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基于薄膜铌酸锂的模式色散相位匹配单光子源

余桂芳 李志浩 肖天琦 冯田峰 周晓祺

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基于薄膜铌酸锂的模式色散相位匹配单光子源

余桂芳, 李志浩, 肖天琦, 冯田峰, 周晓祺

Mode-dispersion phase matching single photon source based on thin-film lithium niobate

Yu Gui-Fang, Li Zhi-Hao, Xiao Tian-Qi, Feng Tian-Feng, Zhou Xiao-Qi
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  • 薄膜铌酸锂光学芯片因低损耗、高非线性系数及高电光调制带宽等特性, 有望成为开展集成光学量子信息研究的理想实验平台. 然而, 到目前为止, 基于薄膜铌酸锂的单光子源普遍采用周期性极化准相位匹配技术, 该技术要求精确地制备电极并对铌酸锂波导进行周期性极化, 工艺复杂且对加工精度要求较高. 本文提出了一种基于模式色散相位匹配的薄膜铌酸锂单光子源器件. 该器件无需制作电极, 具备加工简便和集成度更高的优势, 同时单光子产率可达3.8×10⁷/(s·mW), 能够满足光学量子信息处理的需求. 此器件有望替代传统准相位匹配单光子源, 进一步推动基于薄膜铌酸锂芯片的光学量子信息研究的发展.
    In the domain of integrated quantum photonics, the burgeoning superiority of lithium niobate’s second-order nonlinearity in electro-optic modulation makes thin-film lithium niobate a leading quantum photonic platform after silicon. To date, single-photon sources using thin-film lithium niobate has mainly adopted periodic polarization quasi-phase matching technology, which requires the preparation of complex electrodes for domain inversion in the waveguide to realize quasi-phase matching. This method inevitably introduces complexity, such as complex processing methods, enlarged polarization regions, and compromised integration density. With the development of quantum information technology, the ever-increasing degree of integration constantly creates new demands. Consequently, the development of a streamlined, high-efficiency quantum light source on a lithium niobate platform is a pressing issue. In this study, we propose a novel thin-film lithium niobate parametric down-conversion single-photon source based on mode dispersion phase matching theory. The strategy is different from conventional strategies that utilize periodic polarization to generate single-photon sources in thin-film lithium niobate devices. In contrast to traditional quasi-phase matching techniques that utilize the phase matching between pump fundamental mode light and parametric fundamental mode light, our method employs the phase matching between the pump light’s higher-order mode and the parametric light’s fundamental mode. The pump light’s higher-order mode is obtained by designing an asymmetric directional coupler. The device’s single-photon yield can attain $3.8\times10^{7}$/(s·mW), satisfying the requirements for optical quantum information processing. This innovative solution is expected to replace the traditional quasi-phase-matching single-photon sources, thus further promoting the study of optical quantum information based on thin-film lithium niobate chips.
      通信作者: 周晓祺, zhouxq8@mail.sysu.edu.cn
    • 基金项目: 国家自然科学基金(批准号: 61974168)和广东省重大科技专项计划(批准号: 2018B030329001, 2018B030325001)资助的课题
      Corresponding author: Zhou Xiao-Qi, zhouxq8@mail.sysu.edu.cn
    • Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 61974168) and the Key Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province, China (Grant Nos. 2018B030329001, 2018B030325001)
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    Dowling J P, Milburn G J 2003 Philos. Trans. A. Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. 361 1655Google Scholar

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    Flamini F, Spagnolo N, Sciarrino F 2019 Rep. Prog. Phys. 82 016001Google Scholar

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    Tang Y L, Yin H L, Chen S J, Liu Y, Zhang W J, Jiang X, Zhang L, Wang J, You L X, Guan J Y 2014 Phys. Rev. Lett. 113 190501Google Scholar

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    Ren J G, Xu P, Yong H L, Zhang L, Liao S K, Yin J, Liu W Y, Cai W Q, Yang M, Li L 2017 Nature 549 70Google Scholar

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    Chi Y, Huang J, Zhang Z, Mao J, Zhou Z, Chen X, Zhai C, Bao J, Dai T, Yuan H 2022 Nat. Commun. 13 1166Google Scholar

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    Lloyd S 1996 Science 273 1073Google Scholar

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    Zhong H S, Deng Y H, Qin J, Wang H, Chen M C, Peng L C, Luo Y H, Wu D, Gong S Q, Su H 2021 Phys. Rev. Lett. 127 180502Google Scholar

