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In recent years, nano-structures used as light harvesting have been widely used in perovskite cells to enhance the photon absorption of cells. The introduction of trapping structures in perovskite cells can change the photon propagation in the cell and the photon energy absorbed by the cell. The nano-structure used in different interfaces of perovskite cells can increase the absorption of light by the device to different degrees, and ultimately improve the efficiency of the solar cell. Therefore, the effective light trapping structure has become trending in the application of perovskite cells. How to effectively apply the such nano-structure is the key to improve the power conversion efficiency(PCE) of perovskite cells. So far, there is three ways including surface antireflection nanostructure, texture structure and plasmon nanostructure to apply to perovskite solar cell. The first one is ordered and disordered antireflection nanostructure that enhance the absorption of light on the surface of perovskite cells and makes visible light scatter at the interface of the nanostructure to reflection probability, the second one is texture structure that can not only improve the light absorption but avoid the formation of short-circuit channel inside the cell, the third one is plasmon nanostructure that can further improve the absorption of the thin film absorption material in the long band, so as to achieve the effect of improving the light utilization and cell efficiency. The trap structure is expected to achieve good photon absorption performance in wide spectral range and wide incidence angle range under the condition of reducing the thickness of active layer. At the same time, it has the advantages of good repeatability, easy to simulate and easy to change the structure. Therefore, using various trap technologies to design efficient trap structure has become a research hotspot in the field of solar cells. So far, most of the reports on the trapping structure have been applied to the silicon-based thin film solar cells, but few of them have been reported on the perovskite cells. This paper starts from the description of the perovskite cell with different nano-structures, comparing and summarizing the different structures, and analyzes the advantages and Disadvantage.
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Keywords:
- nano-structure /
- perovskite solar cell /
- photonic absorption
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图 2 香港科技大学电子与计算机工程系Tavakoli等[36]制备的钙钛矿电池器件结构与性能36 (a)电池结构为纳米锥抗反射层/柔性玻璃衬底/掺锡氧化物透明电极/氧化锌/钙钛矿/Spiro-OmeTAD/金; (b) 有无纳米锥结构的电池外量子效率; (c)无纳米锥结构时的活性层中电磁场分布特性; (d)有纳米锥结构时的活性层中电磁场分布特性
Fig. 2. Structure and performance of perovskite cell made byTavakoli[36] form Department of electronic and computer engineering, Hong Kong University of science and technology36: (a) Schematic structure of the perovskite solar cell device with nanocone PDMS film attached on the top and flexible glass substrate/tin doped oxide transparent electrode/zinc oxide/perovskite/spiro OmeTAD/gold; (b) QE measurement of perovskite devices with and without a PDMS nanocone film; Electric field in the active layer (c) without and (d) with PDMS nanocone film with red showing a high generation rate and blue showing a low generation rate.
图 3 本课题组石标等制作的钙钛矿电池器件结构与性能[40](a)在绒面FTO玻璃上生长的钙钛矿太阳电池; (b) 在绒面结构上钙钛矿吸收层的表面形貌; (c) 在平面结构上钙钛矿吸收层的表面形貌; (d) 钙钛矿吸收层在平面和绒面FTO上的可见光吸收率以及钙钛矿电池在绒面和平面FTO上的可见光吸收率; (e) 在绒面和平面FTO上的I-V特性曲线
Fig. 3. The structure and performance of perovskite cell made by Dr.Shi of our group[40] of our research group: (a) Schematics of possible incident light paths within perovskite solar cells with textured substrate; (b) surface morphologies of SEM images oftextured FTO/TiO2/perovskite film; (c) surface morphologies of SEM images ofsmooth FTO/TiO2/perovskite film; (d) absorption coefficient of different perovskite films without/with Au back contact; (e) performance of devices with different FTO substrates. J-V characteristics.
