R K, Li Z H, Guo C, Yang J L, Li L B, Song F J, Ning J M, Xia G X, Xu Z P 2003 Acta Phys. Sin. 52 1203 (in Chinese) [徐荣昆, 李正宏, 郭存, 杨建伦, 李林波, 宋凤军, 宁佳敏, 夏广新, 许泽平 2003 物理学报 52 1203]
[6] Matzen M K, Sweene, M A, Adams R G, Asay J R, Bailey J E, Bennett G R, Bliss D E, Bloomquist D D, Brunner T A, Campbell R B, Chandler G A, Coverdale C A, Cuneo M E, Davis J P, Deeney C, Desjarlais M P, Donovan G L, Garasi C J, Haill T A, Hall C A, Hanson D L, Hurst M J, Jones B, Knudson M D, Leeper R J, Lemke R W, Mazarakis M G, McDaniel D H, Mehlhorn T A, Nash T J, Olson C L, Porter J L, Rambo P K, Rosenthal S E, Rochau G A, Ruggles L E, Ruiz C L, Sanford T W L, Seamen J F, Sinars D B, Slutz S A, Smith I C, Struve K W, Stygar W A, Vesey R A, Weinbrecht E A, Wenger D F, Yu E P 2005 Phys. Plasmas 12 55503
[7] Nash T J, Derzon M S, Chandler G A, Leeper R, Fehl D, Lash J, Ruiz C, Cooper G, Seaman J F, McGurn J, Lazier S, Torres J, Jobe D, Gilliland T, Hurst M, Mock R, Ryan P, Nielsen D, Armijo J, McKenney J, Hawn R, Hebron D, MacFarlane J J, Petersen D, Bowers R, Matuska W, Ryutov D D 1999 Phys. Plasmas 6 2023
[8] Peterson D L, Bowers R L, Matuska W, McLenithan K D, Chandler G A, Deeney C, Derzon M S, Douglas M, Matzen M K, Nash T J, Spielman R B, Struve K W, Stygar W A, Roderick N F 1999 Phys. Plasmas 6 2178
[9] Sanford T W L, Lemke R W, Mock R C, Peterson D L 2003 Phys. Plasmas 10 3252
[10] Bailey J E, Chandler G A, Mancini R C Slutz S A, Rochau G A, Bump M, Buris-Mog T J, Cooper G, Dunham G, Golovkin I, Kilkenny J D, Lake P W, Leeper R J, Lemke R, MacFarlane J J, Mehlhorn T A, Moore T C, Nash T J, Nikroo A, Nielsen D S, Peterson K L, Ruiz C L, Schroen D G, Steinman D, Varnum W 2006 Phys. Plasmas 13 056301
[11] Matzen M K 1997 Phys. Plasmas 4 1519
[12] Lindl J 1995 Phys. Plasmas 2 3933
[13] Hammer J H, Tabak M, Wilks S C, Lindl J D, Bailey D S, Rambo P W, Toor A, Zimmerman G B, Porter Jr J L 1999 Phys. Plasmas 6 2129
[14] Cuneo M E, Sinars D B, Waisman E M Bliss D E, Stygar W A, Vesey R A, Lemke R W, Smith I C, Rambo P K, Porter J L, Chandler G A, Nash T J, Mazarakis M G, Adams R G, Yu E P, Struve K W, Mehlhorn T A, Lebedev S V, Chittenden J P, Jennings C A 2006 Phys. Plasmas 13 056318
[15] Sanford T W L, Lemke R W, Mock R C Chandler G A, Leeper R J, Ruiz C L, Peterson D L, Chrien R E, Idzorek G C, Watt R G, Chittenden J P 2002 Phys. Plasmas 9 3573
[16] Rochau G A, Bailey J E, Chandler G A, Cooper G, Dunham G S, Lake P W, Leeper R J, Lemke R W, Mehlhorn T A, Nikroo A, Peterson K J, Ruiz C L, Schroen D G, Slutz S A, Steinman D, Stygar W A, Varnum W 2007 Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 49 B591