    [8]

    Wang J, Sciarrino F, Laing A, Thompson M G 2020 Nat. Photonics 14 273Google Scholar

    [9]

    Wang J, Paesani S, Ding Y, Santagati R, Skrzypczyk P, Salavrakos A, Tura J, Augusiak R, Mančinska L, Bacco D 2018 Science 360 285Google Scholar

    [10]

    Qiang X G, Zhou X Q, Wang J W, Wilkes C M, Loke T, O'Gara S, Kling L, Marshall G D, Santagati R, Ralph T C 2018 Nat. Photonics 12 534Google Scholar

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    Politi A, Matthews J C, O'brien J L 2009 Science 325 1221Google Scholar

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    Peruzzo A, Lobino M, Matthews J C, Matsuda N, Politi A, Poulios K, Zhou X Q, Lahini Y, Ismail N, Wörhoff K 2010 Science 329 1500Google Scholar

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    Laing A, Peruzzo A, Politi A, Verde M R, Halder M, Ralph T C, Thompson M G, O'Brien J L 2010 Appl. Phys. Lett. 97 211109Google Scholar

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    Shadbolt P J, Verde M R, Peruzzo A, Politi A, Laing A, Lobino M, Matthews J C, Thompson M G, O'Brien J L 2012 Nat. Photonics 6 45Google Scholar

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    Gerrits T, Thomas Peter N, Gates J C, Lita A E, Metcalf B J, Calkins B, Tomlin N A, Fox A E, Linares A L, Spring J B 2011 Phys. Rev. A 84 060301Google Scholar

    [16]

    Carolan J, Harrold C, Sparrow C, Martín-López E, Russell N J, Silverstone J W, Shadbolt P J, Matsuda N, Oguma M, Itoh M 2015 Science 349 711Google Scholar

    [17]

    Kuyken B, Leo F, Clemmen S, Dave U, Van Laer R, Ideguchi T, Zhao H, Liu X, Safioui J, Coen S 2017 Nanophotonics 6 377Google Scholar

    [18]

    Alibart O, D'Auria V, De Micheli M, Doutre F, Kaiser F, LabontéL, Lunghi T, Picholle É, Tanzilli S 2016 J. Opt. 18 104001Google Scholar

    [19]

    Zhang M, Wang C, Cheng R, Shams-Ansari A, Lončar M 2017 Optica 4 1536Google Scholar

    [20]

    Jin H, Liu F, Xu P, Xia J, Zhong M, Yuan Y, Zhou J, Gong Y, Wang W, Zhu S 2014 Phys. Rev. Lett. 113 103601Google Scholar

    [21]

    Wang C, Zhang M, Chen X, Bertrand M, Shams-Ansari A, Chandrasekhar S, Winzer P, Lončar M 2018 Nature 562 101Google Scholar

    [22]

    Elkus B S, Abdelsalam K, Rao A, Velev V, Fathpour S, Kumar P, Kanter G S 2019 Opt. Express 27 38521Google Scholar

    [23]

    Javid U A, Ling J, Staffa J, Li M, He Y, Lin Q 2021 Phys. Rev. Lett. 127 183601Google Scholar

    [24]

    Zhao J, Ma C, Rüsing M, Mookherjea S 2020 Phys. Rev. Lett. 124 163603Google Scholar

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    张晨涛, 石小涛, 朱文新, 朱金龙, 郝向英, 金锐博 2022 物理学报 71 204201Google Scholar

    Zhang C T, Shi X T, Zhu W X, Zhu J L, Hao X Y, Jin R B 2022 Acta Phys. Sin. 71 204201Google Scholar

    [26]

    Zelmon D E, Small D L, Jundt D 1997 J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 14 3319Google Scholar

    [27]

    Donnelly J P, Haus H A, Molter L A 1988 J. Lightwave. Technol. 6 257Google Scholar

    [28]

    Chrostowski L, Hochberg M 2015 Silicon Photonics Design: from Devices to Systems (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press) pp92–95

    [29]

    Suhara T, Fujimura M 2003 Waveguide Nonlinear-optic Devices (Vol. 11) (New York: Springer Science & Business Media) pp41, 42

    [30]

    Suhara T 2009 Laser. Photonics Rev. 3 370Google Scholar

    [31]