图 4 莫纳什大学材料科学与工程系Huang等制作的钙钛矿电池器件结构与性能[43]制作的钙钛矿电池器件结构与性能 (a)制作过程图解; (b)绒面钙钛矿TEM图; (c)平面钙钛矿与绒面钙钛矿的外量子效率与电流密度
Fig. 4. Structure and performance of perovskite battery devices made by Huang et al from Department of Materials Engineering, Monash University[43]: (a) Schematic diagram illustrating the fabrication procedure (b) centred dark-field TEM image for a cross-section of a textured perovskite sample deposited on FTO-glass; (c) IPCE spectrum (solid lines) of a planar perovskite device (grey line) and a textured.
图 5 首尔国立大学机械与航空航天工程系Seong等制作的材料结构与陷光性能[45] (a)蛾眼介孔二氧化钛三维图解; (b)带有蛾眼介孔二氧化钛的钙钛矿吸收层电磁场强度分布
Fig. 5. Material structure and light trapping properties ofSeong[45], Department of mechanical and aerospaceengineering, Seoul National University (a) 3D illustration of moth-eye patterned mesoporous TiO2 (mp-TiO2) layer; (b) electric field on active layer with Moth-eye TiO2.
图 6 莫纳什大学材料科学与工程系Pascoe等制作的钙钛矿器件陷光原理图[50]制作的钙钛矿器件陷光原理图 (a)嵌入金属纳米粒子在吸收层附近的近场增强型表面等离子激元共振; (b)周期性结构表面等离子激元纳米结构
Fig. 6. Trapping principle diagram of perovskite devices made byPascoe[50], Department of materials science andengineering, Monash University: (a) Near-field Enhanced Surface Plasmon Resonance of Metal Nanoparticles Embedded near the Absorp-tion Layer; (b) surface plasmon nanostructures with periodic structures.
表 1 有无抗反射层结构电池的各参数对比集合
Table 1. Photovoltaic parameters of perovskite solar cells with (‘ARC’) and without (‘Ref’) an anti-reflection coating placed at the air/glass interface of the cell.
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表 2 有无等离激元纳米结构的电池参数
Table 2. Photovoltaic parameters of perovskite solar cells with the same fabrication parameters, with (‘NSs’)embedded plasmonic nanostructures, and without them (‘Ref’).
Source NSs JSC/mA·cm–2 VOC/V FF/% PCE/% Ref NSs Ref NSs Ref NSs Ref NSs [61] Au@SiO2 80 nm spheres 14.8 16.9 1.02 1.04 64 67 10.7 11.4 [62] Ag@TiO2 40 nm spheres 17.3 19.7 1.03 1.04 64 67 11.4 13.7 [63] Au@SiO2 40 nm rods 13.9 17.4 1.17 1.16 66 68 10.7 13.7 [64] Au-Ag 100 nm popcorn 15.5 16.5 0.92 0.95 63 66 8.9 10.3 [65] Au/TiO2 Fibres 19.6 20.8 0.85 0.99 62 70 10.3 14.4 [66] Au stars 20 nm 21.1 23 1.05 1.08 69 71 15.2 17.7
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[1] Stranks S D, Eperon G E, Grancini G, Menelaou C, Alcocer M J, Leijtens T, Herz L M, Petrozza A, Snaith H J 2013 Science 342 341
Google Scholar
[2] Yu Z L, Zhao Y Q, He P B, Liu B, Cai M Q 2019 J. Phys. Condens. Matter 32 065002
[3] ZhaoY Q, Ma Q R, Liu B, Yu Z L, Yang J L, Cai M Q 2018 Nanoscale 10 8677
Google Scholar
[4] ZiD X, QiZ Q, Qing Z Y, Cai M Q 2019 Curr. Appl. Phys. 19 279
Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
[6] Liao C S, Zhao Q Q, ZhaoY Q, Yu Z L, Zhou H, He P B, Yang J L, Cai M Q 2019 J. Phys. Chem. Solids 135 109060
Google Scholar
[7] Deng X Z, Zhang J R, Zhao Y Q, Yu Z L, Yang J L, Cai M Q 2019 J. Phys. Condens. Matter 32 065004
[8] Yang D J, DuY H, ZhaoY Q, Yu Z L, Cai M Q 2019 Phys. Status Solidi B 256 1800540
Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
[11] Noh J H, SangH I, JinH H, MandalT N, Sang I S 2013 NanoLett. 13 1764
Google Scholar
[12] Eperon G E, Stranks S D, Menelaou C, Johnston M B, Herz L M, Snaith H J 2014 Science 7 982
