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The soft X-ray laser shadow imaging technique is a good tool for diagnosing shadow profiles near the critical surface of high-temperature dense plasma. The short-pulse plasma X-ray laser, driven by high-power laser, is used as the backlight, which spreads freely approximately 500 mm far, passes through the plasma to be diagnosed, and changes its optical path by using a multi-layer spherical lens and multi-layer plane mirror, is attenuated by filters, and is recorded by a soft X-ray charge-coupled device (CCD). The plasma to be diagnosed can be driven by one or multiple laser beams, according to the needs of the physical research being conducted, and is imaged onto the CCD surface through a multilayer spherical lens. The shadow profile image of the plasma to be diagnosed at a particular time is obtained by using the instantaneous photographic mode of short-pulse soft X-ray laser backlight imaging. Compared with the traditional keV hard X-ray backlight technique, the soft X-ray laser shadow imaging technique has two distinct advantages. One is the appropriate wavelength of the probe light, which makes it possible to diagnose plasma near the critical surfac, and the other is a better spatial resolution because of the use of mature multilayer optical elements for near-normal incidence imaging. However, there has been no systematic study on the extent to which the spatial resolution of the imaging technology can be achieved. In this study, a careful analysis is carried out considering three aspects:the optical path geometry, the diffraction limit, and the imaging aberration. The results show that a spatial resolution of approximately 2 m can be achieved. An experiment is carried out to measure the Rayleigh-Taylor instability of plasma from the lateral direction, by using the soft X-ray laser shadow imaging technique. Some microfluids with a width of several microns can be clearly distinguished in the experimental shadow image, indicating that the diagnostic technique has a good spatial resolution. Further analysis reveals that the main factor that limits the spatial resolution is the optical path geometry. It is possible to achieve a spatial resolution of up to 1 m by increasing the magnification, selecting CCDs with smaller receiving units, etc.
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Keywords:
- plasma diagnosis /
- spatial resolution /
- soft X-ray laser
[1] Lindl J 1995 Phys. Plasmas 2 3933
[2] Lindl J, Landen O, Edwards J, Moses E, NIC Team 2014 Phys. Plasmas 21 020501
[3] Woolsey N C, Riley D, Nardi E 1998 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 69 418
[4] Glendinning S G, Dixit S N, Hammel B A, Kalantar D H, Key M H, Kilkenny J D, Knauer J P, Pennington D M, Remington B A, Rotenberg J, Wallace R J, Weber S V 1998 Phys. Rev. Lett. 80 1904
[5] Bradley D K, Landen O L, Bullock A B, Glendinning S G, Turner R E 2002 Opt. Lett. 27 134
[6] Kuranz C C, Blue B E, Drake R P, Robey H F, Hansen J F, Knauer J P, Grosskopf M J, Krauland C, Marion D C 2006 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 77 10E327