    Suhara T, Kintaka H 2005 IEEE J. Quantum. Electron. 41 1203Google Scholar

  • 图 1  波导结构截面图及单光子源器件结构示意图. 1)为Y分束器; 2)为非对称定向耦合器; 3)为模式色散相位匹配光子对源; 4)为上臂带有一个电热移相器的2 × 2定向耦合器. 建模采用的铌酸锂波导结构是侧壁倾角θ = 60°, h = 0.36 μm的条形波导, 材料模型为一致生长的铌酸锂[26]

    Fig. 1.  Cross-sectional diagram of the waveguide structure and schematic illustration of the single-photon source device. 1) Y-splitter. 2) Asymmetric directional coupler. 3) Mode dispersion phase-matched photon pair source. 4) 2 × 2 directional coupler in the upper arm with an electrothermal phase shifter. The modeled lithium niobate waveguide structure has a sidewall angle θ = 60° and a height h = 0.36 μm, with the material model being uniformly grown lithium niobate[26]

    图 2  (a) 775 nm泵浦光在$ {\rm{TE}}_0 $, $ {\rm{TE}}_1 $, $ {\rm{TE}}_2 $模式下有效折射率随波导宽度的变化; (b)非对称定向耦合器的自由光谱范围以及模拟光场分布图

    Fig. 2.  (a) Effective refractive index variation curves for 775 nm pump light in $ {\rm{TE}}_0 $, $ {\rm{TE}}_1 $ and $ {\rm{TE}}_2 $ modes as a function of waveguide width; (b) free spectral range and simulated optical field distribution diagram of asymmetric directional coupler

    图 3  (a) 775 nm的$ {\rm{TE}}_0 $, $ {\rm{TE}}_1 $, $ {\rm{TE}}_2 $模式光和1550 nm的$ {\rm{TE}}_0 $模式光的有效折射率随波导宽度的变化; (b)输出参量光光谱图

    Fig. 3.  (a) Variation curves of effective refractive index for 775 nm $ {\rm{TE}}_0 $, $ {\rm{TE}}_1 $, $ {\rm{TE}}_2 $ mode light and 1550 nm $ {\rm{TE}}_0 $ mode light as a function of waveguide width; (b) output parametric light spectrum diagram

    图 4  (a)相位匹配波长随波导宽度的变化; (b)相位匹配波长随波导侧边倾角θ的变化; (c)相位匹配波长随温度的变化

    Fig. 4.  (a) Variation of phase-matching wavelength with waveguide width; (b) variation of phase-matching wavelength with waveguide sidewall angle θ; (c) variation of phase-matching wavelength with temperature

    图 5  波导侧边倾角为60°的条形波导在高度为300—600 nm范围内、不同波导宽度情况下, 775 nm ${\rm{TE}}_2$泵浦光与1550 nm ${\rm{TE}}_0$参量光的有效折射率扫描数据

    Fig. 5.  Effective refractive index scan data for 775 nm ${\rm{TE}}_2$ pump light and 1550 nm ${\rm{TE}}_0$ parametric light in the case of different waveguide widths for strip waveguides with a sidewall angle of 60° and heights ranging from 300 nm to 600 nm

  • [1]

    Dowling J P, Milburn G J 2003 Philos. Trans. A. Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. 361 1655Google Scholar

    [2]

    Flamini F, Spagnolo N, Sciarrino F 2019 Rep. Prog. Phys. 82 016001Google Scholar

    [3]

    Tang Y L, Yin H L, Chen S J, Liu Y, Zhang W J, Jiang X, Zhang L, Wang J, You L X, Guan J Y 2014 Phys. Rev. Lett. 113 190501Google Scholar

    [4]

    Ren J G, Xu P, Yong H L, Zhang L, Liao S K, Yin J, Liu W Y, Cai W Q, Yang M, Li L 2017 Nature 549 70Google Scholar

    [5]

    Chi Y, Huang J, Zhang Z, Mao J, Zhou Z, Chen X, Zhai C, Bao J, Dai T, Yuan H 2022 Nat. Commun. 13 1166Google Scholar

    [6]

    Lloyd S 1996 Science 273 1073Google Scholar

    [7]

    Zhong H S, Deng Y H, Qin J, Wang H, Chen M C, Peng L C, Luo Y H, Wu D, Gong S Q, Su H 2021 Phys. Rev. Lett. 127 180502Google Scholar

    [8]

    Wang J, Sciarrino F, Laing A, Thompson M G 2020 Nat. Photonics 14 273Google Scholar

    [9]