[13] Dong Q, Fang Y, Shao Y, Mulligan P, Qiu J, Cao L, Huang J 2015 Science 347 967
Google Scholar
[14] Xing G, Mathews N, Sun S, Lim S S, Lam Y M, Grätzel M, Mhaisalkar S, SumT C 2013 Science 342 344
Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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[21] Yablonovitch E 1982 Opt. Soc. Am. 72 899
Google Scholar
[22] Green M A 1999 Prog. Photovoltaics 7 327
Google Scholar
[23] Lifante G 2005 Phys. Scr.T. 118 72
[24] Atwater J H, Spinelli P, Kosten E, Parsons J, Lare C V, GroepJ V, Garcia de A J, Polman, Atwater H A 2011 Appl. Phys. Lett. 99 151
[25] Trupke T, Daub E, Wuerfel P 1998 Sol. Cells 53 103
[26] Miller O D, Yablonovitch E 2011 arxiv preprint arXiv 2 303
[27] SmestadG, Ries H 1992 Sol. Engrgy Mater. Sol. Cells 25 51
Google Scholar
[28] deQuilettes D W, Vorpahl S M, Stranks S D, Nagaoka H, Eperon G E, Ziffer M E, Snaith H J, Ginger D S 2015 Science 348 683
Google Scholar
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[30] Pazos-Outón L M, Szumilo M, Lamboll R, Richter J M, Crespo-Quesada M, Abdi-Jalebi M, Beeson H J, Vrućinić M, Alsari M, Snaith H J, Ehrler B, Friend R H, Deschler F 2016 Science 351 1430
Google Scholar
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[32] Snaith H J 2013 J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 4 3623
Google Scholar
[33] Long M, Chen Z, Zhang T, Xiao Y, Zeng X, Chen J, Yan K, Xu J 2016 Nanoscale 8 6290
Google Scholar
[34] Raut H K, Ganesh V A, Nair AS 2011 Energy. Environ. Sci. 4 3779
[35] Kaminski P M, Womack G, Walls J M 2014 40th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialist Conference Denver, CO, USA, June 8–13 2014 0160 8371
[36] Tavakoli M M, Tsui K H, Zhang Q P, He J, Ya oY, LiD D, FanZ Y 2015 ACSNano 9 10287
[37] Bhaskar D, Jin H H, Jung W L, YuJ S, Im S H 2016 J. Mater. Chem. A 4 7573
Google Scholar
[38] Jošt M, Albrecht S, Kegelmann L, Wolff C M, Lang F, ipovšek B L, Krč J, Korte L, Neher D, Rech B, Topič M 2017 ACS Photonics 4 1232
Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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[45] Seong M K, Segeun J, Lee J K, Yoon J J, Yoo D E, Lee J W, Choi M, Park N G 2016 Small Nano 18 2443
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
[51] Stenzel O, Stendal A, Voigtsberger K, von Borczyskowski C 1995 Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 37 337
Google Scholar
[52] Morfa A J, Rowlen K L, Reilly I T, Romero M J, Van De Lagemaat J 2008 Appl. Phys. Lett. 92 013
[53] Salvado M, MacLeod B A, Hess A, Kulkarni P, Munechika K, Chen J I, Ginger D S 2012 ACS Nano 6 10024
Google Scholar
[54] Liu C M, Chen C M, Su Y W, Wang S M, Wei K H 2013 Org. Electron. 14 2476
Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
[62] Saliba M, Zhang W, Burlakov V 2015 Adv. Funct. Mater. 25 5038
Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
[64] LuZ L, Pan X J, Ma Y Z, Zheng L L, Zhang D F, Xu Q, Chen Z J, Wang S F, Qu B, Liu F, HuangY D, Xiao L X, Gonga Q H 2015 RSC Adv. 5 111
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Google Scholar
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