[7] Reighard A B, Drake R P, Dannenberg K K, Kremer D J, Grosskopf M, Harding E C, Leibrandt D R, Glendinning S G, Perry T S, Remington B A, Greenough J, Knauer J, Boehly T, Bouquet S, Boireau L, Koenig M, Vinci T 2006 Phys. Plasmas 13 082901
[8] Huntington C M, Krauland C M, Kuranz C C, Drake R P, Park H S, Kalantar D H, Maddox B R, Remington B A, Kline J 2010 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 81 10E536
[9] Dong J Q, Fu S Z, Xiong J, Wang R R, Huang X G, Shu H, Gu Y, Wang Z S 2008 Acta Opt. Sin. 28 604(in Chinese) [董佳钦, 傅思祖, 熊俊, 王瑞荣, 黄秀光, 舒桦, 顾援, 王占山 2008 光学学报 28 604]
[10] Jia G, Xiong J, Dong J Q, Xie Z Y, Wu J 2012 Chin. Phys.. 21 095202
[11] Cao Z R, Ding Y K, Dong J J, Deng B, Li Y K, Mu B Z, Yi S Z, Wu J F, Chen T, Zhang J Y, Yang Z W, Yuan Z, Li J, Hu X, Yang Z H, Miao W Y, Jiang W, Yuan Y T, Huang T X, Chen B L, Chen J B, Zhan X Y, Zhang H Y, Kang D G, Gu J F, Ye W H, Wang Z S, Liu S Y, Jiang S E, Zhang B H, Zhang W Y 2015 High Power Laser and Particle Beams 27 032013(in Chinese) [曹柱荣, 丁永坤, 董建军, 邓博, 黎宇坤, 穆宝忠, 伊圣振, 吴俊峰, 陈韬, 张继彦, 杨志文, 袁铮, 李晋, 胡昕, 杨正华, 缪文勇, 蒋炜, 袁永腾, 黄天晅, 陈伯伦, 陈家斌, 詹夏雨, 张海鹰, 康洞国, 谷建法, 叶文华, 王占山, 刘慎业, 江少恩, 张保汉, 张维岩 2015 强激光与粒子束 27 032013]
[12] Wang C, Fang Z H, Sun J R, Wang W, Xiong J, Ye J J, Fu S Z, Gu Y, Wang S J, Zheng W D, Ye W H, Qiao X M, Zhang G P 2008 Acta Phys. Sin. 57 7770(in Chinese) [王琛, 方智恒, 孙今人, 王伟, 熊俊, 叶君建, 傅思祖, 顾援, 王世绩, 郑无敌, 叶文华, 乔秀梅, 张国平 2008 物理学报 57 7770]
[13] Wang C, Zheng W D, Fang Z H, Sun J R, Wang W, Xiong J, Fu S Z, Gu Y, Wang S J, Qiao X M, Zhang G P 2010 Acta Phys. Sin. 59 4767(in Chinese) [王琛, 郑无敌, 方智恒, 孙今人, 王伟, 熊俊, 傅思祖, 顾援, 王世绩, 乔秀梅, 张国平 2010 物理学报 59 4767]
[14] Wang C, An H H, Wang W, Fang Z H, Jia G, Meng X F, Sun J R, Liu Z K, Fu S J, Qiao X M, Zheng W D, Wang S J 2014 Acta Phys. Sin. 63 125210(in Chinese) [王琛, 安红海, 王伟, 方智恒, 贾果, 孟祥富, 孙今人, 刘正坤, 付绍军, 乔秀梅, 郑无敌, 王世绩 2014 物理学报 63 125210]
[15] Wang Z S, Wu Y G, Tang W X, Qin S J, Zhou B, Chen L Y 2002 High Power Laser and Particle Beams 14 385(in Chinese) [王占山, 吴永刚, 唐伟星, 秦树基, 周斌, 陈玲燕 2002 强激光与粒子束 14 385]
[16] DaSilva L B, Barbee T W, Cauble R, Celliers P, Ciarlo D, Libby S, London R A, Matthews D, Mrowka S, Moreno J C, Ress D, Trebes J E, Wan A S, Weber F 1995 Phys. Rev. Lett. 74 3991
[17] Trebes J E, Brown S B, Campbell E M, Matthews D, Nilson D G, Stone G F, Whelan D A 1987 Science 238 517
[18] DaSilva L B, Trebes J E, Balhorn R, Mrowka S, Anderson E, Attwood D T, Barbee T W, Brase J, Corzett M, Gray J 1992 Science 258 269
[19] Born M, Wolf E (translated by Yang J S) 2009 Principles of Optics: Electromagnetic Theory of Propagation, Interference and Diffrqction of Light (7th Ed.) (Beijing: Publishing House of Electronics Industry) p382 (in Chinese) [波恩, 沃尔夫 著(杨葭荪 译) 2009 光学原理: 光的传播、干涉和衍射的电磁理论(第七版)(北京: 电子工业出版社) 第382页]
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[1] Lindl J 1995 Phys. Plasmas 2 3933
[2] Lindl J, Landen O, Edwards J, Moses E, NIC Team 2014 Phys. Plasmas 21 020501
[3] Woolsey N C, Riley D, Nardi E 1998 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 69 418
[4] Glendinning S G, Dixit S N, Hammel B A, Kalantar D H, Key M H, Kilkenny J D, Knauer J P, Pennington D M, Remington B A, Rotenberg J, Wallace R J, Weber S V 1998 Phys. Rev. Lett. 80 1904