[17] Olson C, Rochau G, Slutz S, Morrow C, Olson R, Cuneo M, Hanson D, Bennett G, Sanford T, Bailey J, Stygar W, Vesey R, Mehlhorn T, Struve K, Mazarakis M, Savage M, Pointon T, Kiefer M, Rosenthal S, Cochrane K, Schneider L, Glover S, Reed K, Schroen D, Farnum C, Modesto M, Oscar D, Chhabildas L, Boyes J, Vigil V, Keith R, Turgeon M, Cipiti B, Lindgren E, Dandini V, Tran H, Smith D, McDaniel D, Quintenz J, Matzen M K, van Devender J P, Gauster W, Shephard L, Walck M, Renk T, Tanaka T, Ulrickson M, Meier W, Latkowski J, Moir R, Schmitt R, Reyes S, Abbott R, Peterson R, Pollock G, Ottinger P, Schumer J, Peterson P, Kammer D, Kulcinski G, El-Guebaly L, Moses G, Sviatoslavsky I, Sawan M, Anderson M, Bonazza R, Oakley J, Meekunasombat P, de Groot J, Jensen N, Abdou M, Ying A, Calderoni P, Morley N, Abdel-Khalik S, Dillon C, Lascar C, Sadowski D, Curry R, McDonald K, Barkey M, Szaroletta W, Gallix R, Alexander N, Rickman W, Charman C, Shatoff H, Welch D, Rose D, Panchuk P, Louie D, Dean S, Kim A, Nedoseev S, Grabovsky E, Kingsep A, Smirnov V 2005 Fusion Sci. Tech. 47 633
[18] Peterson K J, Sinars D B, Yu E P, Herrmann M C, Cuneo M E, Slutz S A, Smith I C, Atherton B W, Knudson M D, Nakhleh C 2012 Phys. Plasmas 19 092701
[19] Slutz S, Vesey R 2012 Phys. Rev. Lett. 108 025003
[20] Smirnov V P, Zakharov S V, Grabovskii E V 2005 JETP Letters 81 442
[21] Smirnov V P, Grabovskii E V, Zakharov S V 2012 Nukleonika 57 215
[22] Nash T J, McDaniel D H, Leeper R J, Deeney C D, Sanford T W L, Struve K, DeGroot J S 2005 Phys. Plasmas 12 052705
[23] Grabovski E V 2012 CAEP Annual Conference on Science and Technology Mianyang, China, August 17-24, 2012
[24] Lebedev S V, Ampleford D J, Bland S N, Bott S C, Hall G N 2006 Proceeding of 6th International Conference on Dense Z-pinches 69 Cp808
[25] Zhang Y, Ding N, Li Z, Xu R, Sun S, Chen D, Xue C 2012 IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 40 3360
[26] Zhang Y, Ding N, Li Z, Xu R, Chen D, Ye F, Zhou X, Chen F, Chen J, Li L, Xiao D, Sun S, Xue C, Shu X, Wang J 2015 Phys. Plasmas 22 020703
[27] Degnan J H, Alme M L, Austin B S, Beason J D, Coffey S K, Gale D G, Graham J D, Havranek J J, Hussey T W, Kiuttu G F, Kreh B B, Lehr F M, Lewis R A, Lileikis D E, Morgan D, Outten C A, Peterkin Jr R E, Platts D, Roderick N F, Ruden E L, Shumlak U, Smith G A, Sommars W, Turchi P J 1999 Phys. Rev. Lett. 82 2681
[28] Ryutov D D, Derzon M S, Matzen M K 2000 Rev. Mod. Phys. 72 167
[29] Stone J M, Norman M L 1992 Astrophys. J. Suppl. Series 80 753
[30] More R M 1981 Atomic Physics in Inertial Confinement Fusion, LLNL Report No UCRL-84991
[31] Kemp A J, Meyer-ter-Vehn J 1999 MPQeos A New Equation of State Code for Hot, Dense Matter, Short Documentation (version 20)
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