    Wang J, Paesani S, Ding Y, Santagati R, Skrzypczyk P, Salavrakos A, Tura J, Augusiak R, Mančinska L, Bacco D 2018 Science 360 285Google Scholar

    [10]

    Qiang X G, Zhou X Q, Wang J W, Wilkes C M, Loke T, O'Gara S, Kling L, Marshall G D, Santagati R, Ralph T C 2018 Nat. Photonics 12 534Google Scholar

    [11]

    Politi A, Matthews J C, O'brien J L 2009 Science 325 1221Google Scholar

    [12]

    Peruzzo A, Lobino M, Matthews J C, Matsuda N, Politi A, Poulios K, Zhou X Q, Lahini Y, Ismail N, Wörhoff K 2010 Science 329 1500Google Scholar

    [13]

    Laing A, Peruzzo A, Politi A, Verde M R, Halder M, Ralph T C, Thompson M G, O'Brien J L 2010 Appl. Phys. Lett. 97 211109Google Scholar

    [14]

    Shadbolt P J, Verde M R, Peruzzo A, Politi A, Laing A, Lobino M, Matthews J C, Thompson M G, O'Brien J L 2012 Nat. Photonics 6 45Google Scholar

    [15]

    Gerrits T, Thomas Peter N, Gates J C, Lita A E, Metcalf B J, Calkins B, Tomlin N A, Fox A E, Linares A L, Spring J B 2011 Phys. Rev. A 84 060301Google Scholar

    [16]

    Carolan J, Harrold C, Sparrow C, Martín-López E, Russell N J, Silverstone J W, Shadbolt P J, Matsuda N, Oguma M, Itoh M 2015 Science 349 711Google Scholar

    [17]

    Kuyken B, Leo F, Clemmen S, Dave U, Van Laer R, Ideguchi T, Zhao H, Liu X, Safioui J, Coen S 2017 Nanophotonics 6 377Google Scholar

    [18]

    Alibart O, D'Auria V, De Micheli M, Doutre F, Kaiser F, LabontéL, Lunghi T, Picholle É, Tanzilli S 2016 J. Opt. 18 104001Google Scholar

    [19]

    Zhang M, Wang C, Cheng R, Shams-Ansari A, Lončar M 2017 Optica 4 1536Google Scholar

    [20]

    Jin H, Liu F, Xu P, Xia J, Zhong M, Yuan Y, Zhou J, Gong Y, Wang W, Zhu S 2014 Phys. Rev. Lett. 113 103601Google Scholar

    [21]

    Wang C, Zhang M, Chen X, Bertrand M, Shams-Ansari A, Chandrasekhar S, Winzer P, Lončar M 2018 Nature 562 101Google Scholar

    [22]

    Elkus B S, Abdelsalam K, Rao A, Velev V, Fathpour S, Kumar P, Kanter G S 2019 Opt. Express 27 38521Google Scholar

    [23]

    Javid U A, Ling J, Staffa J, Li M, He Y, Lin Q 2021 Phys. Rev. Lett. 127 183601Google Scholar

    [24]

    Zhao J, Ma C, Rüsing M, Mookherjea S 2020 Phys. Rev. Lett. 124 163603Google Scholar

    [25]

    张晨涛, 石小涛, 朱文新, 朱金龙, 郝向英, 金锐博 2022 物理学报 71 204201Google Scholar

    Zhang C T, Shi X T, Zhu W X, Zhu J L, Hao X Y, Jin R B 2022 Acta Phys. Sin. 71 204201Google Scholar

    [26]

    Zelmon D E, Small D L, Jundt D 1997 J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 14 3319Google Scholar

    [27]

    Donnelly J P, Haus H A, Molter L A 1988 J. Lightwave. Technol. 6 257Google Scholar

    [28]

    Chrostowski L, Hochberg M 2015 Silicon Photonics Design: from Devices to Systems (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press) pp92–95

    [29]

    Suhara T, Fujimura M 2003 Waveguide Nonlinear-optic Devices (Vol. 11) (New York: Springer Science & Business Media) pp41, 42

    [30]

    Suhara T 2009 Laser. Photonics Rev. 3 370Google Scholar

    [31]

    Suhara T, Kintaka H 2005 IEEE J. Quantum. Electron. 41 1203Google Scholar

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出版历程
  • 收稿日期:  2023-05-06
  • 修回日期:  2023-05-27
  • 上网日期:  2023-06-02
  • 刊出日期:  2023-08-05

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