[5] Bradley D K, Landen O L, Bullock A B, Glendinning S G, Turner R E 2002 Opt. Lett. 27 134
[6] Kuranz C C, Blue B E, Drake R P, Robey H F, Hansen J F, Knauer J P, Grosskopf M J, Krauland C, Marion D C 2006 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 77 10E327
[7] Reighard A B, Drake R P, Dannenberg K K, Kremer D J, Grosskopf M, Harding E C, Leibrandt D R, Glendinning S G, Perry T S, Remington B A, Greenough J, Knauer J, Boehly T, Bouquet S, Boireau L, Koenig M, Vinci T 2006 Phys. Plasmas 13 082901
[8] Huntington C M, Krauland C M, Kuranz C C, Drake R P, Park H S, Kalantar D H, Maddox B R, Remington B A, Kline J 2010 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 81 10E536
[9] Dong J Q, Fu S Z, Xiong J, Wang R R, Huang X G, Shu H, Gu Y, Wang Z S 2008 Acta Opt. Sin. 28 604(in Chinese) [董佳钦, 傅思祖, 熊俊, 王瑞荣, 黄秀光, 舒桦, 顾援, 王占山 2008 光学学报 28 604]
[10] Jia G, Xiong J, Dong J Q, Xie Z Y, Wu J 2012 Chin. Phys.. 21 095202
[11] Cao Z R, Ding Y K, Dong J J, Deng B, Li Y K, Mu B Z, Yi S Z, Wu J F, Chen T, Zhang J Y, Yang Z W, Yuan Z, Li J, Hu X, Yang Z H, Miao W Y, Jiang W, Yuan Y T, Huang T X, Chen B L, Chen J B, Zhan X Y, Zhang H Y, Kang D G, Gu J F, Ye W H, Wang Z S, Liu S Y, Jiang S E, Zhang B H, Zhang W Y 2015 High Power Laser and Particle Beams 27 032013(in Chinese) [曹柱荣, 丁永坤, 董建军, 邓博, 黎宇坤, 穆宝忠, 伊圣振, 吴俊峰, 陈韬, 张继彦, 杨志文, 袁铮, 李晋, 胡昕, 杨正华, 缪文勇, 蒋炜, 袁永腾, 黄天晅, 陈伯伦, 陈家斌, 詹夏雨, 张海鹰, 康洞国, 谷建法, 叶文华, 王占山, 刘慎业, 江少恩, 张保汉, 张维岩 2015 强激光与粒子束 27 032013]
[12] Wang C, Fang Z H, Sun J R, Wang W, Xiong J, Ye J J, Fu S Z, Gu Y, Wang S J, Zheng W D, Ye W H, Qiao X M, Zhang G P 2008 Acta Phys. Sin. 57 7770(in Chinese) [王琛, 方智恒, 孙今人, 王伟, 熊俊, 叶君建, 傅思祖, 顾援, 王世绩, 郑无敌, 叶文华, 乔秀梅, 张国平 2008 物理学报 57 7770]
[13] Wang C, Zheng W D, Fang Z H, Sun J R, Wang W, Xiong J, Fu S Z, Gu Y, Wang S J, Qiao X M, Zhang G P 2010 Acta Phys. Sin. 59 4767(in Chinese) [王琛, 郑无敌, 方智恒, 孙今人, 王伟, 熊俊, 傅思祖, 顾援, 王世绩, 乔秀梅, 张国平 2010 物理学报 59 4767]
[14] Wang C, An H H, Wang W, Fang Z H, Jia G, Meng X F, Sun J R, Liu Z K, Fu S J, Qiao X M, Zheng W D, Wang S J 2014 Acta Phys. Sin. 63 125210(in Chinese) [王琛, 安红海, 王伟, 方智恒, 贾果, 孟祥富, 孙今人, 刘正坤, 付绍军, 乔秀梅, 郑无敌, 王世绩 2014 物理学报 63 125210]
[15] Wang Z S, Wu Y G, Tang W X, Qin S J, Zhou B, Chen L Y 2002 High Power Laser and Particle Beams 14 385(in Chinese) [王占山, 吴永刚, 唐伟星, 秦树基, 周斌, 陈玲燕 2002 强激光与粒子束 14 385]
[16] DaSilva L B, Barbee T W, Cauble R, Celliers P, Ciarlo D, Libby S, London R A, Matthews D, Mrowka S, Moreno J C, Ress D, Trebes J E, Wan A S, Weber F 1995 Phys. Rev. Lett. 74 3991
[17] Trebes J E, Brown S B, Campbell E M, Matthews D, Nilson D G, Stone G F, Whelan D A 1987 Science 238 517
[18] DaSilva L B, Trebes J E, Balhorn R, Mrowka S, Anderson E, Attwood D T, Barbee T W, Brase J, Corzett M, Gray J 1992 Science 258 269
[19] Born M, Wolf E (translated by Yang J S) 2009 Principles of Optics: Electromagnetic Theory of Propagation, Interference and Diffrqction of Light (7th Ed.) (Beijing: Publishing House of Electronics Industry) p382 (in Chinese) [波恩, 沃尔夫 著(杨葭荪 译) 2009 光学原理: 光的传播、干涉和衍射的电磁理论(第七版)(北京: 电子工业出版社) 第382页]
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